Europe in the 18th and 19th century

Enlightenment ideas sparked Revolution. The French Revolution spread ideas of Liberty, equality, and Brotherhood. Wars caused people to develop feelings of shared National identities. shared National identities means that the people of a country realize they have more in common with other people in their country than they thought they did countries were unified through nationalism

nationalism

an ideology by which people give their loyalty not to a particular leader, but instead to a group of people who share common political, social, and cultural beliefs. basically, people having extreme pride in their country.

nation-states

nationalism encouraged people with a shared identity to form their own countries. Belief that groups that share a language, culture, and history should combine to form nation-states. belief that a nation state should be allowed to govern themselves.

bonds that create a nation state

common bonds of a nation-state are nationality, culture, history, language, religion, and territory. belief in a common ancestry, a common way of life / Traditions, shared past experiences, shared form of communication, shared religion by most of the people, and shared Territory between all the people created a strong nation state. you did not need all of these requirements.

the spread of nationalism

in the 1800 European Empires began to the stabilized. Diverse ethnic groups were demanding Independence, and nationalism began to threaten Empires survival. nationalism threatened Empires. Europe began to break up over time, and consisted of less Empires.

nationalism in Italy

by the 1830s Italians were growing unhappy with their foreign rulers. Giuseppe mazzini created a nationalist group called young Italy, and people over 40 weren't even allowed to join this group. He advocated for Democratic Rule and social justice. They tried to Stage multiple rebellions but failed.

Sardinia seizes Northern Italy

in 1852 King Victor Emmanuel II became king of Sardinia. His top advisor count Camillo di cavour led the expansion of Sardinia is influence. Cavours he started reducing the influence of the church and Rapid industrial growth. He negotiated an alliance with France to expel the Austrian from Northern Italy. he grew the economy and started free trade and grew the infrastructure of the area

unification of North and South Italy

Giuseppe Garibaldi was the Nationalist leader of the South. His forces captured most of southern Italy and gave it to the Sardinian king. spiders and Italy didn't have enough money for uniforms, so they all just wore red shirts.

the Kingdom of Italy

the Kingdom of Italy was created in 1861. A constitutional monarchy was created, and the rest of the peninsula was conquered by 1871. The capital was moved to Rome

Italy after unification

after Italy unified, there was lots of problems. there were economic problems, political instability, compromises with the church, and cultural differences. the North and South were too different. the church told people not to trust the new Italian government, and this is what caused political instability.

the German Confederation

Napoleon's invasion marked the end of the Holy Roman Empire, and the beginning of the German Confederation. the German Confederation was a group of many different German states.

Prussia leads unification

in 1848 revolutionaries called for unification of German states. They demanded a representative government, so Prussia adopted a liberal Constitution. In 1861 the liberal Parliament clashed with King Wilhelm I. The king was supported by the conservative junker class(pronounced younker, they were wealthy landowners) He appointed Otto von Bismarck as prime minister.

Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)

believed in realpolitik. He declared that he would rule without Parliament or a budget, and he provoked other countries into going into war in order to increase Prussian territory. he was the Prussian prime minister.

the Franco Prussian war

lack of a shared identity through all German provinces stood in the way of unification. To increase nationalist sentiment, Bismarck provoked a war with France. all German provinces quickly rallied against France, easily defeating it. Bismarck thought that starting a war with France, and proving Germany is better, would unify all of the German provinces.

German unification

in 1871 King Wilhelm of Prussia was proclaimed Kaiser of Germany. Bismarck convinced all of the German states to agree to unification. Bismarck called the German Empire the 2nd Reich. Bismarck was then proclaimed Chancellor.

effects of nationalism and unification in Europe

nationalism and unification would cause the growth of armed forces, the disruption in the balance of power, adoption of national flags and symbols, and increased patriotism.