Total Peripheral Resistance Is Calculated For ______.
Sympathetic stimulation of the heart increases release of the neurotransmitter _____.
norepinephrine
acetylcholine
epinephrine
norepinephrine
Cardiac output is the amount of blood ______.
-in the circulatory system in total.
-pumped by each ventricle per minute.
-pumped per beat of the heart.
-pumped by both the atria and the ventricles per minute
pumped by each ventricle per minute.
The stroke volume is the amount of blood
-in the ventricle before each beat.
-pumped by each atria per beat.
-in the ventricle after each beat.
-pumped by each ventricle per beat.
pumped by each ventricle per beat.
The cardiac control center is located within the _______ _______ of the brain stem.
medulla oblongata
One factor affecting stroke volume is EDV, or _______ _______ volume, which represents maximum filling of the ventricle.
end diastolic
Under sympathetic activation, the heart rate is increased by the release of the neurotransmitter _____.
norepinephrine
The amount of blood ejected by the LEFT ventricle every minute is called the _____ ______.
cardiac output
Preload is the ______.
-amount of blood in the ventricle at -any time before contraction.
amount of blood ejected by the heart.
-end-diastolic volume.
-amount of blood remaining after each beat.
end-diastolic volume.
The amount of blood pumped from the ventricle with each cardiac cycle is the _____.
cardiac output
stroke volume
end systolic volume
stroke volume
The resistance against which the ventricles pump, such as the pressure in the aorta, is termed ______.
afterload
TPR, or the frictional impedance to blood flow, is an abbreviation for ____ _____ _____.
Total peripheral resistance
The ratio of blood ejected from the ventricles to end-diastolic volume is termed the _____ ______.
ejection fraction
The relationship of the heart muscle to stretch from end-diastolic volume is known as the _______ law.
Frank-Starling
End-diastolic volume as it equates to stretch of the ventricles prior to contraction, is termed _____.
Preload
The amount of blood that the ventricle ejects during each beat is the _____ ______.
stroke volume
Impedance to ejection of blood from the ventricle is termed _____.
afterload
preload
end-systolic volume
afterload
The volume of blood pumped per heart beat compared to the maximum filling of the ventricle is called the _____.
end-systolic volume
stroke volume
ejection fraction
ejection fraction
The Frank-starling law correlates the ______ and end-diastolic volume.
stroke volume
Filling of the ventricles affects the myocardium by
-altering the overlap of actin and myosin.
-changing the resistance to ejection of blood.
-altering the release of ACh from the motor neuron.
altering the overlap of actin and myosin.
According to the Frank-Starling relationship, for any given EDV, increased sympathetic stimulation will result in ______.
greater stroke volume
lower cardiac output
smaller stroke volume
greater end-systolic volume (ESV)
greater stroke volume
__________ is the strength of ventricular pumping, and is modified by sympathetic stimulation.
Contraction
Norepinephrine ____ contraction strength.
increases
decreases
increases
The ratio of blood ejected from the ventricles to end-diastolic volume is termed the _____ _____.
ejection fraction
The draining of blood into the atria throughout the cardiac cycle is termed _____ ______.
venous return
Stretching of the myocardium, and the subsequent change in overlap of actin and myosin, affects the
stroke volume.
filling time.
heart rate.
stroke volume.
True or false: Venous return to the right atria is affected by venous pressure and blood volume.
true
Select all that apply
Which chemical messenger(s) increase heart rate?
Norepinephrine
Acetycholine
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
The volume of blood pumped per heart beat compared to the maximum filling of the ventricle is called the _____.
stroke volume
end-systolic volume
ejection fraction
ejection fraction
Venous return most directly influences
passive filling time.
atrial contraction.
end-diastolic volume.
end-diastolic volume.
Total blood volume is likely to increase the filling of the atria, by increasing the _____ _____.
venous pressure
Contractility is affected by the ______.
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
sympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
The contraction strength of the heart muscle is increased by the secretion of _______ from the adrenal medulla.
epinephrine
If blood vessels have higher compliance, a given pressure will cause _____ distension.
greater
less
greater
The draining of blood into the atria throughout the cardiac cycle is termed ____ ____.
venous return
The volume of ______ is approximately 20% of the extracellular fluid.
plasma
Filling of the heart relies critically on the ______.
total blood volume
venous pressure
end-systolic volume
total blood volume
venous pressure
Capillary hydrostatic pressure, exerted against the inner capillary wall, is closest to _____ mm Hg at the arterial end.
