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Question: Maria has never been to State College and does not know how to get to the Lion Shrine to take pictures with her family. When she stops a random Penn State student to ask for directions, she receives the following directions: “Go straight until you see the intersection where the McCoy Natatorium is, then turn right, then keep going straight, and after one block at the intersection, the Lion Shrine will be on your left.” What type of visual imagery is used for the directions?
A Egocentric representations
B Route maps
C Allocentric Representations
D Survey Maps
Answer: B Route maps
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Question: When the chimpanzee creates a new tool to enable him to obtain the banana, his new goal was now to create the new tool in order to achieve his first goal set for himself. The term used to describe the creation of a new goal to make things easier to obtain the initial goal is called:
A backup avoidance
B hill climbing
C means-end analysis
D goal set up
Answer: C means-end analysis
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Question: Michelle was riding in the car with her mom when she was paying attention to the Chik-fil-a logo. After a couple of seconds, she finally realized that the C in the logo was actually a chicken! It was a moment that she was very excited because she finally figured out what the logo had. What she experienced can be described as:
A “aha” experience
B she doesn’t pay attention to detail
C insight problems
D Einstellung effect
Answer: A “aha” experience
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Question: If a person asks you to write down a sentence with your left hand, mouth, toes, or any part of your body, the handwriting will remain the same. This reflects the solution of
A the writing ataxia problem
B the degrees of freedom problem
C the anticipation effect problem
D the font acquisition problem
Answer: B the degrees of freedom problem
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Question: Ally went to Disney World for the first time last summer. As soon as she got to Magic Kingdom, she saw Cinderella’s castle and immediately wanted to go see it. She had trouble trying to read the map of Magic Kingdom as she was trying to figure out the best way to navigate the park based on where she was, her surroundings, and her perspective. Ally was demonstrating
A Allocentric representations
B Route map imaging
C Egocentric representations
D Map distortion
Answer: C Egocentric representations
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Question: Bobby and his family were enjoying a nice boat ride when suddenly the engine blew and they were all stuck in the middle of the lake. The only objects inside the boat were plastic lawn chairs. Bobby and his family had a hard time figuring out how they were going to get to the shore without a working engine. After some time, Bobby figured they could fold up the chairs and use them as paddles. The initial difficulty of Bobby and his family from seeing different uses of the lawn chairs is best described as
A Functional fixedness
B Set effects
C Syllogism
D The deductive reasoning problems
Answer: A Functional fixedness
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Question: Rebecca hasn’t had a pop quiz in several weeks. Considering this evidence, she believes that she will have a pop quiz in the very near future. Rebecca is demonstrating
A Probability matching
B Gambler’s fallacy
C Recognition heuristic
D Framing effects
Answer: B Gambler’s fallacy
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Question: People tend to have a hard time making a decision when multiple options are presented, as they become overwhelmed. For example, when someone is invited to three different parties, and each one has pros and cons, it is hard for that person to make the “right” decision. This is an example of
A Mental stimulation
B Problems with anchoring
C The conflict problem
D Compatibility issues
Answer: C The conflict problem
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Question: Lauren has run into a problem. Her Biochemistry final is in one week and she needs a 90% on the final to receive her long-desired A. She decides to start studying that day and continues to study every day for 6 hours a day up until the final. She took her final and after 2 days received her score of 91%. The time period that she was studying for a week can be described as the
A Goal state
B Intermediate state
C Incubation state
D Solution
Answer: B Intermediate state
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Question: Jack has started to have feelings for McKenzie. Jack would always run into McKenzie every day on his way to the Hub at noon to get lunch and would stop and talk to her for a few minutes. However, all of a sudden, the next week he didn’t run into her on Monday, and this continued for a few days and it made him very sad. Finally, on Friday he thought to himself, “Ok, since I haven’t seen her in a while, there’s a high chance that I will run into her today. I have to.” This can be described as the
A Gambler’s fallacy
B Framing effect
C Neural convincing
D Neural subjectivity
Answer: A Gambler’s fallacy
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Question: Based on Modus Ponens: If Michael watches game film on his next week’s high school football game match-up, then he will perform well. Michael did watch game film. What could be a valid deduction from the above statements?
A Therefore, Michael performed poorly.
B Therefore, Michael will perform well
C Therefore, the only way Michael can perform well is if he plays cooperatively with his team.
D Therefore, it can only be said that he played well if his team won.
