Which of the following terms relates to the norms about right and wrong conduct?

Morality

What ethical approach or concept specifies standards of conduct for a particular profession?

Professional morality

Which of the following arguments are supported by the ethical principle of justice?

All of the above

Which of the following moral rules of obligation are supported by the bioethical principle of beneficence?

All of the above

What term refers to the set of universal norms that all "morally serious persons share"?

Common morality

Which of the following ethical philosophies or theories can be summarized in one simple statement: "one should do good and avoid evil"?

Natural Law

What ethical principle forms the basis of informed consent in patient care?

Respect for autonomy

Which ethical justification approach or concept is most frequently used when making a moral justification or decision?

Deductive Approach

What bioethical principle is closely associated with the maxim, primum non nocere -- first do no harm?

Non-maleficence

What ethical philosophy or theory purports that the moral rightness of a decision is based on whether it brings more good than other alternatives?

Utilitarianism

A small-town physician conducted a research study on his female patients without their awareness or formal consent. He took blood samples from all his patients and told them that it was simply routine blood work. (The blood samples were used as part of the experimental research.) Given this situation, what ethical principle was not taken into consideration?
Non-maleficence
Respect for Autonomy

Respect for Autonomy

T

T or F:

Both bioethics and medical ethics are applied ethics.

Bioethics

It is a combination of ethical theory and various
disciplines such as medicines, law, social science, philosophy, and like to address the ethics of clinical decision-making and medical research.

Bioethics

It involves the basic concerns of human beings and their close relationships with other organisms.

Bioethics

It also the ethics of biology which may be subdivided into environmental, animal and medical ethics.

Objectives of Bioethics

1. Build positive attitude and behavior towards a chosen profession

2. Show concern for human life and those of other living organisms.


3. Produce professionals in body, mind and spirit.

4. Establish a functional philosophy in life.

Goals of Bioethics

1. Ethical Guidance

2. Clarification

3. Disciplines

4. Structures

5. Internal Auditing

6. Inter-disciplinary Approach

Ethical Guidance

The goal of bioethics that provides ethical guidelines in the delivery of ethical
reasoning in work and assigned tasks

Clarification

The goal of bioethics that is not limited to ethical reasoning and moral clinical
decisions as it also shows a deep concern for and an awareness of these complicated issues

Disciplines

The goal of bioethics that covers the other life science disciplines, especially the moral questions and issues concerning humans, animals, and nature

Structures

The goal of bioethics that is structured to elucidate important arguments in rendering ethical judgment and, therefore, sets its floor for discussions and debates about
bioethical issues

Internal Auditing

The goal of bioethics wherein bioethicists examine the implications of combining new data from the natural sciences and principles of bioethics because both aspects may
influence the creation of new concepts and principles of basic ethical issues and
concerns.

Inter-disciplinary Approach

The goal of bioethics wherein different approaches from the natural sciences may provide a better and more balanced input to bioethics, such as medical ethics from the field of medicine, and social, legal, information, religious, and feminist ethics in
solving moral issues and concerns in questions.

Medical Ethics

Subdiscipline of bioethics that was derived from the introduction of the Hippocratic Oath

Hippocratic Oath

It marks the beginning of Western ethical reasoning in medicine.

Medical Ethics

Exhibits medical doctors' behavior and the ethical rules of the principles or non-maleficence and beneficence in the inter-relationships between physicians and patients and the principles of
confidentiality and prohibition in exploiting patients' rights.

Animal Ethics

A subdiscipline of bioethics that was founded in the USA and Europe as a result of their sensitivity to animals

Jeremy Bentham

Who stated that although animals
cannot have ethical reason, the most important consideration is that animals usually suffer from the decision of humans.

Environmental Ethics

A subdiscipline of bioethics that evolved in the 1970s when there were issues on the global threat to the natural
basis of existence, increasing number of extinct species, destruction of
ecosystem and natural resources, and the ever recognized danger associated with technology inventions such as nuclear power, most particularly the
radioactive wastes and biohazards, and the emergence of biotechnology such as genetic engineering

Anthropocentrism

Approach such as virtue ethics and deontology which stress the particular human perspective and claim that values depend on human beings only

Non-anthropocentrism

Other term for physiocentrism

Physiocentrism

Approaches share the common
claim that there are "objective" or more straightforward naturalistic values which are non-relational (intrinsic) and do not presuppose the rational human beings

Deontology Theory

The Divine Command Theory, the Natural Right Theory, the Pluralistic Theory, and the Contractarian or Moral Theory of
Contractianism are under what theory?

Natural Law Ethics in Deontology Theory

The Principle of Double Effect and Principle of Totality are under what ethics/theory?

Teleogical Theory

The Utilitarian Theory, Hedonism Theory, Egoism Theory, Asceticism Theory, Altruism Theory, Rule Consequentialist Theory, and Negative Consequentialist Theory are under what theory?

