Question: In what way did each colony's government mirror the government of Britain?

Answer: Each had a two-house legislature.

Question: What was one effect of new British taxes on colonists?

Answer: Outraged colonists protested the new taxes.

Question: What incident led Parliament to withdraw nearly all of the Townshend Acts?

Answer: the Boston Massacre

Question: Who argued that people had divinely granted rights, including life, liberty, and property?

Answer: John Locke

Question: Why was the Declaration of Independence written?

Answer: to declare independence from the British king

Question: What was the primary reason why George Washington was chosen to lead the Continental Army?

Answer: He was from Virginia, and New England needed Virginia's help to win the war.

Question: What important responsibility did the Second Continental Congress take on in May 1775?

Answer: the war against Great Britain

Question: How did the Revolutionary War affect slaves?

Answer: Slavery was eliminated in the North.

Question: In 1783, the Treaty of Paris _____.

Answer: ceded far more territory to the United States than the colonies had won in the wa

Question: Battles on the frontier were mostly between which two groups?

Answer: Native Americans and Patriots

Question: Which of the following contributed to the United States' economic weakness at the beginning of the Revolutionary War?

Answer: the lack of authority to collect taxes

Question: What is a unicameral legislature?

Answer: a lawmaking body with a single house of elected representatives

Question: Under the Articles of Confederation, who chose the federal government's Congress of delegates?

Answer: state legislatures

Question: Under the Articles of Confederation, small states like Rhode Island wielded as much power as large states like Virginia, because _____.

Answer: each state had one vote in Congress

Question: What was the purpose of the Constitutional Convention of 1787?

Answer: to revise the Articles of Confederation

Question: Which proposal most resembled the Articles of Confederation?

Answer: the New Jersey Plan

Question: What was the result of the Three-Fifths Compromise?

Answer: more representation in Congress for southern states

Question: Which of the following was a provision of the New Jersey Plan?

Answer: An executive committee would lead the executive branch.

Question: The U.S. Constitution contains which provision from the Virginia Plan?

Answer: The government is divided into three branches.

Question: Which principle provides for a system in which the government derives its power from the governed?

Answer: popular sovereignty

Question: In order to win support for the Constitution, what did the Federalists promise to add?

Answer: a bill of rights

Question: Why was the War of 1812 significant to the United States?

Answer: It demonstrated that the new nation was likely to endure.

Question: Which of the following is true of the Native American warrior Tecumseh?

Answer: His death shattered Native American resistance.

Question: Why did the War Hawks push for the invasion of British-held Canada?

Answer: to deprive Indians of their main source of arms

Question: Which naval battle established the U.S. Navy as a strong fighting force?

Answer: the Battle of Lake Erie

Question: What was one of George Washington's most important precedents?

Answer: formation of a Cabinet

Question: Which of the following was a part of Alexander Hamilton's plan for restructuring the nation's debt?

Answer: developing a strong commercial and industrial economy

Question: What was the result of the XYZ Affair?

Answer: It roused public sentiment against France.

Question: How did the British hope to limit American settlement in the Northwest Territory?

Answer: by providing arms and ammunition to Native Americans

Question: Why did Jefferson make the Louisiana Purchase?

Answer: He thought that by doing so he could avoid war with France.

Question: Why was the Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison significant?

Answer: It established the power of judicial review.

Question: Why did railroads have a greater impact on American society than did canals and steamboats?

Answer: Railroads cost less to build and trains provided faster transport.

Question: How did the Industrial Revolution change the way people worked?

Answer: It enabled machines to do jobs previously done by hand.

Question: How did the cotton gin change agriculture in the South?

Answer: It made cotton the dominant crop.

Question: What happened as agriculture became entrenched in the South?

Answer: The South became too dependent on one crop, limiting development.

Question: How did nullification relate to tariffs in the early 1800s?

Answer: Southern states wanted to nullify tariffs.

Question: In the early 1800s, new state constitutions expanded the electorate by giving the vote to _____.

Answer: white men without property

Question: In 1833, South Carolina threatened to secede from the Union if _____.

Answer: the federal government used force against South Carolina

Question: Why did Jacksonian Democrats oppose the second Bank of the United States?

Answer: They believed it favored a small number of rich investors.

Question: Why was the ruling in McCulloch v. Maryland significant?

Answer: The Supreme Court used a broad interpretation of the Constitution to expand federal power.

Question: Which of the following showed the impact of nationalism on foreign policy?

Answer: Adams-Onís Treaty

Question: What did the United States promise in the Monroe Doctrine?

Answer: to stay out of European affairs

Question: Why did southern whites feel threatened by the Missouri Compromise?

Answer: They believed it caused Denmark Vessey to plan a slave revolt.

Question: What argument did Southerners give in support of slave labor?

Answer: They argued that slave labor was superior because slaves and slaveholders depended on one another.

Question: What did Angelina Grimké do as a result of the abolition movement?

Answer: She moved north to join the movement.

Question: How did Nat Turner show resistance to slavery?

Answer: He organized a slave revolt.

Question: How did many enslaved people cope with the miserable conditions they faced?

Answer: They kept family traditions alive.

Question: Why did New Mexico, Texas, and California attract expansionists in the 1820s?

Answer: They were rich in resources and thinly settled.

Question: In the 1840s and 1850s, where did Mormons, led by Brigham Young, settle?

Answer: in present-day Utah

Question: Where did Spanish leaders seek to convert Indians to Christianity?

Answer: missions

Question: .Who were the Mountain Men?

