what are "instruments of national power" (IOP)?

-refers to the tools a nation uses to influence other nations or international organizations or even non-state actors
-there are 4 different kinds

what are the 4 kinds of instruments of national power?

1) diplomatic
2) informational
3) military
4) economic
(acronym = DIME)

true/false: IOP's are NOT proprietary to the united states

true (this is because they work best when used together!)

diplomatic instruments of national power definition

-the principal instrument for engaging with other states and foreign groups to advance national values, interests and objectives
-to solicit foreign support for military operations
-principal means for organizing coalitions and alliances
-comes from the type and stability of the government, soundness of foreign policy, participation in political process and international commitments and alliances
-overall: advancing political interests

diplomatic instruments of national power examples

-embassies/ambassadors
-recognition
-negotiations
-treaties
-policies
-international forums

informational instruments of national power definition

-information and information operations
-infrastructure, networks, satellites, cables, devices
-extends to non-state actors like terrorists and transnational criminal groups who use information to further their causes
-the more literate a nation is, the more it should be able to use that informational power
-overall: no lead agency, propaganda to information storage, retrieval and transmission

informational instruments of national power examples

-military information
-public diplomacy
-public affairs
-communications resources
-international forums
-spokespersons, timing, media and venues for announcements

military instruments of national power definition

-coercive in nature, opposes external coercion
-application of force (and threat of force) to compel adversaries or to prevent from being compelled
-characterized by the size of its armed forces, readiness and sustainment capability
-overall: most visible, last resort, used everyday

military instruments of national power examples

-military operations
-engagement, security cooperation deterrence
-use of force
-military technology
-size and composition of force
-this is the most visible IOP

economic instruments of national power definition

-strong economy with free access to global markets and resources is fundamental to the general welfare of a strong national defense
-derived from population, natural resources and stability of the nation's monetary system
-works with other international financial institutions to encourage economic growth, raise standards of living and predict/prevent economic crises
-overall: no lead agency, based on market strength use of tariffs, sanctions, embargoes

economic instruments of national power examples

-trade policies
-fiscal and monetary policies
-embargoes
-tariffs
-assistance

it's important to remember that of the 4 instruments of national power, these instruments are ___ and work best when used ____

interrelated and work best when used together (they should rarely be used in isolation!)

the national military strategy is the means of supporting broader ____ objectives

broader national objectives

the national military strategy serves as "first step" guidance for the individual services support of the _____

national defense strategy (NDS)

WHO is ultimately responsible for producing the national security strategy (NSS) annually?

the president (POTUS)

WHO is ultimately responsible for the NDS and the NMS?

-NDS: secretary of defense (SecDEF)
-NMS: chairman of joint chiefs of staff (CJCS)

who can declare war?

congress

who advises the president on national security policy and its integration into the NSS?

national security council (NSC)

to accomplish the integration of the instruments of power, the direction from the president causes ____ and ___ to interact and develop a mutual understanding of the capabilities, limitations and consequences of military and civilian actions

to accomplish the integration of the instruments of power, the direction from the president causes departments and agencies to interact and develop a mutual understanding of the capabilities, limitations and consequences of military and civilian actions

what is the "grand strategy"?

-a grand strategy identifies overall national objectives and describes how instruments of national power should be used to accomplish those national objectives
-linked to the NSS

what drives the grand strategy?

the national objectives

what are "ends"?

the national objectives and explains what needs to be accomplished (NSS)

what are "ways"?

the strategic concepts and courses of action that explain how the ends are to be accomplished (NDS)

what are "means"?

the specific resources that are to be used in applying the concepts to accomplish the objectives (NMS)

therefore, national objectives are "___" and the 4 instruments of power are the "___"

therefore, national objectives are "ends" and the 4 instruments of power are the "means"

what does the national security strategy aim to do?

to restore respect for the united states abroad and renew american confidence at home; strategic confidence enables the US to protect its vital national interests

the NSS articulates and advances the president's concept of ____

principled realism

what are the pillars of the national security strategy?

