An electrolyte is a ____________________.
a. substance that dissociates into ions when placed in water
b. charged atom
c. substance that prevents large fluctuations
d. chemical that dissociates in water to release a hydrogen ion

a. substance that dissociates into ions when placed in water

Bicarbonate is an example of ____________________.
a. fluid
b. electrolyte
c. acid
d. base

d. base

Which of the following substances is the most acidic?
a. gastric juice with a pH of 2
b. pancreatic juice with a pH of 8
c. urine with a pH of 5
d. plasma with a pH of 7.4

a. gastric juice with a pH of 2

What is the main component of all body fluids?
a. water
b. blood
c. collagen
d. oil

a. water

which of the following dissociates into ions when placed in water?
a. starch
b. glucose
c. non electrolyte
d. electrolyte

d. electrolyte

Select the statement that best describes an acid.
a. An acid is a chemical that dissociates in water to release a hydrogen ion
b. An acid is a chemical that dissociates to release equal amounts of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions
c. An acid is a chemical that accepts a hydrogen ion in a solution
d. An acid is a substance that generally has covalent bonds that do not dissociate into charged particles in water

a. an acid is a chemical that dissociates in water to release a hydrogen ion

Determine the pH value that represents a basic, or alkaline, solution.
a. pH of 4
b. pH of 7
c. pH of 1
d. pH of 10

d. pH of 10

Which of the following statements about ECF's is correct?
a. It is made up of fluids such as plasma and interstitial fluid
b. It accounts for about 60% of total body water
c. It is found inside cells
d. It has the same composition as the ICF

a. It is made up of fluids such as plasma and interstitial fluid

Increased water intake causes the hydrostatic pressure in plasma to increase and the osmotic pressure to decrease; as a result, water will ____________________.
a. move from the ECF to the ICF
b. move from the interstitial fluid to the plasma
c. move from the ICF to the ECF
d. not move in any of the listed directions

a. move from the ECF to the ICF

Which of the following is a response mechanism for over hydration?
a. increased thirst
b. increased levels of ANP
c. increased levels of aldosterone
d. increased levels of ADH

b. increased levels of ANP

Over hydration will cause _____________________.
a. cells to gain water
b. cells to lose water
c. increase in ADH
d. the kidneys to conserve water

a. cells to gain water

Which of the following accounts for the majority of our total body water?
a. cytosol
b. interstitial fluid
c. plasma
d. extracellular fluid

a. cytosol

Which of the following factors increases and individual's total body water?
a. female
b. male
c. increasing body fat
d. increase age

b. male

What determines the hydrostatic pressure of a solution?
a. Hydrostatic pressure is created by the number of solute particles present in solution
b. Hydrostatic pressure is the force that proteins exert
c. Hydrostatic pressure is created by the number of proteins present in solution
d. Hydrostatic pressure is the force that fluids exert

d. Hydrostatic pressures is the force that fluids exert

Predict the effect of hypertonic fluid on a cell.
a. Hypertonic fluids cause water to simultaneously be pulled into, and then pushed out of a cell
b. Hypertonic fluids cause water to be pulled into the cytosol and the cell swells
c. Hypertonic fluids cause no water movement into or out of the cell
d. Hypertonic fluids cause water to move out of the cytosol and the cell shrinks

d. Hypertonic fluids cause water to move out of the cytosol and the cell shrinks

In what direction will water move when hypotonic fluids are present in the plasma?
a. Water is pulled of the cytosol and into the interstitial fluid and then plasma
b. There is no movement of water when hypotonic fluids are present in the plasma
c. Water is pulled from the interstitial fluid and plasma into the cell
d. Water is pulled out of the cytosol into the interstitial fluid and then plasma

c. Water is pulled from the interstitial fluid and plasma into the cell

What system is responsible for the most common route of water loss from the body?
a. integumentary system
b. respiratory system
c. urinary system
d. digestive system

c. urinary system

How much urine is lost through obligatory water loss each day?
a. 500 ml
b. 2500 ml
c. 1500 ml
d. 5000 ml

a. 500 ml

Water loss from the body that we do not notice is known as:
a. nonsense water loss
b. sensible water loss
c. obligatory water loss
d. insensible water loss

d. insensible water loss

What part of the brain controls the thirst mechanism?
a. hypothalamus
b. pons
c. medulla oblongata
d. cerebellum

a. hypothalamus

Which hormone does NOT regulate fluid balance in the body?
a. angiotensin-II
b. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
c. atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
d. vitamin D3 (calcitriol)

d. vitamin D3 (calcitriol)

What effect does an increase in antidiuretic hormone (ADH) have on the volume of extracellular fluid (ECF)?
a. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) has no effect on ECF.
b. ECF decreases when antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is present
c. ECF increases initially, then decreases when antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is present.
d. ECF increases when antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is present

d. ECF increases when antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is present

