Innate immunity

is nonspecific and present at birth.

All of the following protect the skin and mucous membranes from infection EXCEPT
A) multiple layers of cells.
B) tears.
C) saliva.
D) HCl.
E) the "ciliary escalator."

D) HCl.

The function of the "ciliary escalator" is to

trap inhaled dust and microorganisms in mucous and propel it away from the lower respiratory tract.

Which of the following exhibits the highest phagocytic activity?
A) neutrophils
B) erythrocytes
C) macrophages
D) basophils
E) eosinophils

C) macrophages

TLRs attach to all of the following EXCEPT
A) AMPs.
B) flagellin.
C) LPS.
D) PAMPs.
E) peptidoglycan

A) AMPs

A differential cell count is used to determine each of the following EXCEPT
A) the total number of white blood cells.
B) the numbers of each type of white blood cell.
C) the number of red blood cells.
D) leukocytosis.
E) leukopenia

C) the number of red blood cells.

The complement protein cascade is the same for the classical pathway, alternative pathway, and lectin pathway beginning with the activation of

C) C3

All of the following increase blood vessel permeability EXCEPT
A) kinins.
B) prostaglandins.
C) lysozymes.
D) histamine.
E) leukotrienes.

C) lysozymes.

A child falls and suffers a deep cut on her leg. The cut went through her skin and she is bleeding. Which of the following defense mechanisms will participate in eliminating contaminating microbes?

phagocytosis in the inflammatory response

Margination refers to

adherence of phagocytes to the lining of blood vessels

Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A) All three types of interferons have the same effect on the body.
B) Alpha interferon promotes phagocytosis.
C) Gamma interferon causes bactericidal activity by macrophages.
D) Alpha interferon acts against specific viruses.
E) Beta interferon attacks invading viruses

C) Gamma interferon causes bactericidal activity by macrophages

Which of the following is found normally in serum?
A) complement
B) interferon
C) histamine
D) leukocytosis-promoting factor
E) TLRs

A) complement

Each of the following is an effect of complement activation EXCEPT
A) interference with viral replication.
B) bacterial cell lysis.
C) opsonization.
D) increased phagocytic activity.
E) increased blood vessel permeability.

A) interference with viral replication.

Which of the following is an effect of opsonization?
A) increased adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms
B) increased margination of phagocytes
C) increased diapedesis of phagocytes
D) inflammation
E) cytolysis

A) increased adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms

Normal microbiota provide protection from infection in each of the following ways EXCEPT
A) they produce antibacterial chemicals.
B) they compete with pathogens for nutrients.
C) they make the chemical environment unsuitable for nonresident bacteria.
D) they produce lysozyme.
E) they change the pH of the environment.

D) they produce lysozyme.

Each of the following provides protection from phagocytic digestion EXCEPT
A) M protein.
B) capsules.
C) formation of phagolysosomes.
D) leukocidins.
E) biofilms.

C) formation of phagolysosomes.

The antimicrobial effects of AMPs include all of the following EXCEPT
A) inhibition of cell wall synthesis.
B) lysis of bacterial cells.
C) destruction of nucleic acids.
D) pore formation in bacterial membranes.
E) inhibition of phagocytosis.

E) inhibition of phagocytosis.

The swelling associated with inflammation decreases when the fluid

goes into lymph capillaries.

Which of the following statements about fixed macrophages is FALSE?
A) They are found in certain tissues and organs.
B) They develop from neutrophils.
C) They are cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system.
D) They are mature monocytes.
E) They gather at sites of infection.

B) They develop from neutrophils.

Phagocytes utilize all of the following to optimize interaction with microorganisms EXCEPT
A) trapping a bacterium against a rough surface.
B) opsonization.
C) chemotaxis.
D) lysozyme.
E) complement.

D) lysozyme.

All of the following are affects of histamine EXCEPT
A) vasodilation.
B) fever.
C) swelling.
D) redness.
E) pain.

B) fever.

All of the following are effects of histamine EXCEPT
A) destruction of an injurious agent.
B) removal of an injurious agent.
C) isolation of an injurious agent.
D) repair of damaged tissue.
E) production of antibodies.

E) production of antibodies

A chill is a sign that

body temperature is rising.

Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A) There are at least thirty complement proteins.
B) All of the complement proteins are constantly active in serum.
C) Factors B, D, and P cause cytolysis.
D) Complement activity is antigen-specific.
E) Complement increases after immunization

A) There are at least thirty complement proteins.

