Question: Nucleotides contain sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. Which of the following is a nitrogen base?

Answer: guanine

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Question: What are the chemical subunits that make up proteins?

Answer: amino acids

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Question: Identify the statement below that is true about chemical reactions.

Answer: Exothermic reactions tend to release heat energy to the surrounding environment.

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Question: You find a blog post written by a student on a university website about photosynthesis. Assess the reliability of this source.

Answer: It may be reliable because they cited multiple peer-reviewed studies from scientific journals.

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Question: The movement of water, containing no solute, across semi-permeable cellular membranes through aquaporins is known as?

Answer: osmosis

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Question: Distinguish between smooth endoplasmic reticulum and rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Answer: Rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes attached to its surface.

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Question: When comparing plant cells to animal cells, which organelle is only present in plant cells?

Answer: cell wall

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Question: Invertebrates lack which organ system?

Answer: skeletal

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Question: Select two organs in the digestive system that provide only mechanical digestion of food.

Answer: -esophagus
-anus

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Question: Deoxygenated blood from the body returns to the heart through veins. The heart then pumps the deoxygenated blood through pulmonary arteries to the lungs. In the lungs, the deoxygenated blood gets oxygen from air in the lungs, and the carbon dioxide is removed. The oxygenated blood is then returned to the heart through the pulmonary veins before being sent to the body through the main artery, the aorta.
Based on the above passage, identify the two body systems that interact together to achieve the described behavior.

Answer: respiratory and circulatory

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Question: Identify the location within a plant cell where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place.

Answer: the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast

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Question: Compare 41 Calories to 410 kcal (1 kcal = 1,000 calories).

Answer: 41 Calories is less than 410 kcal

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Question: Identify the byproduct of lactic acid fermentation.

Answer: lactic acid

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Question: The energy in ATP is stored in the chemical bond to a(n)

Answer: phosphate group.

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Question: The mutation shown in the sequence below can be categorized as which type?
Original DNA sequence: A T A C G G T A G C A A T A T G C C A T C G T T
Mutated DNA sequence: A T C G G T A G C A A T A G C C A T C G A A

Answer: deletion mutation

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Question: A tall, heterozygous pea plant is cross-pollinated with another tall, heterozygous pea plant. Use a Punnett square to determine the probability that the offspring is a tall, homozygous pea plant.

Answer: 25%

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Question: Distinguish between the lytic and lysogenic cycles of viruses.

Answer: The viral genome incorporates into the host genome during the lysogenic cycle.

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Question: Why are common cold viruses difficult to cure?

Answer: The viral genome mutates very quickly.

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Question: Identify the answer choice that correctly orders the types of cells from least to most differentiated.

Answer: totipotent stem cells → pluripotent stem cells → multipotent stem cells → neuron

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Question: Why are there different types of cells?

Answer: Gene expression is different between different specialized cells.

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Question: The cells in your body often look different and perform different functions, but they all have the same

Answer: DNA

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Question: You need to prepare for an exam on mitosis. You search for models of mitosis to help you. What kind of model should you choose?

Answer: a model that illustrates how a cell divides into two identical cells

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Question: The following list of events happens during meiosis: Prophase I: Crossing over between homologous chromosomes occurs.
Metaphase I: Tetrads line up at the metaphase plate.
Anaphase I: Tetrads are separated.
Telophase I: Nuclear envelopes reform around the separated chromosomes.
Prophase II: Chromosomes condense.
Metaphase II: Chromosomes line up at metaphase plate.
Anaphase II: Sister chromatids separate into daughter chromosomes.
Telophase II: Nuclear envelopes reform around the daughter chromosomes.
Identify the answer choice that correctly lists the events from above that lead to new genetic combinations in the gametes.

Answer: 1 and 2

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Question: Identify the mutation below that would be passed on to a living, fertile offspring if it happened in a parent.

Answer: an insertion mutation in an egg cell that deactivates a gene for hair color

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Question: Methylation is an example of

Answer: epigenetics

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Question: A scientist observes a population of cheetahs on the plains in southern Africa and noticed that cheetahs have very little genetic variation. The scientists claims that the cheetahs are susceptible to extinction as a result of climate change. What is the name of the effect the scientist observed and why is it a concern ?

Answer: Bottleneck effect, because environmental stresses affecting one cheetah could affect them all

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Question: Identify the scenario that could potentially result in new combinations of DNA in the offspring of the individual.

Answer: A pair of homologous chromosomes in a sperm cell fail to separate during meiosis.

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Question: Body size in mice (length from nose to base of tail) is controlled in part by genetics. The following data shows the number of mice grouped by lengths:

Based on this data and your knowledge of inheritance patterns, identify the inheritance pattern that this trait follows in mice.

Answer: polygenic

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