37
120
10
17
37
All of the following are filtered with water through the capillary pores except for
glucose
small organic molecules
ions
plasma proteins
plasma proteins
Compliance is typically ______.
the same in both arteries and veins..
higher in veins.
higher in arteries.
higher in veins.
Colloid osmotic pressure is ______.
-higher for plasma proteins.
-identical between plasma and interstitial fluid proteins.
-higher for interstitial fluid proteins.
higher for plasma proteins.
Of fluid in the extracellular fluid compartment, plasma comprises approximately _____.
50%
80%
20%
20%
The difference between colloid osmotic pressure of the plasma and the interstitial fluid is termed a(n) _____ pressure.
oncotic
Select all that apply
The net filtration pressure in capillaries is equal to the hydrostatic pressure of the blood
-plus the hydrostatic pressure of the tissue fluid outside.
-minus the hydrostatic pressure of the tissue fluid outside.
-and decreases along the length of the capillaries.
-and is constant along the length of the capillaries.
-minus the hydrostatic pressure of the tissue fluid outside.
-and decreases along the length of the capillaries.
The concentrations of glucose and ions in plasma are most similar to those in the ______ fluid compartment.
interstitial
The opposing forces that govern net filtration and absorption across the capillary are collectively termed the _____ forces
Starling
The colloid osmotic pressure of the plasma is _____
-equal to the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid.
-less than the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid.
-greater than the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid.
greater than the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid
Besides interstitial fluid, the other major component of extracellular fluid is _____.
plasma
The colloid osmotic pressure of blood plasma is primarily attributable to the high concentration of _____.
proteins.
glucose.
ions.
proteins
Capillary hydrostatic pressure, exerted against the inner capillary wall, is closest to _____ mm Hg at the arterial end.
10
37
120
17
37
Starling forces describe the movement of fluid across capillaries, and provide the values necessary for calculation of the _____ _____ pressure.
net filtration
Colloid osmotic pressure is ______.
higher for interstitial fluid proteins.
identical between plasma and interstitial fluid proteins.
higher for plasma proteins.
higher for plasma proteins
10-15% of the capillary filtrate is returned to blood not directly but rather via the ______ system.
lymphatic
Total blood volume is 5-6 L, and the kidneys filter that volume slightly more than ____.
once per minute
once per day
once per hour
once per hour
Stretch receptors in the ____ detect volume changes in the blood, affecting vasodilation and blood flow to the kidneys.
veins
ventricles
atria
atria
What percentage of capillary filtrate is returned to the blood by way of the lymphatic system?
90
10
25
50
10
Antidiuretic hormone is also known as
aldosterone.
vasopressin.
oxytocin.
vasopressin.
The volume of the kidney filtrate is typically described as _____ L/day.
180
If blood volume increases, stretch receptors cause ____ sympathetic activity in the heart, and ____ of the renal arteries.
increased, vasoconstriction
decreased, vasoconstriction
decreased, vasodilation
increased, vasodilation
increased, vasodilation
ADH is released from the _____.
anterior pituitary
posterior pituitary
hypothalamus
posterior pituitary
The thirst stimulus leads to an increase in the amount of _____ released from the posterior pituitary.
oxytocin
ADH
ACTH
aldosterone
ADH
Arginine vasopressin is identical to ______.
aldosterone
angiotensinogen
atrial naturetic peptide
antidiuretic hormone
antidiuretic hormone
Antidiuretic hormone causes _____ reabsorption of water in the kidney.
greater
less
greater
Reabsorption of NaCl by the kidneys is stimulated by the hormone ______.
anti-diuretic hormone
aldosterone
atrial naturetic peptide
angiotensinogen
aldosterone
Vasopressin is released from axons terminating in the ___ ____.