Answer: B Therefore, Michael will perform well
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Question: Katie is a swimmer who used to be a member of her high school swimming team. Now she is 37 years old and has children of her own who are learning how to swim. When she watches them while they are at a swimming lesson she visualizes herself swimming again. She is able to do this through the unconscious use of:
A Motor Neurons
B The Anticipation Effect
C Mirror Neurons
D Optical Ataxia
Answer: C Mirror Neurons
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Question: Many people are terrified of flying on a plane but have no fear riding in a car, even though car accidents are far more common. One of the main reasons for this is because when people think of planes they see a vivid mental image of a plane crash that they recently saw on the news. This is a manifestation of
A Conflict Bias
B Hindsight Bias
C Anchoring Bias
D Availability Bias
Answer: D Availability Bias
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Question: Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky and the field of behavioral economics that their research spawned deal with:
A Suppression
B Repression
C Heuristics
D Hysterics
Answer: C Heuristics
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Question: People giving a quick estimate of 10x9x8x7x6x5x4x3x2x1 tend to give a higher value than people giving a quick estimate of 1x2x3x4x5x6x7x8x9x10. This is a manifestation of
A anchoring
B heuristics
C cognitive bias
D all of the above
Answer: D all of the above
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Question: When given three choices, as opposed to two, people are less likely to come to a decision. This reflects
A Compatibility
B Conflict
C Hindsight
D Representativeness
Answer: B Conflict
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Question: According to the book, problem solving is described in terms of searching a ________, which consists of various states of the problem.
A analogy
B goal state
C problem space
D Tower of Hanoi
Answer: C problem space
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Question: Participants were asked to turn over only those cards that had to be turned over to judge the correctness of the rule, “If a card has a vowel on one side, then it has an even number on the other side.” This was done in connection with
A the Wason selection task
B the atmosphere hypothesis
C mental model theory
D the gambler’s falllacy
Answer: A the Wason selection task
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Question: Which is an example of a phonological error?
A “cheese pizza” → “pizza cheese”
B “snow flurries” → “flow snurries”
C Using a cell phone while driving
D “I’m writing a letter to my mother”→ “I’m writing a mother to my letter”
Answer: B “snow flurries” → “flow snurries”
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Question: In the textbook, there is an example where a student uses the solar system to model the structure of an atom. For instance, the sun attracts the planets much as the nucleus attracts the electrons. What kind of problem solving is demonstrated here?
A problem space and search
B learning by being told
C learning by example
D analogy
Answer: D analogy
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Question: According to the textbook, when people are asked how many windows there are in their house, many report mentally going through the house and counting each window. What type of mental imagery are they using?
A image scanning
B mental rotation
C visual perception
D second-order planning
Answer: A image scanning
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Question: In the article “What’s in a Grasp?” David and colleagues discusse the differences and similarities between the way adults, children, and apes grasp objects, particularly when they have a specific objective in mind for the object. Consider this research to interpret the following scenario: Joe is in a room, and there’s some really good candy behind the door of a transparent safe. Joe decides to eat the candy, but in order to do so he must open the safe by rotating the wheel of the safe door from a closed position (6:00 on a clock) to an open position (12:00 on a clock). To do this, Joe starts with his hand in a comfortable position, but when he finishes opening the safe his hand is twisted upside down. Which of the following is likely?
A Joe is a young child
B Joe is a neurologically normal adult
C Joe is a chimp
D Joe is left-handed
Answer: A Joe is a young child
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Question: Karl Lashley challenged traditional behaviorists by demonstrating that actions depend on plans, not just stimulus-response connections. Which of the following was NOT an implication of his research?
A His work showed that movement doesn’t rely on sensory input; if someone has troubling moving one limb because of paralysis, restraining the second limb might help them regain control.
B Because movement sequences are based solely on feedback, typing should be done slowly to eliminate the likelihood of making errors.
C Humans should be able to associate many responses with a stimulus, such that you can say “John Lennon” in one situation and “John McCain” in another without any problem.
• The commonality of syntactic (grammatical) speaking errors, such as “I’m writing a mother to my letter” instead of “I’m writing a letter to my mother,” demonstrates that grammatical classes exist, consistent with the hypothesis of plans.
Answer: B Because movement sequences are based solely on feedback, typing should be done slowly to eliminate the likelihood of making errors.
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Question: The field of behavioral economics sprouted from cognitive psychology research by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky. Their research looked into heuristics, also known as “rules of thumb for reasoning,” which described the ways people tend to reason. What was the take-away message of their findings?
A It’s better to win $200 with a chance of 50% than to win $100 for sure
B Stores without multiple product choices are doing it wrong—there’s a much greater chance that people will buy items when they have similar items to compare.
C Human behavior is entirely controlled by economics and the prospect of monetary gain.
D Humans are not always perfectly logical; it’s important to be aware of this to avoid biases and inaccuracies
Answer: D Humans are not always perfectly logical; it’s important to be aware of this to avoid biases and inaccuracies
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Question: Change blindness is
A a failure to detect that an object has moved or disappeared and is the opposite of change detection.
B a form of perception in which we start with a larger object, concept, or idea before working our way toward more detailed information.