Decreased volume and increased concentration of the extracellular fluid (ECF) is defined as:
a. edema
b. dehydration
c. hypotonic solution
d. over hydration

b. dehydration

Which of the following is an excess accumulation of interstitial fluid?
a. hypovolemia
b. edema
c. hypocalcemia
d. dehydration

b. edema

The human body has more fluid in the extracellular compartment than in the intracellular compartment.
a. True
b. False

b. False

Plasma has much higher protein content than interstitial fluid.
a. True
b. False

a. True

The osmotic pressure gradient, or the force of solutes in a solution, tends to push water away from the solution with the higher osmotic pressure, or the more concentrated solution, by osmosis.
a. True
b. False

b. False

When the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) level rises, less water is reabsorbed via the kidneys, the ECH volume decrease, and urine production increases.
a. True
b. False

b. False

Calcium ion reabsorption in the kidneys is stimulated by the hormone ____________________.
a. calcitonin
b. ANP
c. ADH
d. PTH

d. PTH

What is the most common cause for hypernatremia?
a. water toxicity
b. dehydration
c. hypotonic hydration
d. edema

b. dehydration

What is a major function of potassium ions in the body?
a. maintaining osmotic pressure in the extracellular fluid
b. maintaining resting potential of neurons and muscle cells
c. forming hydroxyapatite salts in osseous tissue
d. activating enzymes

b. maintaining resting potential of neurons and muscle cells

Where are the majority of calcium ions stored in the body?
a. osseous tissue
b. intracellular fluid
c. extracellular fluid
d. loose connective tissue

a. osseous tissue

What triggers the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
a. increasing potassium ion concentration of the blood
b. decreasing sodium ion concentration of the blood
c. increasing calcium ion concentration of the blood
d. decreasing calcium ion concentration of the blood

d. decreasing calcium ion concentration of the blood

The hormone PTH causes ____________________.
a. a decrease in the activity of osteoclasts
b. a decrease in the absorption of calcium ions
c. a decrease in the reabsorption of calcium ions
d. a decrease in the reabsorption of phosphate ions

d. a decrease in the reabsorption of phosphate ions

Why are chlorine ions important?
a. Chlorine ions are critical for hematopoiesis
b. Chlorine ions are a major component of bone tissues
c. Chlorine ions are a major component of collagen fibers
d. Chlorine ions are involved in the production of stomach acids

d. chlorine ions are involved in the production of stomach acids

Which ions are critical for the activation of some enzymes?
a. chlorine ions
b. magnesium ions
c. fluorine ions
d. potassium ions

b. magnesium ions

The primary role of the phosphate buffer system is to ____________________.
a. buffer intracellular fluid
b. buffer extracellular fluid
c. buffer hydrogen ions inside erythrocytes
d. buffer stomach acid

a. buffer intracellular fluid

Hyperventilation causes ____________________, and hypoventilation causes ____________________.
a. respiratory alkalosis; respiratory acidosis
b. metabolic acidosis; metabolic alkalosis
c. renal alkalosis; renal acidosis
d. respiratory acidosis; respiratory alkalosis

a. respiratory alkalosis; respiratory acidosis

Substances that function to resist large swings in pH are called ____________________.
a. acids
b. electrolytes
c. bases
d. buffers

d. buffers

The normal range of blood pH is ____________________.
a. 0 to 14
b. 4.45 to 7.25
c. 4.5 to 8
d. 7.35 to 7.45

d. 7.35 to 7.45

If the PCO2 in the plasma increases, what effect will this have on plasma pH?
a. The pH will increase
b. The pH will remain the same
c. The pH will decrease
d. PCO2 has no effect on pH

c. The pH will decrease

The pH of blood primarily depends upon a normal concentration of:
a. hydrogen ions
b. magnesium ions
c. calcium ions
d. sodium ions

a. hydrogen ions

Through what two systems are carbon dioxide eliminated from the body?
a. digestive and urinary system
b. respiratory and urinary system
c. integumentary and skeletal system
d. cardiovascular and lymphatic system

b. respiratory and urinary systems

What statement does NOT describe the methods by which chemical buffer systems operate to maintain pH?
a. Buffer systems consist of a weak acid and its conjugate weak base which function to resist large swings in pH
b. When a strong base is added to a solution, the buffer system's weak acid releases its hydrogen ions to bind the base ions
c. All excess hydrogen ions are removed from the body in the urine
d. When a strong acid is added to a solution, the weak base of the buffer system bind the released hydrogen ions and removes them from solution

c. All excess hydrogen ions are removed from the body in the urine

Select the blood pH that represent acidosis.
a. 7.24
b. 7.58
c. 7.42
d. 7.37

a. 7.24

Determine the product formed when hydrogen ions form a strong acid are accepted by the bicarbonate ion.

