Question: Bering Strait

Answer: land bridge connecting Asia to N America (first people came to Americas through this)

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Question: Maize Cultivation significance (1491-1607)

Answer: nutritious and spread into north into southwest establishment of it supported economic development/settlement of people/irrigation

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Question: natives before contact

Answer: separate societies with lifestyles fitting their geography (different forms of religion, leadership, culture)

• many lived mobile lifestyle

• ==================================================

• Question: Arctic (pacific northwest) Natives

• Answer: -underground dwellings/hunted seals/polar bears/fished/defined social hierarchies/boats/canoes/warrior culture

• - Lived in sea settled fishing villages (relied on elk)

• -Chinkook and Chumash natives

• ==================================================

• Question: Northeast/Great Lakes (Iroquois, Algonquins)

• Answer: Hunting and gathering

• Slash and burn agriculture

• Iroquois had longhouses

• “Three sisters”

• ==================================================

• Question: Southwest natives

• Answer: (Pueblo, Ute, Plains Natives)

• dry desert region, hunter-gathers (bison), tepees, irrigation systems

• (influenced by Euro contact, got horse which helped hunt bison)

• ==================================================

• Question: Central/South American Natives

• Answer: large urban centers/ complex political systems/ well-formed religions; Aztecs (capital Tenochtitlan)/Maya/Inca

• ==================================================

• Question: Iroquois Confederacy

• Answer: powerful group of Native Americans in the eastern part of the United States made up of five nations: the Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondoga, and Oneida

• ==================================================

• Question: Africa before New world

• Answer: Africa rich in gold/salt/new markets

• - conflict between empires/tribes, slavery (based on debt/war prisoners)

• ==================================================

• Question: god glory gold

• Answer: 1) new sources of wealth/desire for luxury goods

• 2) competition and rivalry

• 3) spread Christianity

• ==================================================

• Question: European Colonization

• Answer: Spanish: settled central/S America

• France: New France (Canada +Ohio Valley); best relationship w/ natives

• Britain: East Coast (13 colonies)

• ==================================================

• Question: European explorers into Americas

• Answer: Columbus- 1492- Spain

• -Landed in the Bahamas which eventually led to the discovery of the Americas

• Hernan Cortez- Spain- 1519

• - Conquered Tenochtitlan + Aztecs in Mexico mostly by spread of smallpox

• Samuel de Champlain- Established Quebec in 1608 in New France

• ==================================================

• Question: Chirstopher Columbus

• Answer: 1492 landed in Caribbean

• - goods of new world changed poltical stance of Spain who supported his expedition,

• - horse brought to natives (helped hunt with more ease/in battle)

• - maize/tomatoes/tobaccos/potatoes brought to Europe (cash crops)

• ==================================================

• Question: Columbian Exchange

• Answer: The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus’s voyages.

• ==================================================

• Question: Columbian exchange technology

• Answer: New world to Europe

• - concept of 3 sister

• s- new irrigation systems

• - crop rotation

• Europe to New World

• -improved weaponry: guns (important for hunting and in battle)/knives

• -printing press

• - finished products

• ==================================================

• Question: Columbian exchange: cultures and ideas

• Answer: New world to Europe

• - land was communal

• -extended family

• - animists

• Europe to New World

• - Christianity

• -patriarchy

• -private property

• -capitalisms-mercantilism

• -fencing animals

• ==================================================

• Question: Conquistador

• Answer: Spanish who came to the America to conquer natives lands (changed social/political structure of Americas)

• ==================================================

• Question: Encomienda System

• Answer: grant of land given by the crown to Spanish settlers to collect taxes/implement slavery on natives develops into plantation economies

• -changed the political terrain of natives lands with Europeans pushing in to collect gold/silver/resources

• —>social change back in Europe with more people coming here for these goods, Africans brought in as slaves (social change to Africa)

• ==================================================

• Question: found of americas effect on europe

• Answer: before social/political/economic system defined by feudalism but influx of wealth ended it- capitalism took its place

• ==================================================

• Question: Mercantilism

• Answer: purpose of colonies, provide wealth for mother country; Navigation acts enforced it

• ==================================================

• Question: why were african americans used as labor instead of Natives

• Answer: - Natives died due to disease, Africans had built some immunity due to previous contact

• ==================================================

• Question: British Colonies

• Answer: Mass Bay, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Jamestown

• ==================================================

• Question: Jamestown

• Answer: first permanent British settlement (1st of og 13 colonies), started by Sir Walter Raleigh + joint stock company

• - starving time but tobacco saved them

• - bad relationship with natives

• - House of Burgesses: 1st ex of rep govt in America

• ==================================================

• Question: Maryland

• Answer: 1632 Lord Baltimore granted land by King Charles

• - established as refuge for Catholics (named after Catholic queen Mary) but becomes more populated with Protestants

• ==================================================

• Question: Puritans on Mayflower

• Answer: 1620 sailed to Plymouth on the Mayflower

• Mayflower Compact: first form of a constitution

• ==================================================

• Question: Massachusetts bay colony

• Answer: theocracy; John Winthrop mayor “city upon a hill”

• -Proprietary colony: owned by indivduals or group of individuals

• - no religious toleration (Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson)

• ==================================================

• Question: roger williams

• Answer: banished for MA bay colony for arguing for separation of church n state, starts colony in Providence RI (religious toleration + pays native for land)

• ==================================================

• Question: 1st Great Awakening (1730s-1740s)

• Answer: Starts in New England revivals, preachers travel and given emotionally charged sermons

• · New light: incorporating enlightenment ideas in sermons (old lights were traditionalist

• s· Brings consequences like lack of hierarchy, women/ethnic/poor minorities experience power and start to expect certain lvl of participations, creation of new denominations (Methodists/Baptists)

• ==================================================

• Question: Anne Hutchinson

• Answer: disagreed w/ Puritan church in MA bay, banished and took part in formation of RI

• ==================================================

• Question: Portuguese sugar planation’s in Brazil

• Answer: create vast plantation system, set up earlier than N America, because of disease sharp decline in indigenous population, increasingly turned to Africa for labor

• ==================================================

• Question: Pequot War

• Answer: May 1637 Bay colonists want CT (belongs to Pequot)

• - Pequot alliance w/ Dutch angers then

• - Mystic Massacre

• ==================================================

• Question: Mystic Massacre

• Answer: 1637 - Massacre estimated 800 Pequots died

• Palisade: circle of pointed tree logs, good for defense, bad when trying to escape internal conflict·

• English team up with Mohegans and Narragansetts at both of exits, can shoot people fleeing

• · Pequots removed flee to join French/other native tribes (bounty was put out in New England if you showed evidence, you killed a Pequot member)

• ==================================================

• Question: Salem Witch Trials**

• Answer: 1629 outbreak of witchcraft accusations in a puritan village marked by an atmosphere of fear, hysteria and stress

• -puritans were hostile towards people who they believed to try to manipulate these forces and many were willing to condemn neighbors as Satan’s Wizards or witches

• - between 1647 and 1662 civil authorities in New England hanged 14 people for witchcraft most of them older women

• - Salem in 1692: several girls who had experienced strange seizures accused neighbors and bewitching them

• - when judges at the accused witches trials allowed the use of spectral evidence visions of evil beings and marks seen only by the girls

• - eventually Massachusetts Bay authorities tried 175 people for witchcraft and executed 19 of them

• ==================================================

• Question: Bacon’s Rebellion

• Answer: (1676) Nathaniel Bacon farmer on frontier upset about policy coming from governor of colony and continued fighting w frontier farmers and natives, feels gov isn’t supporting him, him and army storm to gov house sent fire to it—>shows that colonists will not tolerate a gov that only caters to wealthy (very American idea)

• ==================================================

• Question: Pueblo Revolt

• Answer: natives revolt against the Spanish

• ==================================================

• Question: Stono Rebellion (1739)

• Answer: An uprising of slaves in South Carolina leading to the tightening of already harsh slave laws. The largest slave uprising in the colonies.

• ==================================================

• Question: Albany Congress (1754)

• Answer: organized by Ben Franklin

• Albany plan of Union:

• all colonies pledge to aid each other at times of conflict, plan fails but sends ground work for idea of unity between colonies

• ==================================================

• Question: results of French and Indian war

• Answer: - Treaty of Paris 1763

• - British begin taxing colonists to pay for war through acts/restrictions (proclamation line of 1763)

• ==================================================

• Question: treaty of paris 1763

• Answer: Britain drives France out of N American territory, Britain gains Florida from Spain

• - end of salutary neglect

• ==================================================

• Question: Proclamation Line of 1763

• Answer: causes by Potanics rebellion

• Imaginary line drawn down Appalachian Mountains, colonists ordered to stay in East and natives stay in west

• - Colonists were angry that they fought with Britain, and some were promised land, began to develop an American identity where they see themselves as different than the British and with different goals and ideas

• ==================================================

• Question: navigation acts

• Answer: 1.Buy goods ONLY from England

• 2. Sell goods that colonists made ONLY to England

• 3. Import Non-English goods using English ports and pay duty (tax) on these goods to England

• 4. Prohibit the colonies from making certain goods that England already made.