Which of the following is mismatched?
A) diapedesis — movement of leukocytes between capillary walls cells out of blood and into tissue
B) chemotaxis — chemical degradation inside a phagolysosome
C) abcess — a cavity created by tissue damage and filled with pus
D) pus — tissue debris and dead phagocytes in a white or yellow fluid
E) scab — dried blood clot over injured tissue

B) chemotaxis — chemical degradation inside a phagolysosome

All of the following are part of the mechanism of action of alpha and beta interferons EXCEPT
A) they bind to the surface of uninfected cells.
B) they are effective for long periods.
C) they initiate manufacture of antiviral proteins.
D) they disrupt stages of viral multiplication.
E) they initiate transcription

B) they are effective for long periods

The alternative pathway for complement activation is initiated by

lipid-carbohydrate complexes and C3.

The classical pathway for complement activation is initiated by

antigenantibody reactions.

Activation of C3a results in

acute inflammation

Neutrophils with defective lysosomes are unable to

produce toxic oxygen products.

Innate immunity includes all of the following EXCEPT
A) phagocytosis.
B) inflammation.
C) production of antibody.
D) production of interferon.
E) activation of complement.

C) production of antibody.

After ingesting a pathogen, lysosomal enzymes produce all of the following EXCEPT
A) complement.
B) O2-.
C) H2O2.
D) OH∙.
E) HOCl.

A) complement.

Activation of C5C9 results in

lysis of microbial cells.

All of the following are true regarding NK cells EXCEPT
A) they are a type of lymphocyte.
B) they are found in tissues of the lymphatic system.
C) they have the ability to kill infected body cells and some tumor cells.
D) they destroy infected body cells by phagocytosis.
E) they release toxic substances that cause cell lysis or apoptosis

D) they destroy infected body cells by phagocytosis.

Which of the following is involved in resistance to parasitic helminths?

eosinophils

Macrophages arise from which of the following?

monocytes

All of the following pertain to fever EXCEPT that it
A) accelerates microbial growth by increasing iron absorption from the digestive tract.
B) stimulates T lymphocyte activity.
C) is caused by interleukin-1 and TNF-alpha coming into contact with the hypothalamus.
D) intensifies the effect of antiviral interferons.
E) can be initiated by specific types of pathogens.

A) accelerates microbial growth by increasing iron absorption from the digestive tract

All of the following are iron-binding proteins found in humans EXCEPT
A) lactoferrin.
B) transferrin.
C) hemoglobin.
D) siderophorin.
E) ferritin.

D) siderophorin.

All of the following occur during inflammation. What is the first step?
A) diapedesis
B) margination
C) phagocyte migration
D) repair
E) vasodilation

E) vasodilation

The lectin pathway for complement action is initiated by

mannose on the surface of microbes.

All of the following are components of the inflammatory process EXCEPT
A) dilation of blood vessels.
B) release of histamines and prostaglandins.
C) chemotaxis.
D) diapedesis.
E) antibody synthesis.

D) diapedesis.

Several inherited deficiencies in the complement system occur in humans. Which of the following would be the MOST severe?

deficiency of C3

Which of the following statements about the classical pathway of complement activation is FALSE?
A) C1 is the first protein activated in the classical pathway.
B) The C1 protein complex is initiated by antigenantibody complexes.
C) C3 is not involved in the classical pathway.
D) Cleaved fragments of some of the proteins act to increase inflammation.
E) C3b causes opsonization.

C) C3 is not involved in the classical pathway.

Lysozyme and the antibiotic penicillin have similar mechanisms of action in that they both cause damage to the bacterial

cell wall.

Which non-specific defense mechanism is mismatched with its associated body structure or body fluid?

B) mucociliary escalator — intestines

True/False Questions

1) The dermis is composed of connective tissue and provides protection from the external environment.

False

2) Microorganisms that are members of the normal microbiota are also known to cause disease.

true

3) Maturation of stem cells into mature blood cells occurs in the red bone marrow

true

4) The inflammatory response can only be triggered by an infection.

false

5) Histamine and kinins cause increased blood flow and capillary permeability.

true

6) Aspirin alleviates pain, inflammation, and fever by inhibiting prostaglandins.

true

7) Complement proteins act as opsonins by binding to microorganisms and promoting phagocytosis.

false

8) Digestion of microorganisms occurs in phagosomes.

false

9) An example of a TLR would be peptidoglycan found in the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria.

true

10) Ingestion of certain lactic acid bacteria (LABs) has been shown to be beneficial for function and health of the intestinal tract.

true