C a faster search for a unique target among similar distractors than among very different distractors
D none of the above
Answer: A a failure to detect that an object has moved or disappeared and is the opposite of change detection.
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Question: Mary decided that she needed a new pair of running sneakers for her upcoming marathon. After she purchased the new sneakers, Mary looked for the same sneakers in a more expensive store to confirm that she got them at the best price possible. She didn’t go to a bargain outlet, however. This illustrates
A conflict
B confirmation bias
C affirmation
D availability bias
Answer: B confirmation bias
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Question: Brian is at the zoo and is trying to compare the sizes of the different animals. He finds that it takes him very little time to determine that an elephant is larger than a penguin, but it takes him much longer to decide if a lion is larger or smaller than a gorilla (these two animals are fairly close in size). What does this phenomenon represent?
A Brian is not very smart and doesn’t understand that gorillas are larger than lions
B People experience greater difficulty in judging objects that are similar to each other on an analog mental scale
C The lion and gorilla exhibits are very far apart, but the elephants and penguins are near each other, so he is able to compare the penguins and elephants more easily
D People don’t experience any difficulty judging the relative size of two images, regardless of size
Answer: B People experience greater difficulty in judging objects that are similar to each other on an analog mental scale
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Question: Danny is on his way to the HUB from the Forum Building on campus. He only knows one specific way to get there. Unfortunately, he runs into road construction on his way. Now, he doesn’t know what to do because he doesn’t know the general location of the HUB and is unable to construct a detour. Why is this?
A Danny has not created an action plan
B Danny has only created a survey map, not a route map
C Danny has not created a cognitive map at all
D Danny has only created a route map, not a survey map
Answer: D Danny has only created a route map, not a survey map
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Question: It is true to say that “Marshall is the brother of Luke” and “Ellie is the daughter of Marshall.” One might conclude that “Luke is the uncle of Ellie” and “Luke is older than Ellie.” The first conclusion is a correct ______________________ and the second conclusion is a reasonable _______________.
A deductive inference; inductive inference
B inductive inference: conditional statement
C deductive inference; conditional statement
D inductive inference; deductive inference
Answer: A deductive inference; inductive inference
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Question: Ben is trying to win a coin toss. He notices that for seven tosses in a row, the coin has landed with heads up. Ben believes that it is more likely that the coin will land with tails up on the eighth flip, since it hasn’t occurred for a while and Ben thinks that the flips will eventually average out. What is the name of this phenomenon?
A law of averages
B gambler’s law
C gambler’s fallacy
D fallacy of averages
Answer: C gambler’s fallacy
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Question: A research lab is conducting an experiment with three groups of participants. Each group is asked to work on the same task. The first group is able to work on the task for thirty minutes straight. The second group works for fifteen minutes, takes a thirty-minute break, and then has another fifteen minutes to complete the task. The final group works for fifteen minutes, takes a four-hour break, and then has another fifteen minutes to complete the task. According to incubation effects, which group is most likely to complete the task?
A the first group, who worked for thirty minutes straight
B the second group, who worked for fifteen minutes, took a thirty minute break, and then worked for another fifteen minutes
C the third group, who worked for fifteen minutes, took a four hour break, and then worked for another fifteen minutes
D all three groups are equally likely to complete the task
Answer: C the third group, who worked for fifteen minutes, took a four hour break, and then worked for another fifteen minutes
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Question: Jasmine opened her mouth and put a flashlight in her mouth and learned that the back of the eye can be illuminated through this unusual method, which was used to demonstrate which scientific phenomenon?
A blink suppression
B Rabbitt’s error
C mirror neurons
D Archimedes’ aha!
Answer: A blink suppression
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Question: Danielle’s teacher played Simon-says with her class. In this game, you are only supposed to perform an action that you watch someone perform when they also say “Simon says.” When the teacher put her up right arm up in the arm but did not say “Simon says,” Danielle imitated the actions. What was she displaying?
