Question: The Treaty of Portsmouth

Answer: Originally Japan wanted all of Sakhalin Island and a large cash payment, but with the assistance of Roosevelt, Russia and Japan agreed to let Japan take over Russian interests in Manchuria and Korea, accept half of the Sakhalin Island, and forgo the cash payment

Question: Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901)

Answer: a treaty in which Britain gave the United States exclusive rights to build and control a canal through Central America

Question: Philippe Bunau-Varilla

Answer: agent sent by a French company that originally tried to build the Panama Canal. He convince the U.S. to buy its claim and the president/congress decided to use the Panama route and agreed to buy the French company's route as well

Question: Panama Canal

Answer: an artificial waterway cut through the Isthmus of Panama to provide a shortcut between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, opened in 1914

Question: Monroe Doctrine

Answer: a policy of U.S. opposition to any European interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere, announced by President Monroe in 1823

Question: "speak softly and carry a big stick"

Answer: West African proverb that Roosevelt based his Latin American policy on. Demanded that European countries stay out of the affairs of Latin American nations

Question: Canal Zone

Answer: area of land across Panama that the U.S. signed for in a treaty. They agreed to pay Panama $10 million plus and annual rent of $250,000 for this area of land

Question: Roosevelt Corollary

Answer: added by Roosevelt to the Monroe Doctrine. Said that the U.S. would now use force to protect its economic interest in Latin America

Question: Adolfo Diaz

Answer: Nicaraguan president. When Nicaragua went into bankruptcy the U.S. arranged loans to help pay back Nicaragua's debts. In return, the bankers were given the right to recover their money by collecting customs duties, as well as gaining control of the railroad system and its national bank. News of the foreign interference angered Nicaraguans and led to a revolt against their president

Question: dollar diplomacy

Answer: using the U.S. government to guarantee loans made to foreign countries by American business people. Used to gain control in other countries and keep European powers out

Question: "missionary diplomacy"

Answer: according to Wilson the U.S. had a moral responsibility to deny recognition to any Latin American government it viewed as oppressive, democratic, or hostile to U.S. interests

Question: Porfirio Diaz

Answer: military dictator and friend of the U.S. He encouraged foreign investments in his country, resulting in foreigners owning large shares of Mexican oil wells, mines, railroads, and ranches

Question: Francisco Madero

Answer: led Mexican peasants and workers to overthrow Diaz. He promised democratic reforms, but within years gen. Victoriano Huerta took charge

Question: Victoriano Huerta

Answer: general who took over the Mexican government after Madero. Wilson refused to recognize the government that he had formed and called it "a government of butchers"

Question: Venustiano Carranza

Answer: when the Huerta regime collapsed this nationalist leader became president. Because he became president Wilson withdrew his troops and formally recognized the government

Question: Francisco "Pancho" Villa

Answer: opposed Carranza's provisional government. He took American men who were originally suppose to operate mines in northern Mexico and shot them. Later, he raided Columbus, New Mexico and killed 17 more American. Resulted in Wilson sending gen. John J. Pershing for his capture

Question: Emiliano Zapata

Answer: opposed Carranza's provisional government. Son of a mestizo peasant- was dedicated to land reform. "It is better to die on your feet than live on your knees"

Question: John J. Pershing

Answer: Brigadier general who was sent by Wilson to capture Villa, a Mexican rebel after he killed Americans (as in 10.4)

Question: Alvaro Obregon

Answer: took over Mexican presidency after Carranza. His presidency marked the end of the Mexican civil war and was the beginning of democratic reforms in Mexico