poseterior pituitary
Aldosterone secretion is stimulated by:
-salt over-ingestion and an increased blood volume
-salt deprivation and a decreased blood volume
-salt over-ingestion and a decreased blood volume
-salt deprivation and an increased blood volume
salt deprivation and a decreased blood volume
Vasopressin is another name for:
ADH hormone
Drinking a large volume of tap water will cause:
-an increase in plasma osmolality, and decreased ADH release
-a decrease in plasma osmolality, and increased ADH release
-an increased in plasma osmolality, and increased ADH release
-a decrease in plasma osmolality, and decreased ADH release
a decrease in plasma osmolality, and decreased ADH release
The adrenal cortex secretes the hormone _____ in response to low dietary salt intake.
aldosterone
renin
angiotensin
aldosterone
The _____ ______ in the kidneys secretes the enzyme renin, which cleaves angiotensinogen.
granular cells
Salt deprivation and a subsequent loss of blood pressure from dehydration indirectly stimulates the release of _____ from the adrenal cortex.
aldosterone
The enzyme ACE is ______.
angiotensin-converting enzyme
aldoserone-converting enzyme
acetylcholinesterase
angiotensin-converting enzyme
Aldosterone is secreted by the ___ ____ and stimulates reabsorption of salt by the kidneys.
adrenal cortex
Angiotensinogen is cleaved by ______.
renin
angiotensin-converting enzyme
aldosterone
renin
Atrial natriuretic peptide is antagonistic to aldosterone in that it promotes the loss of the ion _______, along with water in the urine.
sodium
Arginine vasopressin is identical to ______.
angiotensinogen
aldosterone
antidiuretic hormone
atrial naturetic peptide
ADH
Angiotensin II is converted by ____ ____ enzyme.
angiotensin converting
The hormone ______ ______ ______ is secreted from the heart, following stretch stimuli from an increased blood volume.
Atrial Natriuretic hormone
In small arteries and arterioles blood flow to organs is controlled by altering resistance such that
-vasoconstriction decreases resistance and increases flow.
-vasodilation increases resistance and decreases flow.
-vasodilation decreases resistance and increases flow.
-vasoconstriction decrease resistance and decreases flow.
vasodilation decreases resistance and increases flow.
What does the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide promote?
Water retention in the kidney
Na+ retention in the kidney
Water and Na+ excretion in the urine
Water and Na+ excretion in the urine
Blood flow is proportional to the difference in _______ at either end of the tube (vessel).
pressure
The hormone ANP is secreted from the _____ as increasing blood volume stretches this chamber.
Multiple choice question.
atria
aorta
ventricles
atria
Greatest flow occurs in a tube which has the following arterial (first) and venous (second) pressures:
80 mm Hg, 65 mm Hg
80 mm Hg, 40 mm Hg
100 mm Hg, 80 mm Hg
100 mm Hg, 65 mm Hg
80 mm Hg, 40 mm Hg
The mean arterial pressure of the systemic circuit is typically about ____.
60 mm Hg
25 mm Hg
100 mm Hg
150 mm Hg
100 mm Hg
Blood flow through a tube is proportional to pressure divided by ____.
resistance
In describing the proportionality of resistance to blood flow in vessels, the Greek eta (η) stands for:
viscocity
Decreasing the radius of a tube by 2 will change the flow by a factor of _____.
16
The average pressure of the circulatory system, as measured beginning at the aorta and ending at the right atrium, is called the ______ ______ pressure.
mean aterial
Diversion of blood away from an organ by vasoconstriction is termed _____.
ischemia
perfusion
shunting
shunting
Blood flow through a tube is inversely proportional to the _____.
length
resistance
pressure
resistance
The following contribute to resistance in blood vessels:
length of vessel
pressure in vessel
radius of vessel
viscosity of blood
length of vessel
radius of vessel
viscosity of blood
Local changes in the ______ of arteries and arterioles are most responsible for distributing blood to the various tissues and organs of the body.
radius
The sum of all the vascular resistances within the systemic circulation is called the _____ ______ resistance.
total peripheral
_____ regulation refers to control of blood flow by autonomic nervous and endocrine mechanisms, rather than by purely local regulatory responses.
Extrinsic
Sympathetic tone involves a basal level of _____, which is increased during heightened reactions.
epinephrine release
vasodilation
vasoconstriction
vasoconstriction
Total peripheral resistance is calculated for ______.