A a positive set effect
B imagery
C a behavior consistent with mirror neurons
D incubation effects
Answer: C a behavior consistent with mirror neurons
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Question: Jessica’s house has beautiful hard-wood flooring throughout, with small area rugs placed around each room. One day, Mark asks Jessica how many area rugs she has in her house, so she closes her eyes and pictures herself walking through her home to picture how many area rugs she has. According to the textbook, if this mental experience actually has no functional role in answering the question, it is
A an epiphany
B a dream
C an epiphenomenon
D a mental rotation
Answer: C an epiphenomenon
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Question: Matthew must solve a complicated puzzle. In order for him to successfully solve it, he may need to take a small step back, undoing his previous move, in order to go forward and get closer to solving the puzzle. He is reluctant to take this step back, even though it might help him reach his goal. According to the textbook, Matthew’s bias against the operator that undoes the effect of the previous operator is an example of
A backup avoidance
B difference reduction
C means-ends analysis
D none of the above
Answer: A backup avoidance
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Question: Jackie is presented with the statement “All pets are poodles. All poodles are vicious. All pets are vicious.” She is asked to make a judgment about the third statement regarding its validity. According to the textbook, this logical argument, consisting of two premises and a conclusion that Jackie must judge, is an example of
A an analogy
B an allegory
C a metaphor
D a syllogism
Answer: D a syllogism
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Question: Alexander wants to learn a new language but is nervous that he will struggle with it too much. His wise advisor explains that much of the variability among natural languages can be accommodated by setting about 100 parameters, and that a major part of learning a language is learning the setting of those parameters. According to the textbook, this is the
A language structure model
B parameter setting model
C language university model
D Rosetta Stone model
Answer: B parameter setting model
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Question: Pauline lost total feeling in her right arm due to a tragic house fire. A few months after the fire, her mom noticed that Pauline was still able to use both of her arms to accomplish daily tasks. This ability to use a body part, despite not having feeling in it, demonstrates that
A more function remains than what one may originally think
B less function remains than what one may originally think
C no one thinks about this
D both A and C
Answer: A more function remains than what one may originally think
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Question: Which of the following is an example of an action slip?
A this morning I put ketchup into my coffee, instead of cream into my coffee.
B this morning I brushed my teeth but not quite as thoroughly as usual.
C this morning I made my bed and then brushed my hair.
D more than one is an example of an action slip.
Answer: A this morning I put ketchup into my coffee, instead of cream into my coffee.
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Question: “Slicely thinned bread” and “flow snurries” respectively are examples of a
A semantic error and syntactic error
B syntactic error and phonological error
C morphological error and semantic error
D morphological error and phonological error
Answer: D morphological error and phonological error
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Question: We have two visual subsystems. One is concerned with “What?” while the other is concerned with “How?” Which neural streams are responsible for “what” and “how” processing, respectively?
A ventral, dorsal
B dorsal, ventral
C left ventral, right ventral
D right dorsal, left dorsal
Answer: A ventral, dorsal
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Question: Ryan has a 3,000 word paper to write tonight. He has one hour to complete it but is not worried because he is typically a very quick, forceful, and accurate typist. However, in the past few minutes, he has been typing less forcefully than usual. What is the best possible cognitive explanation for this decrease in speed?
A he is getting bored
B his hand muscles are weakening
C he is making more mistakes
D he is making fewer mistakes
Answer: C he is making more mistakes
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Question: Mike and Megan are arguing over sensory imagery. Mike thinks that visual imagery is the easiest to produce, followed by touch, and lastly smell. Megan thinks that visual imagery is the easiest to produce, followed by smell, and lastly touch. Who is correct according to the lecture?
A Megan is correct
B Mike is correct
C Neither is correct
D They should stop arguing because cognitive psychology has no tools to answer questions like this.
Answer: A Megan is correct
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Question: Tara and Amanda were scheduled to take the Mega bus from different cities back to State College from Thanksgiving Break. They were both caught in an unexpected traffic jam due to severe car accidents on the way to their bus stops and arrived at their stops 15 minutes after the scheduled departures of their buses. Tara was told her bus left on time. Amanda was told her bus was delayed and just left five minutes ago. Who is more upset?
A They are equally upset because they both missed their buses
B Amanda is more upset because of her reliance on mental simulation
C Tara is more upset for no good reason
D Amanda is be more upset at first, but Tara is more upset later because of her reliance on silly-gisms
Answer: B Amanda is more upset because of her reliance on mental simulation
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Question: The value function of prospect theory is demonstrated by
A cashing out of black jack with 100 dollars when the chance to win $300 on the next bet is 50 percent.
B preferring to take a risk rather than getting a sure gain
C choosing the number 10 instead of the number 15 on a lotto card
D staying in the black jack game with a 50 percent chance to win $300 rather than keep the 100 already won
Answer: A cashing out of black jack with 100 dollars when the chance to win $300 on the next bet is 50 percent.
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Question: As stated in Chapter 4, when performing a visual imagery task there _________ in brain regions involved in visual perception, and disruptions of these regions can result in _________.
A is activation; allocentric representations
B is not activation; allocentric representation
C is activation; disruption of the imagery task
D is not activation; disruption of the imagery task
Answer: C is activation; disruption of the imagery task
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Question: Which of the following would be a mophological error?
