Question: Innate immunity

Answer: is nonspecific and present at birth.

Question: All of the following protect the skin and mucous membranes from infection EXCEPT

A) multiple layers of cells.

B) tears.

C) saliva.

D) HCl.

E) the “ciliary escalator.”

Answer: D) HCl.

Question: The function of the “ciliary escalator” is to

Answer: trap inhaled dust and microorganisms in mucous and propel it away from the lower respiratory tract.

Question: Which of the following exhibits the highest phagocytic activity?

A) neutrophils

B) erythrocytes

C) macrophages

D) basophils

E) eosinophils

Answer: C) macrophages

Question: TLRs attach to all of the following EXCEPT

A) AMPs.

B) flagellin.

C) LPS.

D) PAMPs.

E) peptidoglycan

Answer: A) AMPs

Question: A differential cell count is used to determine each of the following EXCEPT

A) the total number of white blood cells.

B) the numbers of each type of white blood cell.

C) the number of red blood cells.

D) leukocytosis.

E) leukopenia

Answer: C) the number of red blood cells.

Question: The complement protein cascade is the same for the classical pathway, alternative pathway, and lectin pathway beginning with the activation of

Answer: C) C3

Question: All of the following increase blood vessel permeability EXCEPT

A) kinins.

B) prostaglandins.

C) lysozymes.

D) histamine.

E) leukotrienes.

Answer: C) lysozymes.

Question: A child falls and suffers a deep cut on her leg. The cut went through her skin and she is bleeding. Which of the following defense mechanisms will participate in eliminating contaminating microbes?

Answer: phagocytosis in the inflammatory response

Question: Margination refers to

Answer: adherence of phagocytes to the lining of blood vessels