• ==================================================

• Question: Dominion of New England

• Answer: 1686-1688, combined all nE colonies under governor Andros to control NE trade

• - banned town meeting which angered many (freedom that they were used to was being taken away)

• ==================================================

• Question: acts imposed

• Answer: currency act: prohibits land in colonies to print own money

• sugar act: increased jurisdiction of admiralty courts

• quartering act: colonists have to house British militia

• ==================================================

• Question: Stamp Act of 1765

• Answer: attemp to raise revenue from colonies

• - pay tax on all legal docs

• - “no taxation w/o rep”

• - stamp act congress

• ==================================================

• Question: stamp act congress

• Answer: colonists tried to repeal stamp act, wrote “Declaration of Rights and Grievence” (declared they were = to british subjects)

• - gets stamp act repelled

• ==================================================

• Question: sons and daughters of liberty

• Answer: Radical groups in boston that Organized violent protests against British officials and organize boycotts of British goods (cause Britain to lose profit and make them review policies with colonists)

• · Supported by John Hancock and John Adams; SAMUEL ADAMS

• - daughters of liberty were very instrumental in working around boycotts (they ran the household they will make do without things)

• ==================================================

• Question: Declaratory Act (1766)

• Answer: Passed at the same time that the Stamp Act was repealed, the Act declared that Parliament had the power to tax the colonies both internally and externally, and had absolute power over the colonial legislatures.

• ==================================================

• Question: Boston Massacre

• Answer: British soliders fire into crowd of colonials, event accelerates colonies desire to fight Britain + unite against them

• - event publicized by leading Patriots (Paul Revere and Samuel Adams)

• ==================================================

• Question: British response to Boston Massacre

• Answer: townshend acts are repealed but leaves tea act as show of power

• ==================================================

• Question: Boston Tea Party

• Answer: response to tea act remaining, colonists dump tea off harbor of British ships, British pass Intolerable acts

• ==================================================

• Question: Intolerable Acts

• Answer: 1) Closed all ports in Boston till the tea was paid for

• 2) Prohibited public meetings

• 3) Sent more troops to Boston

• ==================================================

• Question: influence on rev ideas

• Answer: -Common Sense (1776): Thomas Pain - urge colonists to break free from England monarchy. Convince Americans and unite them in the belief that they need to declare their independence NOW, helped influence the Declaration of Independence

-Declaration of Independence: Thomas Jefferson’s urges that colonists have certain “inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness”. (Inspired by Common Sense)

The Enlightenment: John Locke

Republican Motherhood: Women want equality, especially after their part in the American Revolution

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Question: Battle of Lexington and Concord

Answer: 1st battle of Revolutionary War

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Question: 2nd contenential congress

Answer: raise army/appoint GW as commander of Army

• Olive branch petition sent to King George (rejected)

• - creation of articles of confederation

• ==================================================

• Question: battle of saratoga

• Answer: turning point, France decides to provide aid to America b/c of this victory

• ==================================================

• Question: American Advantages

• Answer: GW, familiar w/ land, defensive war over large area, gained foreign aid (France), colonists ideological commitment/resilience, strong beliefs

• ==================================================

• Question: treaty of Paris 1783

• Answer: ends Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the northwest territory

• ==================================================

• Question: articles of Confederations

• Answer: 1st constitution

• - established weak central govt, most power in hands of state

• - state govt has sovereignty to rule within their own territory

• - national govt lacked power to tax and regulate commerce (only state govt had right to levy tax)

• ==================================================

• Question: Northwest Ordinance

• Answer: 1787 established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union on an equal footing with the original 13 states

• ==================================================

• Question: Shay’s Rebellion

• Answer: A 1787 rebellion in which ex-Revolutionary War soldiers attempted to prevent foreclosures of farms as a result of high interest rates and taxes

• - shows lack of power in central govt leads to constitutional convention

• ==================================================

• Question: Constitutional Convention

• Answer: A meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 that produced a new constitution

• - NJ plan, Virginia plan were proposed and settled on the CT plan

• ==================================================

• Question: CT plan

• Answer: small/big states agreement combining the NJ and Virgina plans

• ==================================================

• Question: Virginia Plan

• Answer: bicameral legislature in which representation is based on pop

• ==================================================

• Question: New Jersey Plan

• Answer: Smaller states opposed Virgina plan called for 2 houses in congress

• ==================================================

• Question: 3/5 Compromise

• Answer: ⅗ slaves would count towards representation in house

• ==================================================

• Question: great compromise

• Answer: agreement providing a dual system of congressional representation

• -3/5 compromise

• ==================================================

• Question: federalist papers

• Answer: A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison to support ratification of Constitution

• ==================================================

• Question: bill of rights

• Answer: Added to the constitution to please the Anti-Federalist (Led by Thomas Jefferson)

• ==================================================

• Question: Judiciary Act of 1789

• Answer: creates supreme court w/ 5 judges and 1 chief justice (John Jay)

• ==================================================

• Question: federal republic

• Answer: 3 branches, GW president, NY first capital, Alexander Hamilton secretary of treasury, Thomas Jefferson 1st secretary of state

• ==================================================

• Question: federalist

• Answer: -Believed in a strong federal government

• -John Adams, Hamilton

• -New England was center of support

• -loose constructionism

• - favored economy based on trade/manufacturing/industry

• -pro-British: wanted to be friends with Britain to be part of their trade network

• -supported by urban artisans, merchants, urban wealth

• ==================================================

• Question: Jeffersonian Republican (Democratic-Republicans)

• Answer: -Madison, Jefferson

• -want power in hands of states (believed it would bring more power to hands of people)

• - Jefferson and his agrarian vision

• -Strict Interpretation

• -Govt controlled by capable leaders with talent not based on family or wealth

• -Favored France due to their assistance in the Revolution

• ==================================================

• Question: Hamilton’s Financial Plan

• Answer: 1) establish national bank

• 2) pay off war debt

• 3) protective tariff

• ==================================================

• Question: Whiskey Rebellion (1791)

• Answer: PA farmers protest against excise tax from Hamilton’s plan

• -failed was crushed by Washington’s military

• (shows power of new federal govt)

• ==================================================

• Question: Jay’s Treaty (1794)

• Answer: goal of maintaining peace and maintaining US neutrality w/ Britain

• - shows Washington trying to maintain neutrality

• ==================================================

• Question: Pinckney’s Treaty

• Answer: US citizens were accorded free navigation of Mississippi river through Spanish territory, granted Americans privilege of tax-free deposit (temporary storage of goods) at New Orleans

• ==================================================

• Question: Washington’s farewell address

• Answer: 1796

• 1) Avoid European affairs

• 2) avoid permanent alliances

• 3) Avoid political parties (already happening federalists and anti-federalists)

• ==================================================

• Question: XYZ affair

• Answer: 3 US diplomats (led by John Marshall) went to France to meet french minister but were asked to pay to meet him, led to undeclared war (Quasi-war)

• - leads to alien and sedition acts

• ==================================================

• Question: John Adams (1797-1801)

• Answer: Federalist. Alien and Sedition Acts, Virginia and Kentucky resolves, midnight Justices.

• ==================================================

• Question: Alein and Sedition Acts 1798

• Answer: alien act: made harder for foreigners to become US citizens

• sedition act: made it illegal to criticize govt

• ==================================================

• Question: naturalization act

• Answer: Lengthened the residency requirement from five to fourteen years; Targeting Irish immigrants that were enthusiastically supporting the Republican party—>can’t vote

• ==================================================

• Question: Virgina and Kentucky Resolutions

• Answer: Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.

• ==================================================

• Question: republican motherhood

• Answer: women were expected to instill Republican virtues (liberty/natural rights) in children and be active in families, helped improve education for women b/c to educate young women need to b educated

• ==================================================

• Question: election of 1800

• Answer: Jefferson’s election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic-Republican

• ==================================================

• Question: Marbury v. Madison (1803)

• Answer: established judicial review (supreme court first declared an act of congress unconstitutional)

• ==================================================

• Question: Barbary Pirates

• Answer: Plundering pirates off the Mediterranean coast of Africa; President Thomas Jefferson’s refusal to pay them tribute to protect American ships sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nation

• ==================================================

• Question: Marshall Court

• Answer: Chief Justice John Marshall; established the power of the federal government over the states; supremacy clause; supported by McCulloch v. Maryland and Gibbons v. Ogden

• ==================================================

• Question: Louisiana Purchase (1803)

• Answer: US pays france for land; france is removed as a threart of land control, US total control of Mississippi

• -Jefferson used implied (necessary and proper) power (loose interpretation of constitution)

• ==================================================

• Question: embargo act

• Answer: 1807 act which ended all of America’s importation and exportation. Jefferson hoped the act would pressure the French and British to recognize U.S. neutrality rights in exchange for U.S. goods. Really, however, just hurt Americans and our economy and got repealed in 1809.