A flow snurries
B amscray
C miatake
D slicely thinned bread
Answer: D slicely thinned bread
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Question: If you think a topic is easier to teach students because you have taught it before, you are falling prey to the
A confirmation bias
B teaching bias
C grasp-height bias
D hindsight bias
Answer: D hindsight bias
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Question: Regarding the problem-solving lecture, many people have difficulty solving problems because they are fixed on representing an object according to its conventional function. This is called
A functional fixedness
B positive set effect
C fixedness phenomenon
D representation phenomenon
Answer: A functional fixedness
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Question: Steven’s doctor misdiagnoses Steven with bronchitis because some of Steven’s symptoms resemble those commonly associated with bronchitis and the doctor has been seeing an outbreak of bronchitis lately. His misdiagnosis can best be attributed to
A anchoring
B set effects
C availability bias
D hindsight bias
Answer: C availability bias
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Question: Sara’s very first middle school assignment was to get all of her textbooks covered. She asked her mom to stop by the store and grab a few book covers on the way home but to her dismay, Sara’s mom forgot. When Sara’s mom got home that night, she apologized to Sara for forgetting and told Sara that there were some newspapers on the kitchen table. “You can use those for now to cover the books,” said Sara’s mom. Confused, Sara mumbled “What am I supposed to do with them?” Sara’s response reflects
A faulty imagery
B an adolescent attitude
C the “Aha!” effect
D functional fixedness
Answer: D functional fixedness
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Question: In class, Dr. Rosenbaum described a man who was meticulous, introverted, meek, and solemn. Then he gave students occupations such as pilot, farmer, pilot, sales person, physician, and librarian, and asked them to rank-order the occupations according to the number of people in them. Librarian got the lowest rank. Nevertheless, almost all students thought the meticulous, introverted, meek, solemn persons was a librarian. This outcome illustrates
A availability bias
B anchoring
C representativeness
D hindsight
Answer: C representativeness
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Question: In class, Dr. Rosenbaum said people are often afraid of being in airplanes rather than being in cars or trains because they think the airplanes are much more dangerous than cars and trains. However, the fact is that the latter transportation methods have the much higher death rates. What cognitive heuristic does this example illustrate?
A hindsight
B confirmation bias
C anchoring
D availability
Answer: D availability
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Question: When given two equations, 1x2x3x4x5x6x7x8x9 or 9x8x7x6x5x4x3x2x1, people often give larger product estimates in the second case than in the first, even though the results of the two equations are the same. What cognitive heuristic does this example illustrate?
A mental simulation
B value function
C anchoring
D compatibility
Answer: C anchoring
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Question: Susie is hanging out with her friends and they are trying to make each other laugh. When Susie’s friend tickles Susie’s foot, Susie bursts out laughing. When Susie tries to tickle her own foot, she is not able to make herself laugh and does not feel ticklish. Why?
A She doesn’t feel like laughing
B A person cannot make him/herself laugh from tickling because the brain is sending messages from the touch centers to the brain telling it to discount tickling-type touches.
C She isn’t a good tickler
D Her foot just isn’t ticklish anymore
Answer: B A person cannot make him/herself laugh from tickling because the brain is sending messages from the touch centers to the brain telling it to discount tickling-type touches.
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Question: Maria is in the Mall of America and must navigate her way through the enormous building. As she stands in the Mall thinking about where she wants to shop, her mental representation is based solely on where she is at the moment. According to the textbook, Maria’s mental map is an example of
A daydream mapping
B egocentric representation
C altruistic perception
D none of the above
Answer: B egocentric representation
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Question: John is confronted with a problem and needs a solution. According to the textbook, John can acquire new problem-solving operators by
A discovery
B being told about them
C observing someone else use them
D all of the above
Answer: D all of the above
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Question: Why is it good to refer to both a route map and a survey map when navigating somewhere?
A 2-D (path) information is provided by the route map and 3-D (bird’s eye) information is provided by the survey map
B you should only refer to route maps
C a survey map lets you know what others thought of the directions
D route maps contain 3D information
Answer: A 2-D (path) information is provided by the route map and 3-D (bird’s eye) information is provided by the survey map
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Question: According to Alan Baddeley, why is it bad to drive while listening carefully to a football game on the radio?
A You can’t hear the GPS over the radio
B Both activities rely on the visual-spatial sketchpad
C Neither activity relies on the visual-spatial sketchpad
D In England, where Baddeley lives, they drive on the wrong side of the road and football is actually soccer
Answer: B Both activities rely on the visual-spatial sketchpad
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Question: Mary is told a story and then is asked if the sentences following it are true or false. Some sentences are worded differently than the story was, and some are directly from the story. She is able to answer them correctly. She is then asked which sentences are taken directly from the story and she has more difficulty answering correctly. This demonstrates that
A memory for detail is available initially but is forgotten rapidly, whereas memory for meaning is retained.
B memory for meaning is available initially but is forgotten rapidly, whereas memory for detail is retained.
C memory for meaning and detail are both retained equally well.
D memory for detail and memory are both forgotten rapidly.
Answer: A memory for detail is available initially but is forgotten rapidly, whereas memory for meaning is retained.
