Section 1: Motives during imperialism *IMPERIALISM: is the domination by one country of the political, economic or cultural life of an other country or region*In the 1800s, strong nation-states emerged and strengthened Europe *Imperialism exploded because of * economic interests * political and military motives * humanitarian/religious goals* social Darwinism

Rapid spread of imperialism western advantages * strong economies * organized government * powerful armies/navies * superior technology * medical knowledge * weapons technologynon-western states* older civilization In decline * damaging effects of slave trade* new african states were not strong enough to resists the western onslaught

Resistance to imperialism *Africans and Asians resisted western expansion into their lands Ruling groups tried to strengthen their societies by reforming their traditions *Western-educated natives organized nationalists movement to rid their lands of imperialism *In the west, a small group of anti-imperialism emerged * argued that colonialism was morally wrong and used as a tool of the rich

Forms of imperial rule Direct rule: sending officials and soldiers from the country to administers foreign coloniesIndirect rule: governed colonies with sultans, Chiefs or local rulers and educated children in western ways to groom them for the future (they could use military force if necessary to maintain order in the meantime)Protectorate: local rulers were left in place but expected to follow the advice of european advisors on issues (costs less to run than a colony) Sphere of influence: area in which an outside power claimed exclusive investment or trading privileges

Section 2: africa before colonization *Before the scramble for colonies, Africa was very diverse* hundreds of languages * varied governments* some lived in centralized states, others in village communities

Religious of Africa North Africa* fertile land * Sahara dessert * part of Muslim world West Africa * forest region with trade * Islamic revival/ Islamic crusades East Africa* port cities with profitable trade* captives/ slave tradeSouthern africa* war among the Zulu and other Local populations * settlement by dutch farmers* struggle for control of the land

European contact increases *At first, resistance, diseases and difficult geography kept europeans from traveling to the interior of Africa * they stuck to trading on the coast Soon, explorers advance into african territory Missionaries follow explorers and adopted a paternalistic view of Africans * they treated them as a father would a child * they urged them to trade their cultures and religions for those of the western world

Scramble for colonies *King Leopoldo ll of Belgium sends men to explore the Congo *Leopolds activity in the Congo sets off a scramble by other nations to colonize in Europe *Before long, Britain, France, Germany and other nations laid claim to places in the area

Berlin Conference *At the Berlin conference european leaders met in Berlin to discuss colonization of Africa * no Africans were invited * began to prevent bloodshed among european superpowers * agreed to trade restrictions * established law that european powers could not claim any part of Africa unless they had set up a government office there *Set the precedent that officials in Africa could exert their power over local rulers and people

Aftermath *Europeans began to crave up Africa and redraw boundaries with no regard to traditional settlement or ethnic boundaries *Africa (especially the Congo) began to be exploited for * copper * rubber* ivory * labor

France extends influence *France invaded and conquered Algeria * this invasion cost many french and Algerian lives *They also expanded along the Mediterranean and won colonies in west and central Africa *At its height, the french empire in Africa was as large the continental United States

Britain takes its share *Britain's colonies were scattered, but they included heavily populated areas with rich natural resources * chunks of west and east Africa and moved south * it also included Egypt and Sudan *After winning the boer war, the British created the union of South Africa * the new constitution set up a government run by, whites that laid the foundation for apartheid, a system of complete racial segregation that would remain in force until 1993

Other join the scramble *Portugal*Italy *Germany

Resistance and independence *Europeans met armed resistance as they moved across the continent *The resulting wars meant many lost lives, starvation and burnt farmland *Ethiopia and Liberia are able to fend off invaders *Some western-educated Africans began to admire western ways, but many Africans leaders were beginning nationalists movement to pursue independence

Section 3: Stresses in Muslim regions *Muslim lands extended from Western Africa to Southeast Asia *Three giant Muslim empires ruled much of the world in the 1500s *All three were in decline by the 1700s *central governments lost control*corruption was wide spread *Muslim scholars and religious leaders sometimes helped stir discontent with the government

Reform and imperialism *Reform movements sprang up in both Africa and Asia* stressed religious piety and strict rules of behavior *Muslim empires also faced powerful threats from western imperialists

Problems for the ottoman *Ottomans are in trouble * corruption and economic trouble * pashas (provincial rulers) increased their power *Nationalists revolt breaks out * revolts led to smaller nation states gaining independence *European pressure increases * european states take advantage of the crumbling empire and attempt to take control of parts of the empire *Attempts to westernize were not completely successful * medies led to a higher population, and more unrest * adoption of western ideas crested tension with the rulers of the Ottoman Turkish empire, known as sultans

Armenian genocide *Tensions between Turkish nationalists and minorities in their states triggered a brutal genocide of the Armenians in the eastern mountains of the empire *Genocide is a deliberate attempt to destroy a racial, political or cultural group

Egypt seeks to modernize "*In the 1800s, Egypt is semi-independent *Success was due largely to Muhammad Ali, a solider appointed governor of Egypt by the ottomans *He sized power in 1805 and introduced reforms *Now known as ""father of modern Egypt"

Ali reforms *reforms included * improved tax collection * backing large irrigation projects * expanding cotton production * reorganizing the landholding system * participation in world trade * western military training/modern army * conquered nearby lands of Arabia, Syria and Sudan *By the time he died, Ali had set Egypt on the road to becoming major middle eastern power

Becoming a British protectorate *When Egypt nationalists revolted against foreign influence, Britain made Egypt a protectorate *Under British influence, Egypt continued to modernize *Nationalists discontent led to protests and riots