• ==================================================

• Question: war of 1812

• Answer: Causes: Impressment (British kidnapping American sailors), arming Native Americans, War-hawks led by Henry Clay

• -U.S tries to gain Canada

• -Burning of Buffalo and the White house in washington D.C by the British

• Produced 2 War HEROS:

• William Henry Harrison - Battle of Tippecanoe

• Andrew Jackson - Led HUGE VICTORY in Battle of New Orleans - Becomes a hero and propels to his presidency in 1828

• - Treaty of Ghent

• ==================================================

• Question: treaty of Ghent

• Answer: 1814 ends war of 1812, increases American nationalism (great victory),Natives are defeated in the west (leads to increased white settlement)

• - war stimulated manufacturing in Americas

• ==================================================

• Question: Hartford Convention (1814)

• Answer: A meeting of Federalist delegates from New England inspired by Federalist opposition to the War of 1812;contributed to the death of the Federalist Party during the “Era of Good Feelings”

• ==================================================

• Question: Era of Good Feelings, 1815-24

• Answer: A name for President Monroe’s two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

• ==================================================

• Question: Monroe Doctrine

• Answer: US foreign policy by Prez Monroe

• - Europe stay out of America’s and America will stay out of European affairs

• ==================================================

• Question: Market Revolution

• Answer: new technological innovations increased efficiency and extended markets

• Textile machines - Spinny Jenny, increased production

Steam engines - boats could travel against the current; increased transportation

Canals - Erie Canal, goods can be shipped further

Railroads - Expanded rapidly in 1840s, hurt canals

Telegraph - spread of information more rapidly and more efficently

Agricultural Inventions - Mechanical reaper (harvest crop), steal pow (help break soil to grow more crops)

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Question: impact of market rev

Answer: Canals and Roads help ENCOURAGE westward expansion

European immigrants settled in the:

East - Irish (cities)

Midwest - Germans (farmers)

• more goods being produced outside of home

• -increased gap between rich and poor

• ==================================================

• Question: cotton gin

• Answer: - Sped up process of seeds being removed from cotton

• - Reduces the number of slaves needed for that task but ultimately Increases demand of slaves

• ==================================================

• Question: slavery supporter

• Answer: South: justification of slavery changed: used to be a “necessary evil” now “positive good”

• - using religious justification (using bible to justify, using genetic justification)

• - many northerners/factory owners/merchants b/c they’re profiting off slave labor

• ==================================================

• Question: interchangeable parts

• Answer: - Eli Whitney said that products should be made w/ a series of identical parts

• - Leads to mass production

• ==================================================

• Question: market rev: women

• Answer: - Lowell system: girls worked in a textile factory (w/ a boarding school culture, parents were more willing to send their children)

• - Cult of Domesticity: idea of separate spheres for men and women. Described that men were superior in business while women were superior family members (mother/homemaker)

• ==================================================

• Question: public v private spheres

• Answer: movement of women from private and public spheres caused by mill systems

• ==================================================

• Question: business elite

• Answer: new social middle class of business men who are benefiting from industrial rev, majority in North

• ==================================================

• Question: Labor Theory of Value

• Answer: prices of good should = work that went into it, profit should go to workers not facotry

• ==================================================

• Question: panic of 1819

• Answer: -causes first boom bust cylce

• Jeffersonians wanted to roll back on federalist policies one of which was the national bank (thought it gave federal govt more power than states)

• - didn’t extend the charter of the Bank of the US, states charter new banks for their states giving loans to business investors and farmers who were struggling w/o them

• - these loans weren’t backed up with enough capital (supposed to be funded by state funds) and loans were often corrupt (people would bribe the banks for loans)

• - banks didn’t have the money they were dishing out, once someone can’t pay a loan back bank doesn’t have the cash flow bank would take properties to get money

• - caused a call for a second bank of the US

• ==================================================

• Question: American System (Henry Clay)

• Answer: 1) strong central bank

• 2) imported goods

• 3) transportation system

• - while not all congress members were on board w/ proposal many states took on improvements in transportation and then aided industry

• ==================================================

• Question: Rise of Democracy

• Answer: mid 1820s almost all states ended requirement of land ownership to vote; increased % of ppl voting

• ==================================================

• Question: Missouri Compromise

• Answer: Missouri wants to enter as a slave state (would throw off balance in senate, slave states would have more power)

• 1820

• - Missouri enters as a slave state and Main enters as free, line is drawn below Missouri- anything above is free anything below is slave state

• ==================================================

• Question: election of 1824

• Answer: No one won a majority of electoral votes, so the House of Representatives had to decide among Adams, Jackson, and Clay. Henry Clay gives support to John Q adams (clay is v influential) and JQA wins though AJ won popular vote

• ==================================================

• Question: Corrupt Bargain of 1824

• Answer: · John Q. Adams gives supporters positions in govt including Henry Clay who got a cabinet position; this becomes a political practice in 1800 and leads to the practice of spoils system

• spoils system: getting political position in return of supporting someone in election

• ==================================================

• Question: election of 1828

• Answer: Jackson creates new party (democrat)

• - portrays himself as a common man due to increase democracy

• - New campaign practices like using newspapers, holding bbq parties to get vote of common people (done by campaign manager Martin Van Buren); births modern day campaign

• ==================================================

• Question: Andrew Jackson beliefs

• Answer: anti-American system

• - supporters in South therefore supports Southern agenda

• - responsible for trail of tears

• ==================================================

• Question: tariff of abomination (1828)

• Answer: tariff on imported manufactured goods (protected N hurt S)

• - South said it was economically discriminatory b/c violated states right ( JQ adam is blamed for this)

• - leads to nullification crisis

• ==================================================

• Question: nullification crisis

• Answer: South Carolina nullifies tariff of 1832 + threatens to secede if its forced (caused by John C Calhoun who was vp at the time saying states had the right to ignore law of Congress)

• - AJ requests force bill (authorizd use of military against SC to force them to comply)

• -Henry clay settles issue by reducing tariff

• ==================================================

• Question: revolution of 1828

• Answer: new idea of party organization and discontent of South (due to tariff of 1828) put Jackson in office

• - there he expanded role of president and narrowed scope of federal govt (12 vetos done by him)

• ==================================================

• Question: Bank war

• Answer: AJ didn’t trust 2nd bank of US (didn’t want elite northerns to hold all power)

• - when congress passed bill to extend charter he vetoed it

• consequences:

• - no more federal bank

• - adds to reputation of “king jackson” extending constitutional powers

• ==================================================

• Question: Native removal act (1830)

• Answer: allowed fed govt to remove Southeastern Natives and place them west of Mississippi River b/c they wanted land + found gold in Georgia

• ==================================================

• Question: Trails of Tears (1838-1839)

• Answer: Natives moved on foot front S states to Oklahoma “native territory”

• ==================================================

• Question: Worchester v GA

• Answer: Supreme Court ruled Natives DON’T have to move

• -Jackson neglects courts decision

• ==================================================

• Question: temperance movement (1830s-40s)

• Answer: organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption

• -taught abstinence from alcohol

• - women reformers in particular saw drinking as a threat to family

• ==================================================

• Question: Abolitionist movement

• Answer: encouraged by 2nd great awakening

• - led by free African American like Fredrick Douglas: (was a former slave and now a prominent abolitionist, supporter of Women’s movement)

• +white american’s like William Lloyd Garrison

• ==================================================

• Question: William Lloyd Garrison

• Answer: was an abolitionist and a newspaper editor, went to Baltimore and lives w/ free black people in Maryland which causes him to get behind idea of immediate emancipation, goes back to Boston and starts the liberator newspaper turned to be widely successful in spreading abolitionist cause but had a negative consequence in South

• ==================================================

• Question: Nat Turner Revolt (1831)

• Answer: This rebellion led to harsh “slave codes” in the south. Many rules and punishments used created terrible conditions for southern slaves. Nat turner into a martyr/symbol/reason for movement

• ==================================================

• Question: underground railroad

• Answer: was a method for helping slaves escape captivity

• o Women played a large role in the railroad, helped in signaling safe resting areas for slaves taking the rail road, made quilts with directions and information on it and hung it outside

• o Railroad used RR terminology to create a successful and secretive network

• o Harriet Tubman was a former slave, is most known for her act of being the conductor of the Underground RR (RR existed before Tubman) as she helped slaves escape for 11 years, earned the nickname “Black Moses

• ==================================================

• Question: election of 1840

• Answer: William Henry Harrison (Whig) vs. Martin Van Buren (Democrat); result: Whig victory & a truly national two-party system.

