Mark typically responds to stress in a calm and thoughtful manner. Chandler usually becomes agitated. The reactions of Mark and Chandler indicate that each has a distictive

personality

An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting is his or her

personality

Freud called his theory of personality and the associated treatment techniques

psychoanalysis

Which of the following techniques was Freud most likely to use in an attempt to discover the hidden conflicts underlying his patients' symptoms?

free association

According to Freud, thoughts that are too unsettling for people to acknowledge are

repressed

Freud emphasized that effective treatment of psychological disorders involves the

exploration of repressed memories

Evan is so terrified of snakes that he can't go to the zoo for fear of seeing one. Evan can't remember the first time he was afraid of snakes. Evan's inability to recall when his fear began is best explained by which of the following Freudian concepts?

repression

Freud suggested that the remembered events and images in our dreams were a censored expression of the dream's

latent content

According to psychoanalytic theory, the part of the personality that strives for immediate gratification of basic drives is the

id

Freud believed censored dream contents were

repressed

Freud emphasized that the ego operates on the _______ principle.

reality

George often acts on impulse, without taking time to consider the consequences. A psychoanalyst would suggest that George shows signs of a

weak ego

Although Garth wants to interact sexually with his girlfriend, he also wants to avoid premarital sex, Freud would have suggested that both desires might be partially satisfied by Garth's

ego

Boris does not like chemistry, but he has chosen it as his college major simply to prove that he is just as smart as his father, who is an outstanding chemist. A psychoanalyst would be most likely to suggest that Boris suffers from an uresolved

Oedipus complex

During the early psychosexual stages, the id's psychic energy is focused on

erogenous zones

According to Freud, the most important erogenous zone during infancy consists of the

mouth

According to Freud, children develop unconscious sexual desires for the parent of the opposite sex during the _____ stage.

phallic

Some psychoanalysts in Freud's era believed that girls experienced sexual desires for their father during the phallic stage. These feelings, they thought, reflected

an Electra complex

Psychoanalytic theory suggests that the ego disguises threatening impulses and reduces anxiety by means of

defense mechanisms

Ingrid is a married woman who pursues sexual gratification by means of kissing rather than though sexual intercourse. According to Freud, this illustrates a(n)

fixation

Which neo-Freudian theorist emphasized that personality development is strongly influenced by feelings of inferiority?

Alfred Adler

Projective tests are most closely associated with the _________ perspective.

psychoanalytic

Mr. Dutoit was asked by his psychotherapist to look at some ambiguous pictures and make up a story about each. Mr. Dutoit was most likely taking the

TAT

Although Camile has detailed memories of her high school experiences, she remembers very little about the boyfriend who abruptly broke off their marriage engagement. According to psychoanalytic theory, it appears that Camile is using the defense mechanism of

repression

The famous test introduced by Hermann Rorschach asks test-takers to respond to

meaningless inkblots

Survivors vivid memories of Nazi death camp experiences most clearly challenge Freud's concept of

repression

Which perspective on personality emphasizes the importance of our capacity for healthy growth and self realization?

humanistic

Coping with anxiety by retreating to behavior patterns characteristic of an earlier, more infantile stage of development is called

regression

Carl Rogers emphasized that a positive self-concept is promoted by

unconditional positive regard

Lamont has frequently been rebellious, inconsiderate, and self-centered, yet the pastor of his local church has always accepted and respected him. The pastor's attitude toward Lamont is most explicitly recommended by

Carl Rogers

Carl Rogers suggested that when the ideal and real self are nearly alike, then

the self-concept is positive

Carl Rogers referred to an attitude of total acceptance toward another person as

unconditional positive regard

Freud suggested that slips of the tongue illustrate an incomplete

repression

abraham maslow suggested that those who fulfill their potential have satisfied the need of

self-actualization

People who cheat on their taxes are especially likely to think many others do as well. This false consensus effect is most similar to Freud's concept of

projection

People who break speed limits tend to think that many others do the same. This best illustrates

false consensus effect

Compared with Freud, contemporary research are LESS likely to think of unconscious mental dynamics involving

