Question: frontier

Answer: line or border separating two countries.

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Question: city state

Answer: a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state.

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Question: definition of state

Answer: a nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government.
-Germany, Italy, and other European

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Question: Sovereignty

Answer: supreme power or authority.

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Question: territory

Answer: (especially in the US, Canada, or Australia) an organized division of a country that is not yet admitted to the full rights of a state.

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Question: compact state

Answer: A compact state with a circular shape is the easiest to manage. Belgium is an excellent example because of the cultural division between Flanders and Wallonia within Belgium. The compact form of Belgium has helped to keep the country together. Compact states are also easier to defend than states of other shapes.

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Question: fragmented state

Answer: Fragmented state: I would give Azerbaijan, Malaysia, and the United States (b/c of Alaska) as the three most obvious non-island examples. Also Oman, Brunei, Russia (Kaliningrad), United Kingdom (Northern Ireland), France (mainland plus French Guiana, which is the equivalent of a French "state" much like Alaska is a state - bet your teacher won't know that one); and possibly Denmark (made of a mainland and several clustered islands) and Australia (Tasmania).

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Question: elongated state

Answer: Shape is long and narrow
At risk of poor communication as not all areas might have access to capital
Diversity in climate and environment
Areas at the extreme ends might be isolated from the capital (usually in center)
Example: Italy, Chile, Malawi
Long and narrow shape
May suffer from poor internal communication because not every region may have access to the capital.
For example, if the capital were to be in the middle of an elongated state that stretches mostly north and south, then parts of the state that are east and west of the capital would receive communication and affects of power faster than the ends of the state that are north and south of the capital because the north and south ends are farther away from the capital than the east and west ends.
Ex) Chile, lying on the coast of South America. A less extreme example is Italy which extends more than 700 miles from northwest to southeast.

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Question: proprupted state

Answer: Definition - The boundaries of a country and the shape of the land that it encompasses can present problems or it can help unify the nation. Each shape of state has advantages, as well as disadvantages. The shape of most countries can be divided into five main categories: compact, prorupted, perforated, fragmented, and elongated.
Explanation -
Compact - A compact shaped state is small and centralized. This type of state is the simplest to manage, since the government is close to all portions of the state. The compact form helps to keep the country together by making communications easier within it. In addition, compact states are much easier to defend than states of other shapes. However, compact states are primarily small in size, and therefore may not have as many natural resources as larger states have. A perfect example of a compact state would be Poland.

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Question: perforated state

Answer: A perforated state completely surrounds another. A classic example would be South Africa since it surrounds Lesotho. The surrounded nation can only be reached by going through one country. More problems can arise if there is hostility between the two nations. This makes it difficult to enter the surrounding nation.

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Question: excalve

Answer: a portion of a country geographically separated from the main part by surrounding alien territory:
West Berlin was an exclave of West Germany.

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Question: enclave

Answer: a country, or especially, an outlying portion of a country, entirely or mostly surrounded by the territory of another country.

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Question: landlocked states

Answer: That is geographically hemmed-in by its neighbors and have no direct access to the sea.

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Question: micro-states

Answer: states with small land area

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Question: stateless nations

Answer: A stateless nation is an ethnic group, religious group, linguistic group or other cohesive group which is not the majority population in any nation state.

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Question: irredentism

Answer: nationalist belief that a territory belonging to another country should be annexed for ethnic or historical reasons.

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Question: physical boundaries

Answer: boundaries that are made by important physical features on Earth's surface; can include mountains, deserts and water.

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Question: mountains as boundaries

Answer: A boundary is a real or imaginary line that separates two things. In geography, boundaries separate different regions of the Earth. There are many different types of boundaries.

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Question: water as boundaries

Answer: Maritime limits and boundaries for the United States are measured from the official U.S. baseline, recognized as the low-water line along the coast as marked on the NOAA nautical charts in accordance with the articles of the Law of the Sea. The Office of Coast Survey depicts on its nautical charts the territorial sea (12 nautical miles), contiguous zone (24nm), and exclusive economic zone (200nm, plus maritime boundaries with adjacent/opposite countries).

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Question: desert as boundaries

Answer: Three of these deserts -- the Chihuahuan, the Sonoran and the Mojave -- are called "hot deserts," because of their high temperatures during the long summer and because the evolutionary affinities of their plant life are largely with the subtropical plant communities to the south. The Great Basin Desert is called a "cold desert" because it is generally cooler and its dominant plant life is not subtropical in origin.

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Question: cultural boundaries

Answer: They are boundaries that follow the distribution of cultural characteristics. They are 3 common types: geometric, religious, and language boundaries. Geometric boundaries are pretty much straight lines, religious boundaries are placed to separate speakers of different religions, and language boundaries are used to separate speakers of different languages

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Question: linguistic boundaries

Answer: A language border or language boundary is the line separating two language areas. The term is generally meant to imply a lack of mutual intelligibility between the two languages. If two adjacent languages or dialects are mutually intelligible, no firm border will develop, because the two languages can continually exchange linguistic inventions; this is known as a dialect continuum.

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