• ==================================================

• Question: Martin Van Buren (1837-1841)

• Answer: - presidency was in the midst of the Panic of 1837

• - kept the policy of hard money which did not help the economy much

• - opposed annexation of Texas bc he feared it would tip the balance of free and slave states

• ==================================================

• Question: Women’s Rights Movement

• Answer: encouraged by success of abolitionist movement

• - Seneca Falls convention 1848

• ==================================================

• Question: Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

• Answer: Meeting of women’s rights activists

• - Declaration of sentiments

• - Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organized it

• ==================================================

• Question: William Henry Harrison and John Tyler

• Answer: · Harrison won and then died a month later· John Tyler becomes President after Harrison dies (doesn’t support American System or Bank like Whigs expected him to, was only put on to get support from areas that Harrison wasn’t likely to get support from)

• ==================================================

• Question: Cotton Kingdom/King Cotton

• Answer: deep south states 1850, big cotton plantation that primarly used slavery as labor force

• ==================================================

• Question: German and Irish immigration (1840s)

• Answer: moved b/c of potato famine, faced discrimination b/c they were Roman Catholic

• ==================================================

• Question: Nativists

• Answer: U.S. citizens who opposed immigration because they were suspicious of immigrants and feared losing jobs to them

• - native protestants blamed immigrants for “moral decline”

• ==================================================

• Question: Transcendentalism

• Answer: idea of 2nd Great Awakening. Believing we all had inner light within us and had the capability to get better and become better people. Henry David thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson were two important figures.

• ==================================================

• Question: know nothing party (1850s)

• Answer: Opposed immigration and Catholic Church In reaction to new waves of Irish immigrants “Old” vs. “New” Immigrants

• - No position on slavery

• - “Know Nothings” claimed to know nothing about the anti-immigrant position

• - Millard Fillmore - 13th president but ran as a Whig

• ==================================================

• Question: manifest destiny

• Answer: coined by John O’Sullivan, idea that its our God given right to spread Christianity over the continent

• - led to spread of slavery conflict over Western territories

• - led to mex-amer war

• -expansion to Alaska and Hawaii

• -role in Homestead Act of 1862

• - new territory led to issue/debate over slavery

• ==================================================

• Question: causes of Manifest destiny

• Answer: Rapid population growth, economic depressions (1819 +1837 panics), cheap land in W, expansion offering opportunities for new commerce, Santa Fe and Oregon Trail

• ==================================================

• Question: James K. Polk (1845-1849)

• Answer: democrat, most associated w/ ideology of Manifest destiny, led US to victory in Mex-Amer war

• ==================================================

• Question: Mexican-American War (1846-1848)

• Answer: link btwn Manifest destiny n Civil war

• - annexation of texas sparked war

• -Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: US won n gained New Mexico/AZ/Nevada/CA

• ==================================================

• Question: Mormonism (1847)

• Answer: religious group that embraces concepts of Christianity as well as revelation made by their founder (Joseph Smith), moved to Utah b/c people didn’t like how they believed in polgamy

• ==================================================

• Question: California Gold rush

• Answer: settlers rushed to CA for gold/wealth, rapid pop increase lead to CA applying for statehood

• ==================================================

• Question: Wilmot Proviso (1846)**

• Answer: proposal to ban slavery in any new territory acquired by mexico

• ==================================================

• Question: Compromise of 1850

• Answer: 1) CA admitted as free state

• 2) slave trade ended in DC

• 3) Fugitive Slave act: put federal govt in charge of recovering runaway slaves up from North

• ==================================================

• Question: Pacific Railroad Act (1862)

• Answer: federal govt gives money/land to RR companies and encourages builing of a transcontinental RR (Cali-East)

• ==================================================

• Question: kansas-nebraska act

• Answer: allowed popular sovereignty for them to decide on slavery (OVERTURNED MISSOURI COMPRMISE)

• - lead to creation of republican party

• ==================================================

• Question: bleeding Kansas

• Answer: violence broke out in Kansas between pro-slavery and anti=slavery settlers

• ==================================================

• Question: Homestead Act of 1862

• Answer: offered public land to anyone who farmed it for 5 years, ppl moved to seek this economic opportunity

• ==================================================

• Question: changes caused by Westward expansion:

• Answer: 1) decline in buffalo

• 2)conflicts with Native Americans (San Creek Massacre and Battle of Little big horn)

• ==================================================

• Question: Dred Scott Decision

• Answer: Roger Taney ruled that African Americans were deemed not citizen therefore couldn’t Sue, slaves were considered property, Missouri compromise was unconstitutional, protects property rights of slaveholders

• ==================================================

• Question: Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858)

• Answer: Douglas won the election, but the debates made Lincoln a national political figure who could articulate the Republican position on slavery

• ==================================================

• Question: election of 1860

• Answer: Lincoln (won) didn’t want to end slavery but stop its expansion,

• - 6 S states secede following SC—>Confederate States of America (1861)

• ==================================================

• Question: decline of 2nd party system

• Answer: due to issues over slavery, anti-immigration sentiments

• - lead to emergence of republican party (Free soilers and former whigs)

• ==================================================

• Question: Union advantages Civil war

• Answer: -population, bank deposits, factories, food crops, horses, railroads

• ==================================================

• Question: Ft. Sumter (1861)

• Answer: confederate attack, 1st unofficial attack of civil war

• ==================================================

• Question: Civil war Phase 1

• Answer: 1861-1862

• - Lincoln goal: restore union

• -confederacy winning early battles

• ==================================================

• Question: Civil war strategies

• Answer: Anaconda Plan (Union): 1) block S ports 2) control Mississippi river to spilt confederacy in half

• Confederates: Outlast North bring war S (exhaust them)

• ==================================================

• Question: Key victories

• Answer: Antietam (1862): moral boost, degraded S preventing them from receiving Euro help (was funded by Britain in beginning)

• Gettysburg (1863): led to Gettysburg address

• ==================================================

• Question: Emancipation Proclamation (1863)

• Answer: freed slaves in area STILL in rebellion as of Jan 1 1863

• ==================================================

• Question: election of 1864

• Answer: lincoln wins, tide favors union, has to do with the fall of Atlanta

• ==================================================

• Question: Fall of Atlanta (1864)

• Answer: General William Tecumseh Sherman takes control of Atlanta, Georgia; very important because not only did it contribute to the Anaconda Plan, but helped Lincoln’s case for re-election in 1864. Pretty much insured Lincoln for a second term.

• ==================================================

• Question: sherman’s march to sea

• Answer: Forces General Robert E Lee (Confederate) to surrender @ Appomattox court house

• - 5 days later Lincoln assassinated by John Wilkes Booth @ Ford Theatre

• ==================================================

• Question: effects of civil war

• Answer: North:

• - wealth the same

• - high tariffs from war paid off debt

• - northern domination of industry (big gap in tech advances)

• South:

• -land destroyed + loss of labor (slaves freed)

• ==================================================

• Question: reconstruction amendments

• Answer: - 13th: abolished and continues to prohibit slavery and involuntary servitude

• - 14th: secured the rights of former slaves after reconstruction,

• - 15th: prohibits each government in the United States to prevent a citizen from voting based on their race

• ==================================================

• Question: Lincoln 10% plan (1863)

• Answer: If 10% of Souths populations takes loyalty and oath to come back into union, it would be recognized

• ==================================================

• Question: Radical Republicans

• Answer: members of Lincoln’s party wanted to extend = citizenship rights to former slaves

• ==================================================

• Question: Andrew Johnson (1865-1869)

• Answer: proslavery, vetoed all bills giving civil rights to black males

• ==================================================

• Question: Johnson reconstruction Plan

• Answer: - 10% loyalty oath

• - Gave land to former Confederates

• - Same politicians could stay in office

• - Ratify 13th amendment

• ==================================================

• Question: reconstruction Act of 1867

• Answer: divided South into 5 districts, a US military commander controlled each district, would remain n control till all rejoined Union

• ==================================================

• Question: Andrew Johnson Impeachment trail (1868)

• Answer: -In 1867, Congress passed the Reconstruction Act, which Edwin Stanton, as secretary of war, was charged of enforcing

• After passing the Tenure of Office Act (1867) that denied the Johnson powers used by previous presidents, Republicans set up President Johnson to break the law, and then by tried him for impeachment. Driven by wide dislike for Johnson’s sympathy for fellow Southern Democrats and ex-Confederates. He avoided conviction by just 1 vote.