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Question: Jane and her friends go to a fun house at a carnival. They enter a room where gradually the wall in front of them starts moving closer as they stand still in the middle. The girls will
A sway forward toward the approaching wall
B stay perfectly still but will be unable to move out of confusion
C sway backward away from the approaching wall
D sit down on the floor for better stability
Answer: C sway backward away from the approaching wall
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Question: Perky and Kosslyn attempted to show how human imagery works. However, their experiments had which flaw?
A The studies had no real-world applicability
B The findings were statistically insignificant such that the results were identical no matter what conditions were tested
C The results of the studies conflicted with one another; one study suggested that visual imagery exists while the other study suggested that visual imagery does not exist
D There was no way of knowing if the participants were influenced by what they thought the researchers wanted them to answer (demand characteristics)
Answer: D There was no way of knowing if the participants were influenced by what they thought the researchers wanted them to answer (demand characteristics)
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Question: Charlotte has a paper due in a few hours and is hurrying to try to type it as quickly as she can. According to Rabbitt, Charlotte will
A be able to type her paper perfectly with very few mistakes the first time
B strike an incorrect letter key less forcefully than the correct one
C continually spell the same word incorrectly
D strike the incorrect letter key more forcefully than the correct one
Answer: B strike an incorrect letter key less forcefully than the correct one
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Question: Which of the following was NOT one of Karl Lashey’s arguments in favor of mental planning and against reflex chaining?
A Making errors in daily life is evidence of planning and its potential faults
B The possibility of a “Cartesian theater” of infinitely many homunculi controlling another layer of the subconscious
C One stimulus has the ability to trigger any number of responses based on its context
D Severing sensory nerves in the spine does not prevent sequencing
Answer: B The possibility of a “Cartesian theater” of infinitely many homunculi controlling another layer of the subconscious
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Question: John is working on a difficult math problem. He spends 20 minutes working on the problem but cannot figure it out. He goes and helps at his mom’s chick hatchery. Later, h comes back to the math and is able to solve it quickly. This is an example of
A Aha!
B Incubation
C Eureka!
D Chickening out
Answer: B Incubation
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Question: “Aha moments” and “incubation effects” mainly pertain to
A Imagery
B Problem solving
C Actions
D Mental processes of all kinds
Answer: B Problem solving
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Question: In the experiment where the fly had its head reversed, what happened?
A Nothing
B The fly was able to do everything normally
C The fly was apparently confused and was only able to go back and forth
D It tried very hard to unreversed its head by pushing its thorax and head against the vertically striped tube it was in
Answer: C The fly was apparently confused and was only able to go back and forth
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Question: If you see an action being performed that you know you yourself can also perform, such as sticking out your tongue, what happens in the brain?
A Mirror neurons fire
B You become tongue-tied
C No neurons are activated
D Your imitation neurons remain as still as possible
Answer: A Mirror neurons fire
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Question: When looking at a list of diseases, some of which you have read about on the web and others of which you haven’t encountered in a long time, when you try to decide which one causes more deaths, which heuristic is likely to bias your judgment?
A Anchoring
B Availability
C Mirror Neurons
D Mental Stimulation
Answer: B Availability
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Question: If one entertained the hypothesis that drinking orange juice is necessary for good exam performance, a student who wanted to test the hypothesis by always drinking orange juice before an exam would be exhibiting
A Availability Bias
B Confirmation Bias
C Mental Simulation
D Value Function (especially for the Value=V8)
Answer: B Confirmation Bias
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Question: Students are given the following phrases: No A’s are B’s. All B’s are C’s. No A’s are C’s. When the premises are mixed, students tend to prefer a negative solution. This is consistent with
A Universal Statements
B Particular Statements
C Atmosphere Hypothesis
D Categorical Syllogism
Answer: C Atmosphere Hypothesis
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Question: When people’s ability to reason about real-world situations intrudes into logical reasoning tasks, this can result in
A Unreal performance
B Worse Performance
C Better Performance
D Better or Worse Performance
Answer: D Better or Worse Performance
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Question: When presented with the task of deciding which of these coin-toss outcomes is more likely, H H H H H H or H T T H H T, people often claim the second choice is more likely even though both outcomes are equally likely. This reasoning mistake stems from the
A anchoring heuristic
B hindsight bias
C representativeness heuristic
D gambling fallacy
Answer: C representativeness heuristic
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Question: One day while riding a horse, Brittany fell off which resulted in severe damage to the posterior parietal cortex of her brain. As a result of her injuries, Brittany can see but has trouble seeing and coordinating her visually guided hand motions. Which of the following is she suffering from?
A Dyslexia
B Optic Ataxia
C Nearsightedness
D Farsightedness
Answer: B Optic Ataxia
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Question: Rabbitt’s 1978 study showed that incorrect keystrokes in typing are made less forcefully than correct keystrokes. What is the explanation for this finding?
