Question: Assign the following creatures to one of these classifications: subphylum Urochordata, subphylum Cephalochordata, class Agnatha, class Chondrichthyes, class Osteichthyes, class Amphibia a. Frog b. Shark c. Lancelet d. Carp e. Sea squirt f. Lamprey eel

Answer: Class Amphibia, class Chondrichthyes, subphylum Cephalochordata, class Osteichthyes, subphylum Urochordata, class Agnatha

Question: What do sea squirts, lampreys, and amphibians have in common?

Answer: They all go through metamorphosis from larva to adult.

Question: What is the difference between cartilage and bone?

Answer: Cartilage is more flexible and weaker than bone.

Question: You see a blood vessel from a creature. You have no idea what creature and you have no idea where it came from. You do notice, however, that the blood vessel wall is very thin. What kind of blood vessel is this?

Answer: A capillary

Question: What do red blood cells do?

Answer: They carry oxygen in the blood

Question: What protein gives red blood cells their color?

Answer: Hemoglobin

Question: Frogs and toads are quite uncoordinated. They move their muscles in a very jerky manner. Which brain lobe is small in amphibians?

Answer: The cerebellum

Question: An owl has very sensitive vision. Which brain lobes are larger in the owl compared to the "average" vertebrate?

Answer: The optic lobes

Question: A creature reproduces when the female receives sperm from the male and then lays an egg which hatches. Is fertilization internal or external? What kind of development is this?

Answer: Fertilization is internal, and development is oviparous.

Question: Which has the most inflexible skeleton: a ray, a lamprey, or a salmon?

Answer: A salmon

Question: What do Atlantic salmon and many lampreys have in common?

Answer: They are both anadromous

Question: What is the shark's most sensitive means of finding prey?

Answer: Its electrical field sensor.

Question: What function does the lateral line perform in sharks and bony fish?

Answer: It is full of receptors that can detect very small vibrations that occur underwater. Sharks investigate these vibrations as a source of food, and fish run away from them as a source of danger.

Question: What function do the dorsal fins perform in both sharks and bony fish? What function does the anterior dorsal fin play only in bony fish?

Answer: In both sharks and bony fish, the dorsal fins are used for balance. In bony fish, the anterior dorsal fin is a defensive weapon.

Question: What is the major difference between the tail of a ray and the tail of a skate?

Answer: Rays have thin, whiplike tails, while skates have thicker, fleshy tails.

Question: Identify the internal structures in a fish.

Answer: Esophagus, brain, spinal cord, stomach, air bladder, kidney, gonad, anus, intestine, pyloric ceca, gall bladder, liver, heart, gills

Question: Describe the basic function of each of a fish's internal organs.

Answer: Gills: exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between the water and the blood Heart: pumps bloodLiver: makes bile for the digestion of fats and does many other chemical tasksGall bladder: concentrates bilePyloric ceca: secretes digestive enzymes and chemicals that break down food in stomachIntestine: digests foodGonad: reproductionAnus: expelling of undigested foodBrain: controls nervous systemEsophagus: sends food to stomachStomach: stores and breaks down foodSpinal cord: sends messages from brain to other parts of the body and vice-versaKidney: cleans blood of waste productsAir bladder: allows fish to change depths and float in water

Question: Identify the structures in a fish's respiratory/circulatory system. (the picture in the science book)

Answer: Anterior cardial vein, efferent brachial arteries, dorsal aorta, kidney, posterior cardial vein, atrium, ventricle, ventral aorta, afferent brachial arteries, gills

Question: Of the structures in a fish's circulatory system, which are veins, which are arteries, and which are neither?

Answer: The efferent brachial arteries, ventral aorta, afferent brachial arteries, and dorsal aorta are arteries. The anterior cardial vein and posterior cardial vein are veins. The gills, atrium, kidney, and ventricle are neither.

Question: List the six common characteristics of amphibians.

Answer: Their endoskeleton is made mostly of bone, their skin is smooth with many capillaries and pigments (no scales), they usually have two pairs of limbs with webbed feet, they have as many as four organs of respiration, they have a three-chambered heart, they are oviparous with external fertilization.

Question: What is the difference between a toad and a frog?

Answer: Frogs have smooth wet skin and live near water. Toads have dry bumpy skin and do not need to live near water.

Question: For most amphibians, what is the major respiratory organ?

Answer: Their skin.