Lindsey argues that she is not responsible for any of her bad behavior as she is driven by biological and environmental factors over which she has no control. This belief best exemplifies the ____ position on development.

Passivity

Species heredity is very important to our understanding of individual differences in human growth and development.

False

When an institutional review board is working to determine whether a particular research study is ethical, it focuses on ________________.

the potential risk and benefits

Most cases of Down syndrome involve ________.

nondisjunction

The process of mitosis results in daughter cells that have half the number of cells as the original one.

False

The perception of a researcher causing harm to a study participant can differ across societies.

True

Which of the following issues considers the concept of self-determination in human development?

activity-passivity

A high concordance rate between identical twins for schizophrenia would suggest that the disorder

has a genetic basis.

The Gomez family recently brought their fraternal twins Beatriz and Paloma from the hospital. They soon realized that Beatriz is a cheerful baby who loves attention. What is the likelihood that Paloma has a similar happy disposition?

possibly

When 60-year-old Madonna wore a miniskirt to a wedding, one of her friends commented, "I sure wish Madonna would act her age." This comment best illustrates the concept of

age norms.

The main advantage of the correlational method is that it can be used to establish cause-effect relationships.

False

Which of the following reflects the principle that human development is a lifelong process?

Changes a person experiences must be considered in relation to other factors in the person's life.

In operant conditioning terms, ______ occurs when something unpleasant is added and the result is a decreased response rate.

positive punishment

Cohort effects concern the impact of being born in one particular historical context rather than another.

True

Concordance rates show the likelihood that if one member of a pair has a particular trait, the other member of the pair also has it.

True

In an active gene-environment interaction, children's genetically based traits provoke a certain kind of reaction from their environment.

False

Smoking cigarettes and having lung cancer are highly correlated events, and people often logically conclude that smoking must cause the cancer. It is hypothetically possible, however, that having lung cancer causes one to crave nicotine and thus it leads to smoking. This example illustrates the issue of

a reversed cause-effect relationship

Jiao is 15 years old. She spends countless hours alone and in conversation with her peers trying to figure out what it is she wants to do with her life. Jiao is in which of the following of Erikson's psychosocial stages?

Identity versus role confusion

Albert, a developmental psychologist, conducts research on children's emotional reactions to studying math in school. Albert is concerned with children's ________ development.

psychosocial

Which term best reflects the scope of Bronfenbrenner's chronosystem?

multilevel

Concerning mental illness, people appear to inherit a predisposition for a disorder, not the actual disorder.

True

Yao has an extra X chromosome. He is tall, sterile, and has enlarged breasts. Yao would be most accurately diagnosed as having

Klinefelter syndrome

Which of the following is most likely to be an inherited trait?

having a weight problem at middle age

Joy comes home from work exhausted and is surprised to find that her daughter, Michelle, has set the table and started dinner. Joy is thrilled. She praises Michelle and spends an extra half-hour reading with her before bed (something that Michelle likes). The same thing happens the next day, and soon this has become a daily event. This is an example of

operant conditioning

Carter is hosting a welcome-to-campus party for the incoming class of freshmen at the university. Who are the guests at Carter's event?

emerging adults

If one or both biological parents have schizophrenia, we can conclude that their child will

have a greater than average risk of developing the disorder in response to an environmental trigger.

Research suggests that the educational components of genetic counseling are ________.

highly and equally effective for both pregnant women and their partners

Genetic mutations invariably cause harm to people who inherit them.

False

Which best exemplifies the process of cultural evolution?

Inheriting a stronger left arm than a right arm because in the past, this allowed for the faster cutting of grains and more food for families

Montell had a theory that decreasing teens' use of social media would increase their level of anxiety. He conducted a correlational study that produced a correlation coefficient of + .73 between the two variables. Based on this study, Montell felt his theory was validated. What error did Montell make in attempting to prove his theory?

conducting a correlational study

From a developmental perspective, a person who has just turned 21 is not considered a child and is also not considered an adult.

True

In many cases, genetics is not destiny. Of the following traits, people have the highest level of personal control over their ________.

longetivity

Informed consent is typically obtained following a study.

False

Based on an observation at a local fast-food restaurant, Dr. Colby predicts that more people will buy a hamburger if its covered with cheese. This prediction is most accurately thought of as a

hypothesis

Erikson suggested that humans develop over a series of psychosexual stages.

False

Justine recently opened her second bakery and is enjoying her dream career of working with flour, butter, and sugar to bring a little joy to people. What is the likelihood that Justine's identical twin Marya is also employed in the culinary field?

40%

The main limitation of the case study method is that

results may not generalize to others.

If shared environmental influences alone contribute to the expression of a trait, which of the following patterns of correlations would be observed?

1.00 for both identical and fraternal twin pairs raised together and raised apart

A random sample is always smaller than the population from which it is drawn.

False

Maturation refers to the gains that occur across the lifespan as the result of experiences.

False

The differential susceptibility hypothesis focuses on how individuals respond to

environment.

As a research scientist in the field of human development, Yelena looks at the culmination of biological aging. What is the focus of Yelena's work?

death

Jeannine needs to give a short presentation to the class discussing an aspect of her genotype. What will Jeannine likely focus on in her speech?

her curly blonde hair

The preschool-aged child is typically in which of Erikson's psychosocial stages?

Initiative versus guilt

The belief that we inherit tried and true ways of adjusting to the environment from past generations is referred to as

cultural evolution

Forty-year-old Chester has just begun to show symptoms indicating a deterioration of his nervous system. Chester most likely has

Huntington's disease.

Bronfenbrenner's PPCT model encourages researchers to emphasize proximity and chronology when studying human development.

False

A researcher focused on Watson's theory would examine whether a particular behavior is ________, whereas a researcher focused on Skinner's theory would focus on whether the behavior is ________.

established; rewarded

DeShaun prefers to focus his developmental research on things he can observe in a laboratory setting. He avoids conducting research into Freud's developmental theories because they are too ___________

unconscious.

In a study of 100 fraternal twin pairs, 27 pairs both disliked the flavor of coffee. The findings of this research are an example of

concordance.