Deviance and control always constitute a paired relationship that consists of the __________ and __________.

individual; group

According to Freud in Civilization and Its Discontents, which of the following best exemplifies what he meant by basic needs and the "futility of rebellion"?

Carl, who is seven, is told "get to bed now" when he lies awake at night texting his friend.

Our earliest encounter with what is perceived to be normality is, essentially, that of __________.

our parents and the like

Which of the following is the most likely to be both a symbolic boundary and physical boundary?

the doors of a synagogue

Which group is the most likely to perceive others as outsiders?

so-called "Minutemen" patrolling the Texas-Mexico border

Simply put, to be a "deviant" entails __________.

violating a rule that brings with it the disapproval of others

What key factor played into Cesare Beccaria's formula for making people obey the law?

fairness

Which of the following is an example of statistical deviance?

A man decides to sing loudly while he is shopping for groceries.

From the point of view of sociology, an Orthodox Jewish school for girls requiring long skirts is __________ compared to the dress code of girls in most public schools.

statistically deviant

When a couple gets married and vows to remain faithful, they are expressing a(n) __________.

willingness to behave according to what people expect

When is a "deviant" behavior deviant according to most sociologists?

When it violates societal rules.

What did Durkheim mean by "the unstated terms of the social contract"?

what sociologists eventually called "norms"

A norm can best be defined as a(n) __________.

basic rule of society

Why might a yogi in southern India or a Buddhist monk in Nepal violate a Westerner's so-called "norm of engagement"?

What looks like they are doing nothing is doing something according to their callings and culture.

Which would most likely be a root for the discomfort described by Goffman (1963) in explaining the "norm of engagement"?

Weber's Protestant work ethic

The debtor's prisons of the nineteenth century are good examples of __________.

both interested and disinterested rule-making

Which group or cause became the primary driver of the Temperance Movement according to the author of this chapter?

foreign immigrants who were believed to drink in excess

The 1919 constitutional amendment that outlawed the sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages in the United States failed because __________.

of civil disobedience

The widespread use of morphine that followed the Civil War was for what reason?

to treat an array of medical problems

The heaviest users of morphine in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries were __________.

middle-class white women

The great irony in American history is how the "demon rum" of the nineteenth century became a mark of good taste for the social drinker. What reason would best explain the cause?

The patterns of consumption changed both in the amounts and who drank alcoholic beverages.

The transition of opiate use from an acceptable, if often abused, pain reliever to that of a pleasure-seeking drug also saw a change in __________.

the demographics of the user to that of working-class males, increasingly "of color"

The war on drugs to reduce abuse, protect children, make neighborhoods safer, and the like fell disproportionately on __________, rather than treating the broader spectrum of social ills and classes for which it was intended.

African Americans

Moral regulation, the effort to legislate morality, is being curbed by what phenomenon?

There is a general support for lifestyle freedom rather than organized resistance.

One police officer decides to pull over drivers going 10 miles over the speed limit. To make his quota, another police officer decides to pull over drivers going 7 mph over the limit. Who is being fairer?

Fairness is not the issue when both officers interpret the law arbitrarily.

Which of the following would best illustrate how sociologists see process as defining deviance?

Cigarette smoking can be interpreted as deviant behavior because it can be labeled as self-destructive rather than "sophisticated."

How does labeling one as deviant reinforce the so-called "deviance"?

Once labeled a deviant, an individual's actions are more closely scrutinized by others, improving the odds that the person will be caught in further acts of deviance.

Edwin Sutherland (1949) coined the term __________ to describe a form of crime that was once not considered a crime that put Americans at risk.

white-collar crime

What criminal activity ultimately brought Enron executives to justice?

false profit reporting

What is the deviant behavior of those people complicit in the 2008 U.S. financial crisis?

making deceptive subprime loans to people who could not pay off their mortgages

Why is white-collar crime punished disproportionally compared to blue-collar crime?

White-collar crime is perceived as victimless, that is, not harming its victims in the personal way a blue-collar crime harms its victims.

When Congress and U.S. presidents altered the __________ that precipitated the S&L crisis and the subprime loan scandal, it was a prime example of how flexible __________ is for those who hold the power.

banking laws; deviancy

An act of terrorism can be performed by __________.

any entity, whether a state, group, or individual

Why were guerrilla warfare and acts of terrorism rare in history?

States typically observed rules of engagement on a battlefield.

State terrorism is a form of __________.

terrorism that violates the same laws and conventions as stateless and state-sponsored terrorists

Why were the reprehensible acts (humiliation, cultural disrespect, torture, etc.) at the Abu Ghraib prison not a clear case of institutional deviance?

The U.S. military blamed the sadistic tendencies of individual soldiers, not the chain of command.

What is the critical difference between what President Obama did in regard to torture conducted by the military and his predecessor?

President Obama banned torture in 2009.

A CIA black site is a __________.

foreign prison operated by the CIA in which prisoners accused of terrorist activities can be interrogated outside the reach of any legal authority

The deviance implicit in a drone strike is that __________.

it kills noncombatants such as innocent civilians

Social control requires both __________ and __________.

rewards; punishments

As societies become more complex, __________ even as these societies become more progressive.

formal means of control have expanded

What is the critical difference between jail and prison?

Jail is intended for short periods of incarceration, prisons for longer.

Probation can best be described as __________.

punishment that permits an offender to live in the community rather than serve a prison sentence

Which of the following statements about the United States is indicative of reality?

Crime rates in the United States are, on average, very similar to those of other first world nations.

The perception that African Americans are lawbreakers began __________.

in the early twentieth century

As one scholar opines, racial makeup of the rising prison population reflects a "new Jim Crow." What is meant by this?

The large numbers of African Americans in the prison population suggest the "Colored Only" accommodations (e.g., cinemas, restaurants, schools) that were once common in the American South up until the mid-twentieth century.

The author of this chapter proposes that the presidential election of __________ would have had a much different outcome had millions not lost the right to vote in that election decades earlier.

2000

Taylor and Ally are attending a home game to cheer on their favorite baseball team. Taylor, like the vast majority of fans in attendance, is wearing the home team's jersey. Ally is wearing a random T-shirt that isn't even the team's color. Ally's behavior is __________.

statistically deviant

Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates the relationship that exists between deviance and power?

A well-respected city alderman, whose campaign was hugely supported by the local police force, was caught driving under the influence. When the police officer realized whom he had stopped, he decided to let the alderman off with a warning rather than arrest him.

According to current ideology among social scientists, which of the following reasons best explains why the United States is experiencing mass incarceration and has a significantly higher incarceration rate than any other country?

an increase in moral crusades against drugs and drug users and tougher political stances against crime and criminals