• ==================================================

• Question: Freedmen Bureau (1865-1872)

• Answer: a federal agency set up to help former slaves and poor whites after the Civil War (1865)

• ==================================================

• Question: election of 1868

• Answer: Ulysses. S grant wins, passes 15th amendment (blow to women’s rights, wanted to b included)

• ==================================================

• Question: Black Codes/Jim Crow Laws

• Answer: laws passed at state level after the Civil war with the goals of reinstituting slavery

• ==================================================

• Question: KKK (Ku Klux Klan) 1920s

• Answer: domestic terrorist organization of white supremacists to intimidate black people and the people who tried to help black people

• ==================================================

• Question: sharecropping

• Answer: A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.

• - In practice, was a perpetual cycle of debt

• ==================================================

• Question: tenant farming

• Answer: system of farming in which a person rents land to farm from a planter

• ==================================================

• Question: convict leasing

• Answer: States in the south make money by leasing convicts to industrialists- Win-win for the state b/c they make money and get state rebuilt by new industries

• - debt peonage (1900s): Someone who is arrested is assigned to work off their crime on an individual’s land

• ==================================================

• Question: settling the west

• Answer: expansion, increase population and industries in west due to:

• 1) railroad (2) Ranching (3) Dawes Severalty Act

• - all of these are negative for native communities who face loss of land and buffalo

• ==================================================

• Question: Dawes Severalty Act

• Answer: adopted by Congress in 1887, authorized the President of the United States to survey American Native tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Native. Those who accepted allotments and lived separately from the tribe would be granted US citizenship. act was an attempt to destroy Native culture and the unity of the tribe and make each Native American head of household more like the White citizen/farmers.

• - sham treaties

• ==================================================

• Question: native boarding schools

• Answer: forced assimilation of Native children

• ==================================================

• Question: myth of west

• Answer: The frontier myth or myth of the West is a term given to the popular romanticization of the Wild West frontier; glorified idea of cowboys who were actually poor exploited workers which as well as inaccurately portraying Natives

• ==================================================

• Question: ghost dance movement

• Answer: The last effort of Native Americans to resist US domination and drive whites from their ancestral lands, came through as a religious movement.

• ==================================================

• Question: Boomtowns of the West

• Answer: In the mid-nineteenth century, a community that undergoes sudden and rapid population and economic growth, or that is started from scratch because of an influx of people. The growth is normally attributed to the nearby discovery of a precious resources such as gold, silver, or oil (Gold Rush 1849)

• ==================================================

• Question: New South

• Answer: inaccurate term for the South after the Civil War that described changes such as industrialization but ignored continued oppression of blacks; Henry Grady played big role

• ==================================================

• Question: Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

• Answer: Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of “separate but equal.”

• - ex of increased racism

• ==================================================

• Question: Booker T washington

• Answer: born into slavery and created the Tuskegee institution. Taught mechanics, masonry, carpentry, etc. Washington felt that teaching these industrial skills to blacks would make blacks economically equal to whites and encourage them into society

• ==================================================

• Question: W. E. B. Du Bois

• Answer: followed “white path.” He went to college, got a degree, and became a lawyer. Ran the NAACP that fought for equality. He believed in the “Talented Tenth” (black leadership class) would help black gain equality.

• ==================================================

• Question: Ida B. Wells

• Answer: African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcards or shop in white owned stores

• ==================================================

• Question: Chinese exclusion act (1882)

• Answer: law that suspended Chinese immigration into America. The ban was supposed to last 10 years, but it was expanded several times and was essentially in effect until WWII. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first significant law that restricted immigration into the United States of an ethnic working group. Extreme example of nativism of period

• ==================================================

• Question: annexation of Hawaii (1898)

• Answer: Although independent, Hawaii already had close economic ties with the U.S. in the late 19th century, and its economy was dominated by American-owned sugar plantations that employed native islanders and Chinese, Japanese, and Filipino laborers. In 1893, a group of American planters organized a rebellion that overthrew the Hawaii government of Queen Liliuokalani, and in 1898, the U.S. annexed the Hawaiian island, reflecting its growing empire during the Age of Imperialism.

• ==================================================

• Question: Seward’s Folly

• Answer: William Seward (Secretary of State) who was responsible for purchasing Alaskan Territory from Russia. By purchasing Alaska, he expanded the territory of the country at a reasonable price.

• ==================================================

• Question: monopolies

• Answer: Rockefeller - Monopoly on the Oil industry

J.P. Morgan - Banking Tycoon. Built the U.S treasury

Andrew Carnegie - Scottish Immigrant. Monopoly on the Steel industry! Used Philanthropy to improve society and justify his wealth: built over 1500 libraries.

==================================================

Question: Horizontal Integration

Answer: Type of monopoly where a company buys out all its competition.

Ex. Rockefeller

==================================================

Question: Vertical Integration

Answer: buying all means of production, buying companies that provide goods for them, hurts small manufacturers + makes supplies cheaper for dominant corporation

==================================================

Question: Knights of Labor (1869)**

Answer: Nationwide labor union that was open to all workers. The union reached its peak in 1886 before beginning a decline in membership due to Hay market sq riot

==================================================

Question: American federation of Labor (1886)

Answer: -Samuel Gompers

-practical economic goals

excluded unskilled labor

==================================================

Question: Taylorism/Scientific Management

Answer: a management theory using efficiency experts to examine each work operations and find ways to minimize the time needed to complete it

• hurt the worker bc they had to work in worse conditions

• ==================================================

• Question: social gospel

• Answer: - Written in response to increased capitalism and religion

• - Renewed the idea of service to others as purpose of religion/faith

• - Creation of Salvation army

• ==================================================

• Question: Gospel of Wealth

• Answer: This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.

• -called on those who accumulated wealth to share their riches for the betterment of society

• ==================================================

• Question: Darwinism/Social darwinism

• Answer: Darwin’s Theory of Evolution changed the scientific community. It’s main premise, “survival of the fittest,” forever changed the world. This was eventually used socially as a justification of racism against those that were different/challenged thus causing racial tensions and unfair treatment of the people.

• ==================================================

• Question: Eugenics

• Answer: a campaign that sought to improve the quality of humankind through carefully controlled selective breeding

• ==================================================

• Question: increased consumerism

• Answer: - Early 1900s even wage workers were able to purchase mass produced goods + (new forms of entertainment Circus, movies, baseball)

• - Middle upper class had tearooms

• - Day cares In urban areas

• - More leisure time

• ==================================================

• Question: Populist Party (1892)

• Answer: called for stronger govt role in economy -advocate a larger money supply and other economic reforms

• ==================================================

• Question: political machines

• Answer: Corrupt organized groups that controlled political parties in the cities. A boss leads the machine and attempts to grab more votes for his party.

• -provided jobs and services for a voters (Boss tweed, Tammany Hall NYC)

• ==================================================

• Question: Fredrick Jackson Turner

• Answer: Historian during the 1890s who wrote the frontier thesis, which argued that the continuous existence of the American frontier had shaped the character of the nation, and the end of this frontier marked the end the first chapter in American history.

• ==================================================

• Question: Upton Sinclair, The Jungle

• Answer: The author who wrote a book about the horrors of food productions in 1906, the bad quality of meat and the dangerous working conditions.

• ==================================================

• Question: Muckrakers

• Answer: 1906 - Journalists who searched for corruption in politics and big business

• ==================================================

• Question: Hull House (Jane Addams, 1889)

• Answer: Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families. It provided social and educational opportunities for working class people in the neighborhood as well as improving some of the conditions caused by poverty.

• ==================================================

• Question: National Consumers League (NCL)

• Answer: group organized in 1899 to investigate the conditions under which goods were made and sold and to promote safe working conditions and a minimum wage

• ==================================================

• Question: Triangle Shirt Waist Factory Fire

• Answer: 1911 disaster that claimed the lives of 146 seamstresses in New York, mostly young, Jewish girls; the carelessly locked door that prevented escape resulted in a surge to improve job safety conditions.

• ==================================================

• Question: Federal Child Labor Law

• Answer: 1916 Regulated times and conditions of working children.

• ==================================================

• Question: Progressivism

• Answer: The movement in the late 1800s to increase democracy in America by curbing the power of the corporation. It fought to end corruption in government and business, and worked to bring equal rights of women and other groups that had been left behind during the industrial revolution.