-both systemic and pulmonary circulation
-pulmonary circulation
-systemic circulation
systemic circulation
In some mammals, during "fight or flight" cholinergic sympathetic fibers release ACh to arterioles in skeletal muscle, causing _______ of the blood vessels.
vasodilation
Bradykinin and nitric oxide act as ______ regulators of vascular smooth muscle, where tissue messengers influence local relaxation.
paracrine
Select all that apply
Extrinsic control of blood flow includes mechanisms of the _____.
Multiple select question.
autonomic nervous system
myogenic reflex
endocrine system
autonomic nervous system
endocrine system
A low level of vasoconstriction is maintained by ______, which then increases to reduce blood flow to the digestive tract.
parasympathetic tone
cholinergic sympathetic tone
adrenergic sympathetic tone
adrenergic sympathetic tone
A decrease in arterial pressure causes cerebral vessels to _____.
constrict
dilate
decrease perfusion
dilate
In some mammals, arterioles in skeletal muscles demonstrate vasodilation by _____ fibers during "fight or flight."
cholinergic sympathetic
adrenergic sympathetic
cholinergic parasympathetic
cholinergic sympathetic
Prostaglandin produces _______ of blood vessels in a paracrine reflex.
Dilation
True or false: Lactic acid can cause local vasodilation.
True
Even when calm, the sympathoadrenal system typically activates alpha-adrenergic receptors to maintain a basal level of vasoconstriction, known as sympathetic ____>
tone
Myogenic autoregulation of cerebral blood vessels protects against local hypertension by
causing constriction when there is high blood pressure.
causing constriction when there is low blood pressure.
causing dilation when there is high blood pressure.
causing constriction when there is high blood pressure.
Select all that apply
Local vasodilation for organs may be induced by metabolic changes such as:
increased tissue pH.
decreased oxygen concentrations.
release of adenosine.
increased carbon dioxide.
-decreased oxygen concentrations.
-release of adenosine.
-increased carbon dioxide.
Blood flow to the myocardium is greatest during _____.
systole
diastole
diastole
Adenosine and prostaglandins act on vascular smooth muscle to cause _____ when the myocardium has increased levels of carbon dioxide.
vasoconstriction
vasodilation
vasodilation
Decreased blood pH near working muscles during exercise causes local _____.
Multiple choice question.vasodilation
vasoconstriction
vasodilation
Because of the restriction of blood flow to the coronary arteries during systole, the heart has large amounts of _______ for additional oxygen storage.
myoglobin
Myogenic autoregulation of cerebral blood vessels protects against local hypertension by
-causing constriction when there is high blood pressure.
-causing dilation when there is high blood pressure.
-causing constriction when there is low blood pressure.
causing constriction when there is high blood pressure.
The baroreceptor reflex provides sensory feedback during exercise, typically _____ activity to the heart..
increasing the sympathetic
increasing the parasympathetic
decreasing the sympathetic
increasing the sympathetic
In some mammals, during "fight or flight" cholinergic sympathetic fibers release ACh to arterioles in skeletal muscle, causing _____ of the blood vessels.
vasodilation
At rest, cerebral blood flow is about _____ of total cardiac output.
2%
15%
25%
15%
As the metabolism of the myocardium increases, the gaseous paracrine regulator _____ ______ causes vasodilation.
nitric oxide
One stimulus for the vasodilation to exercising skeletal muscles is the _____.
increased intracellular sodium
increased intracellular calcium
decreased extracellular potassium
increased extracellular potassium
increased extracellular potassium
As changes in blood pressure occur, myogenic autoregulation acts to _____.
-maintain a constant flow rate to the cerebral arteries
-increase blood flow to the cerebral arteries during exercise
-pass subsequent pressure changes similarly to the cerebral arteries
maintain a constant flow rate to the cerebral arteries
During exercise, cardiovascular changes are affected by sensory feedback from the
working myocardium
contracting muscles
renal macula densa
contracting muscles
An arrangement of unique structures, called arteriovenous ________, constrict or dilate to shunt blood from arterioles to venules in thermoregulation.
anastomoses
Select all that apply
Cerebral blood flow must be regulated so that ______.
