Identify A True Statement About Sedatives And Hypnotics.
Match the central nervous system, or CNS, depressants with their examples.
sedatives Xanax and Ativan
hypnotics Ambien and Lunesta
True or false: In the context of depressant drugs, chloral hydrate is rapidly metabolized to formaldehyde, which is the active hypnotic agent.
false. Chloral hydrate is rapidly metabolized to tri-chloroethanol, which is the active hypnotic agent. Chloral hydrate has a short onset period when taken orally.
______ has an extremely noxious taste and an odor that permeates the breath of the user.
Paraldehyde
Barbiturates are grouped according to their Blank______, which also happens to correspond to how quickly they act after being taken by mouth.
duration of action
The typical cause of death associated with overdose of barbiturates is Blank______.
respiratory depression
Identify a true statement about sedatives and hypnotics.
Sedatives are used to reduce anxiety and to keep people calm and relaxed, whereas hypnotics are used to induce sleep.
In the context of depressant drugs, identify the true statements about chloral hydrate.
It has a short onset period when taken orally.
It is a gastric irritant.
Paraldehyde would probably be in great use today because of its effectiveness as a central nervous system, or CNS, depressant Blank______.
with little respiratory depression and a wide safety margin
Identify a true statement about meprobamate as a depressant drug.
It has been largely replaced by benzodiazepines.
The effects of short-acting barbiturates last for Blank______.
two to three hours
A great many cases of overdose deaths due to barbiturates is because of the combined effects of Blank______ and a depressant drug.
alcohol
In the 1960s, Japan handled the problem of methaqualone abuse by Blank______.
placing very strict restrictions on the prescribing of methaqualone
After the success of Librium, it was concluded that benzodiazepines were safer than and were as effective as Blank______.
barbiturates
In 1970, meprobamate became a Schedule Blank______ controlled substance.
IV
Identify a true statement about chlordiazepoxide.
It has a longer duration of action than phenobarbital.
It has a longer duration of action than phenobarbital.
I
Identify a true statement about Rohypnol, or flunitrazepam, which is a depressant drug.
It produces profound intoxication in combination with alcohol.
Identify an accurate statement about Librium, a depressant drug.
It was marketed as a more selective antianxiety agent that produced less drowsiness than barbiturates.
Identify a true statement about Z-drugs, which is a class of depressant drugs.
They are referred to as nonbenzodiazepines.
Among the Z-drugs, Blank______ quickly became the most widely prescribed hypnotic drug on the market.
zolpidem
The first benzodiazepine was Blank______, which was sold in low doses for daytime use.
chlordiazepoxide
Benzodiazepine receptors are always near receptors for the neurotransmitter Blank______.
GABA, or γ-amino butyric acid
When news of Rohypnol being used as a date-rape drug emerged, the manufacturer changed the formulation of the drug so that Blank______.
it produces a characteristic color when dissolved in a drink
Drugs used in the treatment of anxiety disorders, such as Xanax, Ativan, and Valium, are known as Blank______.
anxiolytics
______ is the term used to include several symptoms: trouble falling asleep, trouble staying asleep, or waking up too early.
Insomnia
Because the generic names of the most recent additions to the class of depressant drugs are hard to pronounce, they are often informally referred to as Blank______.
the Z-drugs
______ has become the most-prescribed hypnotic drug in the United States
Ambien
In the context of Z-drugs, identify a true statement about zolpidem or Ambien.
It has rapid onset of actions
Identify the depressant drugs used in the treatment of epileptic seizures.
barbiturates
benzodiazepines
In the context of the features of sleeping pills, which of the following is a principle on which hypnotic drug therapy is based?
A large enough dose is taken to help one get to sleep more quickly.
Identify the examples of anxiolytics.
ativan
valium
As Librium was displaced by the newer, more potent Blank______, people saw increasing reports of its habitual use.
Valium
The nonbenzodiazepine drug zolpidem, or Ambien, is considered a more specific hypnotic agent than triazolam because it Blank______.
binds selectively to the GABA-A receptor
Identify a consequence of abrupt withdrawal of anticonvulsant medications.
seizures
It is theoretically possible to use any of the barbiturates, the benzodiazepines, or alcohol to halt the withdrawal symptoms from any other depressant because Blank______.
there is a cross-dependence among them
A possible reason for the increasing reports of habitual Valium use is that Blank______.
its onset is more rapid than that of Librium
Identify a true statement about young people who abuse barbiturates.
They tend to take these drugs to alter their consciousness.
______ has become the most-prescribed hypnotic drug in the United States.
Ambien
two major groups of Blank______ are the gaseous anesthetics and the nitrites, as well as volatile solvents.
inhalants
Identify the common side effects of chronic use of benzodiazepines.
muscle cramps
insomnia
impaired concentration and memory
In the context of the physiological problems caused by depressant drugs, the major concern is their tendency to Blank______.
depress the respiration rate
Blank______, a gaseous anesthetic, is popularly known as laughing gas.
Nitrous oxide
Identify an effect of high-dose exposure to fumes of substances containing volatile solvents.
slurred speech
Identify an accurate statement about amyl nitrite, which is an inhalant drug.
Inhaling its vapors relaxes the coronary arteries.
Behaviorally, all the depressant drugs are capable of producing intoxication similar to Blank______ with impaired judgment and incoordination.
alcohol
After the increasing reports of habitual Valium use, Blank______, another rapid-acting benzodiazepine, became the most widely prescribed sedative.
Xanax
Identify the harmful effects caused by inhaling solvents.
kidney damage
irritation of the respiratory tract
severe headaches
Identify an accurate statement about nitrous oxide, which is a gaseous anesthetic.
It is one of the safest anesthetics when used properly.
Two major groups of Blank______ are the gaseous anesthetics and the nitrites, as well as volatile solvents.
inhalants
In the United States, gamma hydroxybutyric acid, or GHB, is a Schedule Blank______ controlled substance.
I
Amyl nitrite is used in emergency medicine as a treatment for Blank______.
cyanide poisoning
Gamma hydroxybutyric acid, or GHB, reduces the frequency of Blank______ or muscular weakness, which is a common symptom of narcolepsy.
cataplexy
True or false: Most of the children who inhale solvents do so only occasionally and give it up as they grow older and have more access to alcohol.
true. Although most of the children who inhale solvents do so only occasionally and give it up as they grow older and have more access to alcohol, some become dependent and a few will die.
The structure of gamma hydroxybutyric acid, or GHB, is fairly close to the inhibitory neurotransmitter Blank______.
γ-aminobutyric acid, or GABA
______ is a prescription drug used in the treatment of narcolepsy that contains gamma hydroxybutyric acid or GHB.
Xyrem
For a time, gamma hydroxybutyric acid, or GHB, was sold as a dietary supplement and taken mostly in fairly low doses by athletes and bodybuilders because it appears to Blank______.
play a role in general cellular metabolism