A People predict that there is going to be a mistake and they hold back.
B People who are more adapted to the keys on a keyboard are known to type more quickly and forcefully.
C People type less forcefully because they don’t want to hurt their hands.
D People are angry when they’re wrong so they type more forcefully.
Answer: A People predict that there is going to be a mistake and they hold back.
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Question: Children suffering with autism are not always able to empathize with others as well as normally functioning children can. A problem with which of the following is believed to be the cause of this inability of Autistic children?
A Demand characteristics
B Modus ponens
C Mirror Neuron
D Visual Cliff
Answer: C Mirror Neuron
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Question: Students in a Psych 100 class were more likely to choose airplane crashes than train accidents as a leading cause of death. What accounts for this?
A Conflict
B Hindsight Bias
C Availability Bias
D Anchoring
Answer: C Availability Bias
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Question: If you were told, “Go straight until the light, then turn left two blocks later at the intersection,” which kind of mapping would you be using?
A Route map
B Survey map
C AAA map
D Directive map
Answer: A Route map
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Question: The book mentions that Rutherford used the solar system as an example for the structure of the atom. He stated that the electrons revolve around the nucleus like the planets revolve around the sun. This example illustrates what?
A Operators
B States
C Analogies
D Homologies
Answer: C Analogies
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Question: What are the logical problems in which you are given two premises and then have to judge whether the conclusion follows the first two rules? An example would be, “All test takers are students. All students are smart. Therefore, all test takers are smart.”
A Illation
B Syllogisms
C Permission Schema
D Retention Function
Answer: B Syllogisms
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Question: If people believe in the law of averages, they believe that an independent event can predict another, and that an event which has not occurred in a while has a higher chance of occurring. For example, your friend is gambling and he keeps losing. You try to convince him to stop playing, but he tells you he will not because he now has a higher chance of winning. This is an example of
A Averaging Fallacy
B Probability Matching
C Poker Statistics
D Gamblers Fallacy
Answer: D Gamblers Fallacy
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Question: Laura’s mother asks her what she wants to eat for lunch. She tells her mother, “I would like a cheese grilled sandwich.” What kind of error is this?
A Semantic (probably Freudian)
B Syntactic
C Synaptic
D Morphological
Answer: D Morphological
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Question: Jane, a college student, learned to type in high school. She is now a very proficient typist, but sometimes she types the wrong letter by accident. According to Patrick Rabbit, her erroneous key strokes would most likely be made _____ forcefully than her correct ones.
A More
B Less
C She would use the same amount of force regardless
D It depends on the letter
Answer: B Less
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Question: Ellis was walking home when her pearl necklace broke and began to spill everywhere. In an attempt to salvage the necklace, she began to pick up all of the pearls. Because she didn’t have a purse, bag, or pocket to put them in, she took off her hat and used this to store all the pearls. Ellis overcame ________.
A Functional Unfixedness
B Unfunctional FIxedness
C Functional Fixedness
D Dysfunctional Fixation
Answer: C Functional Fixedness
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Question: What is an example of an horizontal aiming typing error?
A Slumping sideways while typing
B Troll —> Trool
C Farm —> Fsrm
D Psychology —> Psychopathy
Answer: C Farm —> Fsrm
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Question: Sam was watching his favorite football team on television and heard his phone ring across the room. Without taking his eyes off of the screen, he reached down, picked up the remote control, put it to his ear, and said, “Hello?” What is this an example of?
A Action slip
B Freudian slip
C Reaction slip
D Slip of the hand
Answer: A Action slip
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Question: The homunculus isn’t a good explanation for how we process things because
a man couldn’t fit in our brain
b. that homunculus would need another homunculus man to process things in his brain as well
c. the homunculus has too many opinions
d. the homunculus doesn’t take enough time to consider all options
Answer: b. that homunculus would need another homunculus man to process things in his brain as well*
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Question: Christina damaged her temporal lobe in a car accident. Now she is unable to recognize faces. Which type of deficit is she affected by?
a. Fusiform gyrus
b. Prosopagnosia
c. Anterograde amnesia
d. Phonemes
Answer: b. Prosopagnosia*
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Question: When very experienced drivers can carry a conversation while driving with no adverse effects on their driving, they are exhibiting
a. Automaticity
b. Lack of attention
c. Lack of self-control
d. Manual shifting
Answer: a. Automaticity*
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Question: Jennifer needs to remember a list of items that she must pack for her upcoming trip to Michigan. The list includes shoes, hat, gloves, and a hairbrush. She imagines her path from the library to her classroom in Thomas, associating each object on the list with a fixed location along her journey. For example, to associate shoes with the library, she imagines shoes lining the tall set of stairs up to the library entrance. To associate the hat with the Palmer Art Museum (the next location on the path), she imagines all of the artists wearing berets. What technique is Jennifer using to remember her list?