1) protect the homeland
2) promote american prosperity
3) preserve peace through strength
4) advance american influence

pillar one: protect the homeland

-"our fundamental responsibility is to protect the american people, the homeland, and the american way of life"
-strengthen control of borders and reform immigration
-target threats at their source
-redouble efforts to protect critical infrastructure and digital networks
-deploying layered missile defense system to defend america against missile attacks
-uses the NDS and NMS

pillar two: promote american prosperity

-"a strong economy protects the american people, supports our way of life, and sustains american power"
-rejuvenate american economy
-no tolerance for chronic trade abuses, and will pursue free, fair and reciprocal economic relationships
-lead in research, technology, innovation
-ensure international markets remain open
-protecting the national security innovation base (NSIB)

pillar three: preserve peace through strength

-"an america strengthened, renewed, and rejuvenated will ensure peace and deter hostility"
-rebuild america's military
-use all tools of the statecraft in a new era of strategic competition (DIME) to protect our interests
-strengthen capabilities across domains
-our allies and partners protect our shared interests
-ensure balance of power remains in america's favor

pillar four: advance american influence

-"as a force for good throughout its history, america will use its influence to advance our interests and benefit humanity"
-continue to enhance our influence overseas, protect americans, promote prosperity
-diplomatic and developmental efforts will compete to achieve better outcomes in all arenas to protect our interests
-challenge competators
-seek partnerships with like minded states to promote free market economies
-influence the world as a positive force that helps set conditions for peace, prosperity and the development of successful societies

what IOP's are critical to pillar four?

diplomatic and informational IOP's

what are the three lines of effort/objectives of the national defense strategy (NDS) that support objectives of the NSS?

1) rebuilding military readiness
2) strengthening alliances
3) reforming DoD business practices

national military strategy (NMS)

-provides guidance for distributing and applying military power (military "means") to attain national strategic objectives
-deter, deny and defeat adversaries
-disrupt, degrade and defeat violent extremists
-strengthen our global network of allies and partners

what are the objectives of the current national military strategy (NMS)?

-the NMS is the military's contribution to national security
-the NMS is used to support the other IOP's (diplomatic, informational and economic)
-three broad objectives:
1) deter, deny & defeat state adversaries
2) disrupt, degrade & defeat violent extremist organizations
3) strengthen our global allies/partners

what are the three main threats to the NSS?

-revisionist powers
-rogue regimes
-terrorist organizations and transnational criminal operations

what three major documents help our nation shape the national strategic direction and formulate US military strategy?

1) 2017 NSS
2) 2018 NDS
3) 2015 NMS

national objectives are achieved, in part, by who?

AIRMEN

Who is the lead agency for Diplomacy IOP

State Department

Diplomatic Power is derived from...

type and stability of government, soundness of foreign policy, participation in political process

The effectiveness of the Diplomacy IOP is ...

Depends largely on military IOP

Informational IOP's Lead Agency is ...

NO LEAD AGENCY

Informational IOP includes...

Information, information operations, AND Infrastructure (networks and satellites)

Economic IOP's Lead Agency is

No Lead Agency

Economic IOP's Power is derived from

Population

Natural Resources

Stability of monetary system

IOPs work best...

When used together

Who has the ultimate responsibility for

National Security Policy

The National Security Strategy is produced by the who ....and is what?
(Ends, Ways, or Means)

Potus and Ends (What needs to Happen)

National Defense Strategy is produced by who ... and is what?
(Ends, Ways, or Means)

Security of Defense and Ways (How you are going to do it)

National Military Strategy is produced by who... and is what?
(Ends, Ways, or Means)

Joint Chief of Staff and Means (What resources and support is needed)

What are the pillars of the current National Security Strategy

Protect the homeland

Promote American Prosperity

Preserve Peace Through Strength

Advance
American Influence

What are the lines of effort of the current National Defense Strategy?

○ 1) Rebuilding military readiness; increase Joint Force lethality
○ 2) Strengthening alliance; attract new partners
○ 3) Reforming the Department's business practices; greater performance and affordability

What are the objectives of the current National Military Strategy?

1. Target State and Non-State Adversaries

2. Securing US territory and Global Alliances

3.Developing working partnership globably