• ==================================================

• Question: Teddy Roosevelt New Nationalism

• Answer: heavy govt intervention to tackle progressive issues (opposing child labor/more labor rights/new min wage for women/restricting powers of the courts)

• ==================================================

• Question: Woodrow Wilson, New Freedom

• Answer: He believed that monopolies had to be broken up and that the government must regulate business. He believed in competition

• ==================================================

• Question: election of 1912

• Answer: Presidential campaign involving Taft, T. Roosevelt, and Woodrow Wilson. Taft and Roosevelt split the Republican vote, enabling Wilson to win

• ==================================================

• Question: Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921)

• Answer: Clayton Anti-Trust Act: strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act, allowed govt more power in breaking trust plus monopolies

• Reducing tariff rates - underwood tariff

• 16th Amendment - income tax

• Federal Reserve Act (1913): set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply

• ==================================================

• Question: conservationist

• Answer: proper use of nature (enjoy don’t over use)

• Teddy Roosevelt

• ==================================================

• Question: preservationist

• Answer: protect nature (no one is allowed to exploit at all)

• Sierra club and John Miurr

• ==================================================

• Question: Imperialism and its causes

• Answer: A policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

• Causes:

• 1. Industrial Rev

• 2. completing Manifest destiny

• 3. Closure of frontier

• 4. Nationalism

• 5. White Man’s Burden and Social Darwinism

• ==================================================

• Question: Causes of Spanish-American War of 1898

• Answer: 1) Support for Cuban independence

• 2) Economic interests

• 3) U.S.S Maine’s: an explosion caused the ship to sink, ~200 Americans died, catalyst for war, most Americans blamed Spain but explosion was internal

• 4) Yellow journalism: exaggerated news stories, yellow comes from the paper it was printed on

• ==================================================

• Question: Treaty of Paris 1898

• Answer: Cuban independence is recognized, Puerto Rico and Guam annexed by US, US pays Spain 20 million for Phhilippines

• -US IS RECOGNIZED AS A WORLD POWER-

• ==================================================

• Question: Big Stick Diplomacy

• Answer: TR (1901-1904), power and readiness to use military force if needed, way to scare countries w/o harming

• - great white fleet and Panama Canal

• ==================================================

• Question: Dollar Diplomacy (Taft, 1909-1913)

• Answer: using financial power instead of military’s intervention

• ==================================================

• Question: Moral Diplomacy (Wilson, 1913-1921)

• Answer: giving support to countries w/ the same beliefs

• ==================================================

• Question: WW1 causes

• Answer: (1914-1918)

• 1. Immediate cause: assassination of Fraz ferdinand

• 2. Militarism

• 3. Alliances

• 4. Imperialism

• 5. Nationalism

• 6. Unrestricting submarine warfare

• ==================================================

• Question: reason US entered WW1

• Answer: Sinking of Lustinia (passenger ship sunk by Germany, made US enter war)

• 2. Zimmerman Telegram: germany proposes alliance w/ Mexico (if Mexico attacked US, Germany would give land lost in Mexican Cession)

• ==================================================

• Question: Wilson 14 points

• Answer: sought to make world “Safe for democracy”, established League of Nations

• ==================================================

• Question: Armistice, 1918

• Answer: an agreement made by opposing sides in a war to stop fighting for a certain time; a truce.

• ==================================================

• Question: treaty of Versailles (1919)

• Answer: ended WWI, confined peace terms between victorious allies and Germany, Germany takes blame to all lose and damage

• ==================================================

• Question: Red Scare (1919-1920)

• Answer: panic after revs in Russia overthrew

• w czarist regime

• - Attorney General A Mitchell Palmer: initiated many raids targeted towards immigrants that “pose a threat”

• ==================================================

• Question: Red Summer of 1919

• Answer: Religious and ethnic clashes in cities post-WW1 (returning soldiers who want their jobs back), seen in large city race riots

• ==================================================

• Question: 18th and 19th Amendments

• Answer: 18th - Prohibition

• 19th - Women’s suffrage

• ==================================================

• Question: Harlem Renaissance (1920s)

• Answer: celebrate African American culture through writing/music/art

• ==================================================

• Question: new KKK

• Answer: new targets: catholics, jews, immigrants. strongly nativist. spread from the south into northern cities.

• ==================================================

• Question: new women

• Answer: - flappers

• - women began to assert their independence and entered the workforce

• - Women joined the new consumer culture (products like household appliances directed towards women)

• ==================================================

• Question: business of America

• Answer: -The automobile affects American life

• -Airplane industry takes off

• -Installment plan and the introduction to CREDIT lures many American consumers into buying more goods than they can afford

• -Automobiles, electrical appliances, and other consumer goods flooded the market as America’s standards of living soared in the 1920s

• ==================================================

• Question: Scopes Trial (1925)

• Answer: trial that pitted the teaching of Darwin’s theory of evolution against teaching Bible creationism

• - Scope, a HS Bio teacher taught about evolution from apes anyways and was sentenced to jail and the law continued for another 30 years

• ==================================================

• Question: Marcus Garvey

• Answer: - created UNIA

• - argued that African Americans wouldn’t be equal in a white society (influenced by Booker T)

• - prosed Back to Africa movement

• - known as one of 1st black nationalists

• ==================================================

• Question: Great depression causes

• Answer: credit buying, overproduction, less consumer spending, unequal wealth distribution, unstable banking

• ==================================================

• Question: stock market crash of 1929

• Answer: Plunge in stock market prices that marked the beginning of the Great Depression

• ==================================================

• Question: new deal

• Answer: A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression (relieve/recovery/reform)

• ==================================================

• Question: Bank Holiday 1933

• Answer: closed all banks and said they could only reopen after treasury department inspection showed they had enough cash reserves; prevents more people from doing bank runs

• ==================================================

• Question: difference between first and second new deal

• Answer: The first dealt with economic relief, while the second focused on social relief (groups not helped by 1st), and created Social Security

• ==================================================

• Question: Alphabet Soup Programs

• Answer: CCC: Employed young unemployed men, created work projects that focused on environmental issues like building dams/restoration (recovery)

• WPA: public works employment (roads/buildings)

• TVA: Works on projects to help in the Tennessee Valley region (control flooding/electricity to rural areas)

• AAA: Paid farmers not to plant part of their land (relief and recovery)

• SEC: supervise exchange commission and punish fraud/market manipulation

• FDIC: 1933 to protect bank depositors and ensure a level of trust in the banking system

• SSA

• Federal Music Project: professional musician employment

• ==================================================

• Question: Social Security Act of 1935

• Answer: provided income for the elderly, helped those who can’t work due to age, and prevented them from falling into poverty

• - also provides for widowed women, disabled workers, and children; ALSO UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS

• - transformed the US into a modern welfare state (it’s now the responsibility of the govt to provide for a level of welfare for its population)

• ==================================================

• Question: Heuy Long

• Answer: Criticized Roosevelt for not doing enough for poor, created share our wealth society

• ==================================================

• Question: Effects of the New Deal

• Answer: -More powerful presidency

• -Larger role for the federal government

• -Start of the welfare state

• -Greater attention to conservation

• -Change in political party memberships

• ==================================================

• Question: Washington naval treaty (1922)

• Answer: Naval powers agreed to ratio limits on their navies to prevent an arms race. Signed by United States, UK, France, Italy and Japan

• ==================================================

• Question: Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)

• Answer: a multi-nation treaty, sponsored by American and French leaders, that outlawed war.

• ==================================================

• Question: Totalitarianism

• Answer: A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator

• - Stalin, Tojo, Mussolini, Hitler (fascists- extreme nationalism under one leader)

• ==================================================

• Question: Neutrality Acts (1935-1937)

• Answer: These were measures by Congress to keep the U.S. out of future European conflicts. It limited American travel with warring countries.

• ==================================================

• Question: Invasion of Poland 1939

• Answer: military act by Germany that started WWII in Europe

• ==================================================

• Question: Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941)

• Answer: Bombing of Pearl Harbor in Hawaii by Japan on December 7, 1941. The Japanese were hoping to cripple the American fleet, which had been enforcing Embargo, which denied Japan the raw materials it needed to increase their power and this attack failed leading to Japan’s defeat.

• ==================================================

• Question: Four Freedoms

• Answer: Freedom of Speech, Religion, Want, from Fear; used by FDR to justify a loan for Britain, if the loan was made, the protection of these freedoms would be ensured

• ==================================================

• Question: WW2: women and POC

• Answer: women: allowed to join army/navy, made weapons/ships

• POC:

• -African Americans drafted into segregated units

• - Bracero Program recruited Mexican laborers to work US agriculture and fill in for white workers- Navajo Code talkers: US used Native American speakers as communication experts to avoid decoding by enemy

• ==================================================

• Question: Japanese Interment Camps

• Answer: Detention centers where more than 100,000 Japanese Americans were relocated during WWII by order of the President FDR, Japanese forced here after Pearl Harbor Bombing in the US

• ==================================================

• Question: Korematsu v. US**

• Answer: 1944 Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay $20,000 2 each survivor

• ==================================================

• Question: Production Miracle

• Answer: massive defense spending to prepare for war that officially ended the Great Depression

• ==================================================

• Question: D-Day (June 6, 1944)

• Answer: Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II

• ==================================================

• Question: V-E Day

• Answer: May 8, 1945; victory in Europe Day when the Germans surrendered

• ==================================================

• Question: Manhattan Project

• Answer: Code name for the U.S. effort during World War II to produce the atomic bomb. Much of the early research was done in New York City by refugee physicists in the United States.