a. image-name
b. depth of processing
c. method of loci
d. spreading activation
Answer: c. method of loci *
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Question: James sees a comb on a table and immediately picks up the comb and starts combing his hair, even though he had already combed it that morning. He then sees a pair of glasses and puts them on, only to realize that he already has glasses on his face. It appears that James is having deficits of executive control, which cause him to be driven by stimuli and to fail to control his behaviors according to his intentions. James most likely has damage to his brain’s
a. parietal cortex
b. motor cortex
c. extrastriate cortex
d. prefrontal region
Answer: d. prefrontal region*
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Question: Penn State University students are running an experiment. A research assistant is told to ask directions to the Creamery from a random student on campus. In the middle of obtaining the directions, two workers carry a large painting walk through the research assistant and the person giving the directions. While the door is passing through, the original research assistant switches places with another research assistant. When the door finished passing through, the person giving directions was speaking to an entirely new person. However, he didn’t even notice because the change still matched the context (giving directions to a student). This is a demonstration of
a. goal-directed attention
b. recognition-by-components
c. primal sketch
d. change blindness
Answer: d. change blindness *
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Question: Vallar and Baddeley’s exploration of the articulatory loop in 1982 suggests what about the relationship between word length and ease of recall?
a. a series of long words of similar length is easiest to recall; a slow reading rate gives rehearsal processes enough time to function.
b. a series of short words of similar length is easiest to recall; keeping information in working memory is easiest when the information itself is simple.
c. a series of words of alternating length is easiest to recall; finding a pattern in a list can help the brain memorize items quicker.
d. a series of rhyming words is easiest to recall; all these words can be accessed in the memory at the same time due to some shared phonetic attributes.
Answer: b. a series of short words of similar length is easiest to recall; keeping information in working memory is easiest when the information itself is simple.*
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Question: According to _______________, the higher-level processes influence lower-level processes. What one knows or expects can have an effect on what goes on at the lower levels.
a. Sternberg’s memory scanning task
b. top-down processing
c. the interactive activation model of McClelland and Rumelhart
d. both b and c
Answer: d. both b and c*
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Question: Natalie has suffered brain damage after a recent accident. She is unable to recognize the faces of her closest friends. However once she hears their voices, she instantly knows who she is talking to. Natalie most likely suffers from
a. visual agnosia
b. top down processing
c. illusory conjunctions
d. template matching deficiencies
Answer: a. visual agnosia
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Question: When it comes to depth of processing, which word order corresponds to shallow, deeper, deepest?
a. Visual, auditory, semantic
b. Semantic, auditory, visual
c. Auditory, visual, semantic
d. Visual, semantic, auditory
Answer: a. Visual, auditory, semantic*
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Question: Professor McDonald is presenting a lecture in 104 Thomas on the psychology of attention. However, there are a group of students in the front row who keep talking about what they want to eat later. Professor McDonald is doing a good job of tuning out the students and continues to present her lecture, but then she suddenly gets distracted by the students and stops presenting. According to the Cocktail Party Effect, the girls most likely mentioned:
a. how boring the lecture is
b. eating at McDonald’s after class
c. a party later that night
d. how much they love psychology
Answer: b. eating at McDonald’s after class*
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Question: In Posner’s letter matching task, we’re shown the stimulus “a” followed by the stimulus “A” 100 ms later. We’re slower and less accurate to recognize that they’re the same letter than when the second letter is “a,” but the difference goes away if the stimulus onset asynchrony is 600 ms. This is because
a. after 100 ms the “a” hasn’t entered short-term memory.
b. when we have more time to convert the letter shape to auditory form, case no longer matters
c. the memory has begun to decay after 100 ms
d. one is lowercase and one is uppercase
Answer: b. when we have more time to convert the letter shape to auditory form, case no longer matters*
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Question: If there were complete top-down processing without any bottom-up processing, what would you predict about the perception of these two visually presented sentences: (i). Penn State lost against Michigan on Saturday and many fans were upset; (ii). Penn State lsot aganist Mcihiagn on Sartudya adn many fasn were uptse.”
a. (i) would be read more easily than (ii)
b. (i) would be read less easily than (ii)
c. (i) would be read as easily as (ii)
d. Penn State wouldn’t lose
Answer: c. (i) would be read as easily as (ii)*
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Question: Jessica got into a really bad car accident and hit the front of her head with the wheel of her car. When police arrived at the scene, Jessica couldn’t remember what road she was driving on, how the accident happened, or anything leading up to the incident. This illustrates
a. contusion
b.anterograde amnesia
c. retrograde amnesia
d. long term memory
Answer: c. retrograde amnesia*
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