-blood flow can increase 2-3x to the brain during exercise
-blood flow is not reduced below the oxygen demands of the brain
-intracranial pressure is not elevated
-blood flow is not reduced below the oxygen demands of the brain
-intracranial pressure is not elevated
The units of blood pressure are most typically ______.
mmHg
inches of H2O
dL of blood
mmHg
In myogenic regulation of cerebral blood flow, increased CO2 causes an ______.
increase in brain pH.
arteriolar vasoconstriction
arteriolar dilation
arteriolar dilation
Arteriovenous anastomoses are important in the reflexes controlling
osmoregulation.
cerebral blood flow.
body temperature.
body temperature.
Specialized stretch receptors for blood pressure in the carotid sinuses are called _____.
baroreceptors
Blood pressure is measured in units of ______ of _______.
mm or Hg
One stimulus for the vasodilation to exercising skeletal muscles is the _____.
increased extracellular potassium
decreased extracellular potassium
increased intracellular calcium
increased intracellular sodium
decreased extracellular potassium
As changes in blood pressure occur, myogenic autoregulation acts to _____.
-increase blood flow to the cerebral arteries during exercise
-maintain a constant flow rate to the cerebral arteries
-pass subsequent pressure changes similarly to the cerebral arteries
maintain a constant flow rate to the cerebral arteries
Select all that apply
Atrial stretch receptors are involved in:
-reflex bradycardia
-secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide
-inhibition of ADH release
-reflex tachycardia
-secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide
-inhibition of ADH release
-reflex tachycardia
Baroreceptors are located in the aortic arch and in the _____ ______.
carotid sinus
A column of mercury is read in millimeters to obtain values of blood ______
pressure
The minimum blood pressure measured by auscultation is generally taken as the _________ pressure.
diastolic
Decreased blood pH near working muscles during exercise causes local _____.
vasoconstriction
vasodilation
vasodilation
Non-turbulent blood flow lacking vibration of the blood vessel and mixing is properly termed ___________ flow.
laminar
Stretch receptors located in ________ are responsible for stimulating increased secretion of ANP and inhibiting the release of ADH
atria
Specialized stretch receptors for blood pressure in the carotid sinuses are called _____.
baroreceptors
The _______ blood pressure is measured as the maximum height a column of mercury will be pushed by a blood pressure cuff occluding the brachial artery, although this is not the true pressure in the aorta.
systolic
When flow becomes non-laminar, or _________ , mixing and vibration of the vessel may occur.
turbulent
The sounds of Korotkoff occur in _____.
arteries at the beginning of diastole
veins at the beginning of diastole
veins at the beginning of systole
arteries at the beginning of systole
arteries at the beginning of systole
Baroreceptors are located in the aortic arch and in the ____ ____.
carotid sinus
Turbulent blood flow through arteries with each systolic phase creates sounds known as the sounds of _____.
Korotkoff
The approximate pressure difference between the venous pressure and the ____ ____ ____ is the pressure driving blood through the systemic capillaries.
mean atrial pressure
The _____ _____ sound is heard when cuff pressure is equal to the systolic pressure during measurement.
first Korotkoff
When flow becomes non-laminar, or _______, mixing and vibration of the vessel may occur.
turbulent
The driving pressure of blood to the systemic capillaries is approximated as the _____.
mean arterial pressure
peak systolic pressure
average systolic pressure
mean arterial pressure
Mean arterial pressure is approximated by adding one-third of the ____ ____ to the diastolic pressure.
pulse pressure
If resting systolic pressure is greater than 140mm Hg, blood pressure is termed _____.
hypertensive
Increased afterload is typically associated with ______.
systemic hypertension
lower peripheral resistance
decreased blood volume
hypotension
systemic hypertension
A systolic blood pressure under 120 mmHg is considered ______.
normal
stage 2 hypertension
hypotension
stage 1 hypertension
normal
Tachycardia and vasoconstriction of skin, kidneys, and muscles, occurs in ______ shock, typically induced by a falling blood volume.
hypovolemic
In hypertension, the resistance to ventricular ejection, termed ______, may be increased significantly leading to ventricular hypertrophy.
afterload