• ==================================================

• Question: Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

• Answer: on August 6 and August 9, 1945; this effectively ended the US war with Japan in World War II

• ==================================================

• Question: Cold War (1945-1991)

• Answer: A ideological conflict between the communist Soviet Union and it’s allies, and the capitalist Liberal Democratic US and it’s allies.

• The ideological struggle between communism (Soviet Union) and capitalism (United States) for world influence. The Soviet Union and the United States came to the brink of actual war during the Cuban missile crisis but never attacked one another. The Cold War came to an end when the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991.

• ex: arms race and space race

• ==================================================

• Question: Satellite State

• Answer: A political term that refers to a country which is formally independent, but under heavy influence or control by another country.

• ==================================================

• Question: Division of Germany after WWII

• Answer: The allies decided that Germany and Berlin should be divided into 4 sections each ruled by a separate power; US, Great Britain, France, and the Soviet Union

• ==================================================

• Question: Iron Curtain

• Answer: Winston Churchill’s term for the Cold War division between the Soviet-dominated East and the U.S.-dominated West.

• ==================================================

• Question: Marshall Plan (1947)

• Answer: A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe on condition they wouldn’t go communist. Helped contain communism in Europe and helped our economy as Europe bought from US businesses to rebuild.

• ==================================================

• Question: Truman’s Containment Policy

• Answer: US president Truman established this policy as a response to the Soviet and communist challenge in 1948. Stalin may have considered it a renewal of the old Western attempt to isolate and encircle the USSR. The US decided to prevent the spread of communism.

• ==================================================

• Question: NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

• Answer: A 1949 defense alliance initiated by the US, Canada, and 10 Western European nations

• ==================================================

• Question: Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

• Answer: When the Soviet Union placed nuclear arms in Cuba the US was threatened. This initiated a stalemate between the Soviet Union and the US because each had the power to destroy each other.

• ==================================================

• Question: Detente

• Answer: A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon.

• ==================================================

• Question: Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)

• Answer: Part of the policy of detente, attempted to reduce the weapons each country contains

• ==================================================

• Question: Carter Doctrine (1980)

• Answer: policy proclaimed by President Carter in his 1980 State of the Union Address, supported by both R and D. Response to the USSR intervention in Afghanistan, was designed to deter the USSR from seeking dominance in the Persian Gulf Region. Right after the fall of the Shah. An assault on the Persian Gulf is an assault on the US, who will respond with all means necessary (military force). This ground US foreign policy into the 2000s - we see our interests in this region, so threats to it are threats to us

• ==================================================

• Question: Second Red Scare

• Answer: Post-World War II Red Scare focused on the fear of Communists in U.S. government positions; peaked during the Korean War and declined soon thereafter, when the U.S. Senate censured Joseph McCarthy, who had been a major instigator of the hysteria.

• ==================================================

• Question: HUAC (House Un-American Activities Committee)

• Answer: congressional committee that investigated possible subversive activities within the United States

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• Question: Espionage

• Answer: spying, especially to gain government secrets

• - few cases of communist espionage found, fueled 2nd red scare

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• Question: McCarthyism

• Answer: The act of accusing people of disloyalty and communism

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• Question: Gl Bill (1944)

• Answer: a law that helped millions of American veterans attend college

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• Question: Baby Boom

• Answer: A cohort of individuals born in the United States between 1946 and 1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity. These conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility.

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• Question: Taft-Hartley Act (1947)

• Answer: Act that provides balance of power between union and management by designating certain union activities as unfair labor practices; also known as Labor-Management Relations Act (LMRA)

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• Question: Truman’s Fair Deal

• Answer: extension of new deal goals;promoted full employment, higher minimum wage,greater social security, and housing assistance

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• Question: Interstate Highway System

• Answer: A system of limited access roadways that connects all major cities in the US. The system was designed to give troops faster routes to get to destinations across the US in the event of an attack on the US. The system’s main purpose now is travel by civilians.

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• Question: television**

• Answer: 1950s-1960s

• *Invented in the 1930s

• *FDR was the first president to appear on TV; he gave a speech in 1939 at the New York World’s Fair, where the television was being officially introduced to the mass public

• *Seminal shows during the 1950s and 1960s included The Honeymooners, I Love Lucy, and The Ed Sullivan Show

• *By 1960, over forty million homes had televisions

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• Question: music

• Answer: - revolutionized by the mass marketing of inexpensive, long

• -playing (LP) record albums and stacks of 45 rpm records

• - Teenagers fell in love with rock-and-roll music, a blend of African American rhythm and blues with white country music

• - popularized by Elvis Presley

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• Question: Women in 1950’s America**

• Answer: Women were stereotyped in the conservatism of the 1950’s to stay in the home. More women were going to university, but it was still a fraction of the population. Women began to work later in life after the children had left the home.

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• Question: Emmett Till

• Answer: Murdered in 1955 for whistling at a white woman by her husband and his friends. They kidnapped him and brutally killed him. his death led to the American Civil Rights movement.

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• Question: Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

• Answer: Overrules Plessy v. Ferguson (no stare decisis). Racial segregation violates 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause (“separate is inherently unequal”)

• - leads to desegregation of schools in South

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• Question: Southern manifesto

• Answer: The manifesto was a document written by legislators opposed to integration. Most of the signatures came from Southern Democrats, showing that they would stand in the way of integration, leading to another split/shift in the Democratic Party.

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• Question: Montgomery Bus Boycott 1955

• Answer: In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses.

• -After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.

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• Question: U.S-Israel Relations

• Answer: U.S first country to recognize Israel as a state in 1948 (post WWII) with a long-standing political, economic, and military alliance (major positioning in the Middle East)

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• Question: Eisenhower Doctrine (1957)

• Answer: Promised military and economic aid to countries fighting communism in the Middle East.

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• Question: military-industrial complex

• Answer: Eisenhower first coined this phrase when he warned American against it in his last State of the Union Address. He feared that the combined lobbying efforts of the armed services and industries that contracted with the military would lead to excessive Congressional spending.

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• Question: Sputnik (1957)

• Answer: - First man-made satellite put into orbit by the USSR.

• - This caused fear in the US that the Soviets had passed them by in science & technology and the arms race.

• - Democrats scorched the Republican administration of Eisenhower for allowing the United States to fall so far behind the communists.

• - Eisenhower responded by speeding up the U.S. space program (NASA),which resulted in the launching of the satellite Explorer I on January 31, 1958.

• - The “space race” had begun. In 1969, the US would land men on the moon, a major victory

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• Question: Apollo 11 (1969)

• Answer: Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin became first people to walk on the moon

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• Question: Camp David Accords

• Answer: A peace treaty between Israel and Egypt where Egypt agreed to recognize the nation state of Israel

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• Question: Iran Hostage Crisis (1979)

• Answer: - In November 1979, revolutionaries stormed the American embassy in Tehran and held 52 Americans hostage.

• - The Carter administration tried unsuccessfully to negotiate for the hostages release.

• - On January 20, 1981, the day Carter left office, Iran released the Americans, ending their 444 days in captivity.

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• Question: Vietnam War

• Answer: A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States.

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• Question: Paris Accords of 1973

• Answer: In January 1973, the North Vietnamese agreed to an armistice, in which the United States would withdraw the last of its troops and get back over 500 prisoners of war (POWs).

• - The agreement also promised a cease-fire and free elections

• . However, the armistice did not end the war, but it allowed the United States to extricate itself.

• ==================================================

• Question: Assassination of JFK

• Answer: On November 22, 1963, Kennedy and his wife in a car in Dallas, was shot and died b4 reaching hospital

• -Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson took the oath of office as president. Johnson appointed Earl Warren, chief justice of the United States, to head a commission to investigate the Kennedy shooting. After months of study, the Warren Commission issued its report. Oswald had acted on his own. Many people believed the assassination was a conspiracy, or secret plot.

• ==================================================

• Question: Johnson Treatment

• Answer: LBJ’s tactic of “negotiation” with members of congress. He used his size and abrupt manner to manipulate them

• ==================================================

• Question: War on Poverty (1964)

• Answer: President Johnson’s program to help Americans escape poverty through education, job training,

• and community development.

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• Question: Great Society

• Answer: President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.

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• Question: MLK in Birmingham

• Answer: He decided to do some protests, and he was arrested. Wrote A Letter From a Birmingham Jail.

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• Question: Letters from Birmingham Jail

• Answer: Letter in which MLK preaches and explains civil disobedience “Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere” Explained why blacks were discontented to “wait” and the meaning of the nonviolent protest.