Carbonic acid

What is the most abundant extracellular cation?

Sodium ion

For which imbalance is the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) appropriate?
a. acid-base imbalance
b. fluid and electrolyte imbalance
c. pH imbalance
d. metabolic alkalosis

b. fluid and electrolyte imbalance

What leads to respiratory acidosis?

Hypoventilation

Fluid balance in the human body is roughly equivalent to

water balance

Which hormone influences the concentration of hydrogen ions in the filtrate formed by the kidneys?
a. vitamin D3 (calcitonin)
b. parathyroid hormone (PTH)
c. alderstone
d. atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

c. alderstone

What ion concentration is linked to calcium ion concentration and regulated by vitamin D3(calcitriol)?

Phosphate ions

Mrs. Frykholm is experiencing diabetic ketoacidosis, which causes metabolic acidosis. She has experienced damage to her kidneys from diabetes mellitus. Predict how her body compensates to return her blood pH to normal.

Hyperventilation

Hyperventilation is the compensation for an acid-base imbalance known as

metabolic acidosis

Angiotensin-II restores fluid-homeostasis when dehydration occurs due to inadequate fluid intake. Which of the following is not an effect of angiotensin-II?
a. increase sodium ion reabsorption
b. stimulation of aldosterone secretion
c. stimulation of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion
d. vasodilation

d. vasodilation

Which hormone has no role in potassium ion regulation?
a. aldosterone
b. insulin
c. epinephrine
d. parathyroid hormone (PTH)

D. parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A patient with heart failure is administered an intravenous line containing a solution of hypertonic sodium chloride. Select the patient for whom this solution an appropriate choice.
A. The patient is experiencing hypovolemia.
B. The patient is experiencing overhydration, or hypotonic hydration.
C. The patient produces too little parathyroid hormone (PTH).
D. The patient is dehydrated.

B. The patient is experiencing overhydration, or hypotonic hydration.

Which of the following is an ion found primarily in the ECF?
a. HCO3-
b. HPO42-
c. Mg2+
d. K+

a. HCO3-

Overhydration will cause

cells to gain water

Body fluids ranked in order from the fluid that accounts for most in the human body to the fluid that accounts for the least

Cytosol (Intracellular fluid)
Interstitial fluid
Plasma

Which of the following fluids has the greatest concentration of potassium ions?
a. plasma
b. interstitial fluid
c. cytosol
d. extracellular fluid (ECF)

c. cytosol

How much water does the average person lose per day?

2.5 liters

What is the most potent stimulus of the thirst mechanism?

osmolarity of the plasma

The most common cause of this electrolyte imbalance is dehydration.

hypernatremia

This electrolyte imbalance is normally caused by hyperparathyroidism.

hypercalcemia

This electrolyte imbalance is caused by an abnormal decrease in the plasma sodium ion concentration.

hyponatremia

This electrolyte imbalance can be caused by renal failure, aldosterone insufficiency, cellular destruction from severe burns or trauma, and accidental administration or ingestion of excess potassium salts.

hyperkalemia

This electrolyte imbalance is normally caused by diuretics.

hypokalemia

Identify the hormones responsible for increasing sodium ion retention.

angiotensin-II and aldosterone

An elevated sodium ion concentration is known is:

hypernatremia

What is the most abundant intracellular cation?

potassium ion

What maintains the potassium ion concentration in the cytosol of cells?

Na+/K+ pump

Which condition is usually due to hyperparathyroidism?

hypercalcemia

Determine the effect of hypocalcemia on the heart.

As a result of hypocalcemia, the plateau phase of the cardiac muscle cell action potential is lengthened.

Identify the role of the urinary system in acid-base balance.
1. The kidneys can secrete bicarbonate ions when the pH of the blood rises.
2. The kidneys contribute to acid-base balance by excreting fixed acids that the lungs cannot excrete.
3. The kidneys can manufacture new bicarbonate ions when the pH of the blood falls.
4. The kidneys contribute to acid-base balance by controlling the concentration of bicarbonate ions in the blood.

1, 2, 3, 4 -
1. The kidneys can secrete bicarbonate ions when the pH of the blood rises.
2. The kidneys contribute to acid-base balance by excreting fixed acids that the lungs cannot excrete.
3. The kidneys can manufacture new bicarbonate ions when the pH of the blood falls.
4. The kidneys contribute to acid-base balance by controlling the concentration of bicarbonate ions in the blood.

Determine the compensation for respiratory acidosis.

increasing reabsorption of bicarbonate ions from the filtrate

Hyperventilation is the cause of an acid-base imbalance known as:

respiratory alkalosis.

What leads to metabolic alkalosis?

prolonged vomiting and the loss of acidic stomach contents