repressive censoring

implicit learning and implicit memories best illustrate the importance of

unconscious thought

Jin is searching for a sense of purpose in life that goes beyond fulfilling her own potential for growth and self-actualization. According to Maslow, Jin is striving for

self-transcendence

Nadine tells her therapist that she is jealous of her best friend's popularity and wants to tell everyone about her friend's negative traits. Nadine is afraid her therapist will criticize her for those thoughts, but instead the therapist expresses empathy for Nadine's feelings. This Rogerian therapist if offering

unconditional positive regard

the defense mechanism by which people disguise threatening impulses by attributing them to others is called

projection

A religious leader who attempts to overcome his hidden doubts with intense expressions of spiritual certainty illustrates most clearly the defense mechanism of

reaction formation

Although Eduardo has repressed his own homosexual desires, he is distressed by a false suspicion that many men frequently stare lustfully at his body. According to psychoanalytic theory, Eduardo's thinking best illustrates

projection

Unconsciously motivated by miserliness, Mr. Rioja refused to send his son money to buy the books he needs for his college courses. In defending his actions, Mr. Rioja explained that "parental financial aid prevents teenagers from developing into mature, independent adults." Mr. Rioja's explanation is an example of

rationalization

the defense mechanism in which self-justifying explanations replace the real, unconscious reasons for actions is

rationalization

carl jung referred to a shared reservoir of memory traces from our species history as the

collective unconscious

To identify a relatively small number of the most basic personality traits, trait theorists have used

factor analysis

People who take personality inventories can lie to create a good impression. This best illustrates that the objectivity in scoring personality inventories does not guarantee that they

have validity

in assessing a client's personal growth, carl rogers measured the correspondence between

ideal self and actual self

Which psychologists are most likely to criticize standardized personality tests for failing to capture the unique subjective experience of the individual personality?

humanistic theorists

Which of the following tests characteristically describes personality in flattering terms?

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Trait theorists are more concerned with _____ personality than with ____ it.

describing; explaining

Carl jung emphasized the importance of ____ in personality functioning.

the collective unconscious

Contemporary psychodynamic theorists assume that childhood experiences have long-term consequences for our

social attachment styles

A psychodynamic psychologist would find objective tests, such as true-false questionnaires, inadequate as assessment tools because these tests

reveal only conscious motivations

After an argument with your girlfriend, you go to the gym to lift weights to burn off your pent-up energy. Your action best illustrates which defense mechanism?

Sublimation

Alfred adler was a Neo-Freudian who coined the term

inferiority complex

Neo-Freudian personality theorists were most likely to disagree with Freud about the importance of

childhood sexual instincts

Tin is a combat veteran of the Vietnam war. When asked, he says he never went to Vietnam. Tim's psychoanalyst suspects that Tim's unconscious mind be employing to protect him?

denial

Of the following, who would be most interested in the fact that many cultures share stories containing a "hero" character, such as King Arthur of Great Britain, Quetzlcoatl of the Aztecs, and Hercules of the ancient Greeks?

carl jung

Reaction formation refers to the process by which people

consciously express feelings that are the opposite of unacceptable unconscious impulses

Abdul mistakenly believes that his classmates are unusually hostile. In fact, Abdul is the most quarrelsome and aggressive child in the school. According to psychoanalytic theory, Abdul's belief that his classmates are hostile is a

projection

while mr. gomez was going through a painful divorce, he tended to create unnecessary difficult tests and gave his students unusually low grades. a psychoanalyst be most likely to view mr. gomez treatment of students as an example

displacement

The major reason for criticism of the Rorchach test is that

only a few of the many Rorschach-derived scores have demonstrated validity

Which of the following Freudian ideas is most clearly contradicted by contemporary psychological theory and research?

painful experiences are commonly repressed

Survivors of tramatic events, such as rape or attempted murder, are often haunted by persistent and vivid memories of this experience. This most clearly serves to challenge Freud's concept of

repression

Which of the following Freudian ideas is most consistent with contemporary psychological research finding?

conscious awareness of what goes on in our minds is very limited

Which of the following have been criticized the most for offering concepts that are vague and subjective?

humanistic theorists

Which theorists have been criticized for underestimating the human predisposition to engage in destructive and evil behaviors?

Humanistic theorists