Deontology Theory

It is focused on the rightness or wrongness of an action done. Therefore, if an action has a
relevant features, it is one's duty or
obligation to do or perform it.

Immanuel Kant

One of the proponent of deontological
theories was formulated by ____________.

deon

The term deontological was derived from the
Greek word _______ which means "obligation or
duty."

Divine Command Theory

An action done is right if declared by the Almighty God to be right.

Divine Command Theory

It is an obligatory duty once commanded by the Almighty God.

Divine Command Theory

It has a strong commitment to religious presupposition and claims that morality and absolute sources of sacredness of human life emerged from existence of the Almighty God.

Divine Command Theory

The moral obligations arise from the commands of the Almighty God.

John Locke and Thomas Hobbes

__________ and __________ hold that humans have absolute human rights (such as the universal right), which are inherent in the field of ethics
and not parallel to human action and belief.

Categorical Imperative

Affirms the humans' rational
capacity and asserts the inviolable moral law

Natural Right Theory

In this theory,
a man, according to Kant, must act in accordance with his duty.

William David Ross

Who rejected the utilitarian
notion?

Prima Facies Duties

W.D. Ross described this
as a list of duties that he considered binding on all moral agents.

Duties of Fidelity

Telling the truth, keeping actual and implicit promises, and not representing fiction as history

Duties of Reparation

Righting the wrongs we have done to others

Duties of Gratitude

Recognizing the services others have done for us

Duties of Justice

Preventing a distribution of pleasure or happiness that is not in keeping with the merit of the people involved

Duties of Beneficence

Helping to better the condition of other beings with respect to virtue, intelligence, or pleasure

Duties of Self-Improvement

Bettering ourselves with respect to virtue or intelligence

Duties of Non-Maleficence

Avoiding or preventing an injury to others

F

T or F:

W.D. Ross ranks the prima facies duties in order of importance.

Pluralistic Deontology Theory

This theory affirms the importance of 7 prima facies duties.

Beneficence

A prima facies duty of the Pluralistic Deontology Theory that entails helping other people

Non-Maleficence

A prima facies duty of the Pluralistic Deontology Theory that entails not doing harm

Justice

A prima facies duty of the Pluralistic Deontology Theory that entails equal rights

Gratitude

A prima facies duty of the Pluralistic Deontology Theory that entails benefiting other people for help extended

Reparation

A prima facies duty of the Pluralistic Deontology Theory that entails recompensing other persons for wrong acts

Promise-Keeping

A prima facies duty of the Pluralistic Deontology Theory that entails keeping explicitly and implicitly the promises made

Self-Improvement

A prima facies duty of the Pluralistic Deontology Theory that entails improving oneself

Contractarian or Moral Theory of Contractarianism

This moral theory is derived from moral obligation as stipulated in the contract.

Contractarians

These people are skeptical of the possibility of grounding morality or political authority in either divine will or some perfectionist ideal of the nature of humanity

John Rawls

This person is an important contemporary political social contract theorist who effectively resurrected social contract theory in the second half of the 20th century.

David Gauthier

This person is primarily a moral contractarian, and he, along with John Rawls, effectively resurrected social contract theory in the second half of the 20th century.

Contractarianism Theory

This theory follows Kant's idea that man's
action, whether right or wrong, must be justified in accordance with what has been agreed upon.

Natural Law Ethics

This holds that through the application of reason, it should be possible to establish a body of moral principles and rules.

Principle of Double Effect

It is intended to help resolve these kinds of conflicts.

Principle of Double Effect

It signifies that an action should be performed only if the intention is to bring about the good effect.

Principle of Totality

This principle holds that an individual has right to dispose of his or her organs or to destroy their capacity to function only to the extent that the general well-being of the whole body demands it

Teleological Theory

It is otherwise known as the "consequentialist theory."

Teleological Theory

In this theory a certain action is morally right if the consequence or outcome is good

Utilitarian Theory

This theory holds that an action is morally right if it results in happiness and satisfaction

John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham

The Utilitarian Theory was formulated by ____________ and ____________.

Utilitarian Theory

This theory is based on the consequence of an action

Principle of Utility

States that people should do an action that may bring
happiness or the greatness number of people

Utilitarian Theory

Holds that the rightness or wrongness of an action can be determined by the goodness or
badness of its consequence

Utilitarian Theory

This theory can be called "theory of greatest
happiness."

Hedonistic or Classical
Theory

This theory attests that the goodness or badness of an action is based on its effect on happiness
of the individual

Hedonism Theory

This theory holds that the pursuit of humankind is pleasure on its maximum level (net of pain or suffering)

Hedonists

These people state that the only way to attain maximum pleasure in happiness.

Epicureanism

This holds that the maximum happiness that a patient can obtain is when accurate and reliable laboratory results are achieved.