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• Question: March on Washington (1963)

• Answer: - More than 200K marchers gathered for a daylong rally in front of Lincoln Memorial where the “I have a dream” speech took place

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• Question: Civils Rights Act 1964

• Answer: ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin

• ==================================================

• Question: Voting Rights Act of 1965

• Answer: a law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African-American suffrage

• ==================================================

• Question: Malcom X

• Answer: Black Muslim who argued for separation, not integration. He changed his views, but was assassinated in 1965.

• ==================================================

• Question: Black Panthers (1966)

• Answer: believed violence was only way; war for minorities; Huey Newton leader

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• Question: MLK assassination 1968

• Answer: killed in Memphis by James Earl Ray- massive riots erupted in response

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• Question: Women’s movement 1960s

• Answer: - Feminine Mystique: book encouraging women to seek fulfillment in careers as well as being mothers-

• NOW: adopted activist tactics to secure equal treatment for women .

• ==================================================

• Question: Equal Rights Amendment (1972)

• Answer: Amendment to the U.S. Constitution giving women equal rights under the law. Although the

• amendment was approved by Congress, it failed to achieve ratification by the required 38 states

• ==================================================

• Question: Gay Liberation Movement

• Answer: In the 1970s, homosexuals began an effort to win social and legal acceptance and to encourage gays to affirm their sexual identity.

• -Despite some advances, the movement was slowed by the onset of the AIDS epidemic in the 1980s and the insistence of the military on banning openly gay individuals from the armed services.

• ==================================================

• Question: Lavender Scare (1950s)

• Answer: Government sponsored attack on sexual minorities and those who engage in same sex behaviors

• ==================================================

• Question: executive order 10450

• Answer: 1953 order that replaced Truman’s Loyalty Review Boards with direct authorization of the FBI to investigate federal employees.

• ==================================================

• Question: Stonewall Riots

• Answer: Eisenhower signed this barring gay men from working for the federal government because it was a sercurity threat

• ==================================================

• Question: same-sex marriage

• Answer: a group of riots in new york by homosexuals, marked the beginning of the gay rights movement

• ==================================================

• Question: Counterculture Movement

• Answer: legalized in 2000s

• ==================================================

• Question: Sexual Revolution of the 1960’s

• Answer: protest movement in the 1960s that rejected traditional American values and culture

• - young dressed rebellious

• ==================================================

• Question: Energy Policy Act of 1992

• Answer: - Values and attitudes about sexuality become more permissive.

• - Advertising became more sexualized.

• - Flappers and Hippies.- Discoveries of antibiotics.

• - Development of contraceptive pill.

• - Feminism and LGB Rights and Gay Liberation.

• ==================================================

• Question: EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)

• Answer: set goals, created mandates, and amended utility laws to increase clean energy use and improve overall energy efficiency in the United States.

• ==================================================

• Question: Roe v. Wade (1973)

• Answer: Federal agency created in 1970 to oversee environmental monitoring and cleanup programs

• ==================================================

• Question: Election of 1980

• Answer: Abortion rights fall within the privacy implied in the 4th amendment

• ==================================================

• Question: Reaganomics

• Answer: Ronald Reagan won over Jimmy Carter because of the Iranian hostage crisis and America’s stagflation.

• ==================================================

• Question: Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981

• Answer: Belief that lowering taxes, especially on big business, will generate more tax revenue and eventually “trickle-down” to the middle class.

• ==================================================

• Question: Space Shuttle Program

• Answer: A federal law passed to boost the economy, reduce inflation and increase employment.

• ==================================================

• Question: “Just Say No” campaign

• Answer: was a 30-year NASA program with the goal of sending manned vehicles into space.

• ==================================================

• Question: AIDS epidemic

• Answer: against illegal drug use; failed to halt the spread in urban areas of crack which produced upsurge of street crime and family breakdown. Led by Nancy Reagan and Reagan administration

• ==================================================

• Question: election of 1988

• Answer: first recognized in 1981, it has led to the deaths of more than 25 million people, making it one of the most destructive diseases in recorded history.

• ==================================================

• Question: Bush’s “No New Tax” pledge

• Answer: The election in which George Bush (R) defeats Michael Dukakis (D)

• ==================================================

• Question: Americans with Disabilities Act

• Answer: ultimately backfired bc he had to make new taxes, made Americans mad which cost him his reelection

• ==================================================

• Question: Election of 1992

• Answer: Passed by Congress in 1991, this act banned discrimination against the disabled in employment and mandated easy access to all public and commerical buildings.

• ==================================================

• Question: Clinton’s Domestic Policy

• Answer: Bill Clinton won over George H.W. Bush because of the economy’s problems and the solving of foreign policy problems, Bush’s greatest strength.

• ==================================================

• Question: Kyoto Protocol

• Answer: - Indicated that he intended to lift the longstanding ban against declared homosexuals serving in the armed forces using the “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” approach: Gay personnel would not be asked about their orientation and should not be homosexual.

• - Adoption of an economic package that combined tax increases and spending cuts to lower the deficit

• - Clinton advocated passage of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

• - Major goal: reform of the nation’s system of health care-Costs were rising

• -Became a major liability for the Clinton White House

• ==================================================

• Question: Columbine High School

• Answer: controlling global warming by setting greenhouse gas emissions targets for developed countries

• ==================================================

• Question: Bill Clinton’s impeachment

• Answer: two heavily armed students killed 12 fellow students and a teacher.

• - Was the first in an extended series of school shootings in suburban/rural areas caused by vengeful males.

• ==================================================

• Question: digital age

• Answer: Impeached for perjury, suborning perjury, and obstruction of justice stemming from his affair with intern Monica Lewinsky; he was acquitted of all charges.

• ==================================================

• Question: 9/11/2001

• Answer: the time period of technological change that began with the computer

• -apple/Microsoft + emergence of social media

• ==================================================

• Question: DACA (Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals)

• Answer: Attack on the twin towers and pentagon carried out by Al Qaeda

• - caused discrimination against Muslims

• ==================================================

• Question: green party

• Answer: A 2012 law that allows people who came to the U.S. as children to request amnesty and work authorization without deportation for up to two years at a time.

• ==================================================

• Question: Department of Homeland Security

• Answer: a US political party established in 1984 to bring political attention to environmentalism, social justice, diversity, and related principles

• ==================================================

• Question: Patriot Act (2001)

• Answer: US federal agency created in 2002 to coordinate national efforts against terrorism

• ==================================================

• Question: Hurricane Katrina (2005)

• Answer: Law responding to 9/11. Expands anti-terrorist powers (wiretapping, surveillance); 4th Amendment concern for civil liberties.

• ==================================================

• Question: Great Recession (2007-2009)

• Answer: The costliest and one of the deadliest hurricanes in the history of the United States, killing nearly 2000 Americans. The storm ravaged the Gulf Coast, particularly the city of New Orleans, in late August of 2005. In New Orleans, high winds and rain caused the city’s levees to break, leading to catastrophic flooding, particularly centered on the city’s most impoverished wards. A tardy and feeble response by local and federal authorities exacerbated the damage and led to widespread criticism of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).

• ==================================================

• Question: 2008 Election

• Answer: Dramatic loss of jobs (and consumer spending) that began with the bursting of the U.S. housing bubble in late 2007.

• ==================================================

• Question: Obama’s Domestic Policy

• Answer: The election was the first in which an African American was elected President, and the first time a Roman Catholic was elected Vice President (Joe Biden, then-U.S. Senator from Delaware).

• ==================================================

• Question: Sandy Hook Shooting

• Answer: -obamacare or affordable care act

• -healthcare reform bill

• ==================================================

• Question: Rise of ISIS

• Answer: 20 children were killed by Adam Lanza at an Elementary school in Connecticut

• - Obama proposed to tighten gun laws and background checks to keep guns out of the hands of people

• ==================================================

• Question: Iran Nuclear Deal

• Answer: Once ISIS was in Syria, al-Qaeda began to operate

• ISIS leader took pulpit in the Great Mosque

• ISIS has US military equipment

• ISIS train’s 14 year old boys to fight with them

• Youngest suicide bomber was 8 year old

• US Air strikes began on ISIS once Iraq president stepped down

• ==================================================

• Question: conflicts in 2016

• Answer: Agreement negotiated between the U.S. and five other world powers, it prevents Iran from developing a nuclear weapon for 10-15 years in return for lifting harsh international sanctions. The deal has been sharply criticized by Republicans in Congress, Israel and the Arab gulf countries.

• ==================================================

• Question: 2016 election

• Answer: - cyber attack on US by Russia, China, and Iran to steal private and government digital data including credit card and personnel records

• - Anti-immigration sentiment was a major factor in the “Brexit” vote by GB to leave the European Nation

• ==================================================