Answer: young American trappers and traders in the Rocky Mountains

Question: What did expansionists mean by the term Manifest Destiny?

Answer: It was God's will that the United States own all of North America.

Question: Who seized power in an 1834 Mexico City revolt?

Answer: Antonio López de Santa Anna

Question: At the end of the Mexican-American War, the United States paid $15 million and left Mexico City in exchange for _____.

Answer: New Mexico and California

Question: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and the Gadsden Purchase increased the area of the United States by _____.

Answer: one third

Question: Which of the following stirred discord between the North and the South?

Answer: California's application for statehood

Question: What effect did the California Gold Rush have on Mexican Californians?

Answer: They lost most of their land.

Question: Why was the Seneca Falls Convention important?

Answer: It was the first Women's Rights Convention in the United States.

Question: In which of the following did women take active roles in the early and middle 1800s?

Answer: abolition and other movements

Question: Which of the following marked the beginning of the women's movement in the United States?

Answer: the adoption of the "Declaration of Sentiments"

Question: In his inaugural address, why did Lincoln refer to the right of each state to control its own affairs?

Answer: to assure the southern states that they would make their own decisions about slavery

Question: Why did the Confederate States of America write a constitution that prohibited importing slaves from other countries?

Answer: to win the support of Britain and France

Question: Which party in the 1860 election hoped to heal the political split between the North and the South?

Answer: Constitutional Union Party

Question: Why did the Fugitive Slave Act anger Northerners?

Answer: It increased federal intervention in the affairs of independent states.

Question: Which statement was true under the new Fugitive Slave Act passed in 1850?

Answer: Citizens who helped a runaway slave could be imprisoned.

Question: What was the long term effect of the "Bleeding Kansas" problem?

Answer: The North and South became more divided over the issue of slavery.

Question: How did Lincoln approach the issue of slavery in his speeches?

Answer: He condemned slavery and affirmed the idea of African Americans' natural rights.

Question: The growing immigrant population in the United States led to the creation of the _____.

Answer: Know-Nothing Party

Question: Why did John Brown attack the arsenal at Harpers Ferry?

Answer: He hoped to inspire a revolution to end slavery.

Question: What best summarizes why part of the nation was upset over the Dred Scott decision?

Answer: The North was upset because the decision declared the Missouri Compromise to be unconstitutional.

Question: Which was a characteristic of the North's economy?

Answer: It focused on technology and industry.

Question: Which factor most influenced the southern way of life?

Answer: Most crops were tended with slave labor.

Question: How did African Americans support the war effort?

Answer: After the Militia Act, African Americans fought for the Union.

Question: What was the Union army's response to the Emancipation Proclamation?

Answer: It began actively recruiting African American soldiers to fight.

Question: How did African Americans in the South often help Union forces?

Answer: They served as spies and scouts.

Question: What risk did a soldier face if he survived being wounded in a Civil War battle?

Answer: dying from disease

Question: Why was the capture of Vicksburg, Mississippi, by Union troops significant?

Answer: It meant that Union troops controlled the Mississippi River ports.

Question: Which term describes General Grant's strategy for crushing the Confederacy after the Battle of Gettysburg?

Answer: total war

Question: What was the impact of the Civil War on the South's African American population?

Answer: Many migrated north and west.

Question: What immediate effect of the war was felt by both northerners and southerners?

Answer: the enormous loss of life

Question: What group used violence to intimidate American citizens?

Answer: Ku Klux Klan

Question: Horizontal integration differs from vertical integration in that it _____.

Answer: consolidates many firms involved in the same business into one giant company

Question: According to the theory of Social Darwinism, what class had the most social value?

Answer: the wealthy

Question: What was one effect of the conflicts between Native Americans and white settlers?

Answer: Over time, Native Americans lost the ability to effectively resist white settlement.

Question: Which was a system for turning out large numbers of products quickly and inexpensively?

Answer: mass production

Question: What role did patents play in the work of inventors such as Thomas Edison?

Answer: Patents protected inventors and let them profit from their inventions

Question: What is a cash crop?

Answer: a crop grown primarily for profit

Question: Which of the following was an effect of the transcontinental railroad?

Answer: The population of the West increased.

Question: How did the new mining towns enforce laws and keep the peace?

Answer: Vigilantes punished lawbreakers.

Question: What was one of the dangers of living in a tenement?

Answer: Tenements had few windows and poor sanitation conditions.

Question: Which journalist called attention to the living conditions of tenement dwellers?

Answer: Jacob Riis

Question: Why was steerage considered the worst accommodations on ships traveling from Europe to America?

Answer: Illness spread quickly through steerage because it was crowded and dirty.

Question: The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 _____.

Answer: prohibited Chinese laborers from entering the country

Question: What were Jim Crow laws?

Answer: legislation meant to segregate blacks and whites

Question: Why did minority groups receive only limited benefits from Progressivism?

Answer: Many Progressives held racist ideas about minority groups.

Question: Why did the U.S. banking system need to be reformed in the early 1900s?

Answer: The nation had no central authority to supervise banks.

Question: What social problem did Upton Sinclair's novel The Jungle describe?

Answer: the living and working conditions in Chicago's stockyards

Question: Many Progressive reformers targeted city officials who built corrupt organizations called _____.

Answer: political machines

Question: Why did Roosevelt run for President in 1912?

Answer: Taft's political decisions angered Roosevelt.

Question: How did Taft's "rule of reason" differ from Roosevelt's New Nationalism?

Answer: The New Nationalism would back stronger government power to bust trusts, while the "rule of reason" would weaken that power.