Egoism Theory

This theory argues that a right action is maximized when it benefits oneself

Individual Egoism

A subdivision of the Egoism Theory that entails doing things that benefit oneself.

Personal Egoism

A subdivision of the Egoism Theory that entails doing things at one's best interest but makes no claims
about anyone else ought to do

Universal Egoism

A subdivision of the Egoism Theory that entails acting in a way that benefits everybody

Asceticism Theory

This theory speaks of Auguste Comte's dictum which means "live for others"

Asceticism Theory

This theory holds that man should act to bring the best consequence for others at the expense of his/her own personal interest

Rule Consequentialist Theory

This theory states that a moral behavior or action should follow a certain rule, but such rule should be based on the consequence

Negative Consequentialism Theory

This theory is simply the passive avoidance of bad outcomes

Negative Consequentialism Theory

This theory is one way of minimizing bad consequences and promoting the good ones

Virtue Theory

This theory is based on the inherent nature of an individual rather than on the consequence of the acts

Agent-Based Theory

This is a subcategory of the Virtue Theory that entails doing an action that is based on common sense or intuition

Extent of Care

This is a subcategory of the Virtue Theory that entails citing the feminist theory which holds changing the
point of view of morality towards more marginalized virtue

Principles of Bioethics

These are important and are applicable in medical and
public health service delivery

Principles of Bioethics

1. Respect to Autonomy
2. Beneficence
3. Non maleficence
4. Justice

Respect to Autonomy

It is the act of respecting the decisions for others

Prioritization of One's Decision

It is a view with respect to autonomy wherein it is always the decision of the patient that prevails since such decisions is more beneficial rather than harmful. It is also the same patient who chooses the kind of life he/she wants to
live.

Intervention from Other People

It is a view with respect to autonomy that is adopted when the patient is
terminally ill, such that the physician should decide on the best treatment the patient should have

Physician

With intervention from other people, the _________ chooses the best kind of life for the patient.

Informed Consent

In the field of medicine, most specially laboratory medicine, respect to autonomy is applicable in __________________.

Prudent Person Rule

One of the standard rules of full disclosure in order to satisfy the informed consent wherein the patient must know and understand the diagnosis, nature and purpose of the proposed treatment; the known risk and consequence of the proposed treatment; the rates of doctor's and hospital's success and failure of the treatment; the
benefits expected of such a treatment; the complete information
of the alternative treatment; the prognosis if no treatment is given;
and all costs and burdens of the proposed treatment

Subjective Substantial Disclosure

One of the standard rules of full disclosure in order to satisfy the informed consent wherein every information of the treatment should be properly disseminated to the patient and after the patient has presented his/her opinion, beliefs, norms and values

F

T or F:

Explicit consent is needed in case of implied (i.e., procedures are not risky and invasive); therapeutic privilege (i.e. information is really detrimental to the patient's condition or illness); and emergencies
(i.e., patient is incompetent and no surrogate is available).

Medical Paternalism

Overrides the patient's decision but such action may benefit the patient

Strong Paternalism

Overriding the patient's competent decision is
generally rejected

Weak Paternalism

Acting on the patient's incompetent decision is always justified

Beneficence

The principle of bioethics of doing an action that benefit others

Beneficence

Doing good in terms of increasing the ration of good vs evil

Act of Beneficence

This includes the following:

1. Prevent the infliction of needless pain.
2. Prevent killing a person.
3. Prevent incapacitating others.

Principle of Beneficence

In case there is a sufficient reason (not an obligation) to do a good act, the healthcare provider must execute the goodness of this action

Non-Maleficence

A principle of bioethics that is the avoidance of doing "harm" to others

Non-Maleficence

This is precisely the very essence of rendering laboratory services and delivering health care which is doing the least harm to the patient.

Non-Maleficence

Examples associated with this principle in the field
of medicine:

1. Do not kill
2. Do not cause needless pain
3. Do not incapacitate others.

Justice

A principle of bioethics that is the application of legal ethics in the practice of medical laboratory science.

Justice

This principle holds that ethical theories, especially legal ethics, should impose fairness to everyone involved.

Justice

This principle holds that clinical decision
should be consistent with ethical theories.

Theory of Justice

This theory states that it can be understood as attempting to combine the strengths of
utilitarianism and deontology while avoiding the weakness of each view.

John Rawls

The Theory of Justice was formulated by this philosopher

John Rawls

According to him, the central task of government is to preserve and promote the liberty and welfare of the individuals.

Principles of Justice

Needed to serve as standards for designing and evaluating social institutions and practices.

Equality

A rule of distributive justice wherein all benefits and burdens are to be distributed equally

Need

A rule of distributive justice wherein the principle of need is an extension of the egalitarian
principle of equal distribution

Contribution

A rule of distributive justice wherein people should get back that proportion of social goods
that is the result of their productive labor

Effort

A rule of distributive justice wherein the degree of effect made by the individual should determine the
proportion of goods received by the individual