n bright light, the iris __________ and the pupil __________ to control the amount of light entering the eye.

Expands; Constricts

The pain-killing effects of acupuncture may be related to

release of endorphins.

Information picked up by the body's receptor cells is termed

sensation.

The function of the lens is to

focus an image on the retina.

Hearing aids are of no use to an individual with __________ deafness

nerve

Information processed below the normal level of awareness is called

subliminal

The idea that the amount of change in a stimulus necessary to produce a JND is a constant proportion of the stimulus intensity is called

Weber's law.

Neural circuits of many sensory systems

respond to specific stimulus patterns.

A researcher presents two lights of varying brightness to a subject who is asked to respond "same" or "different" by comparing their intensities. The researcher is seeking the

just noticeable difference.

Seeing out of the corner of your eye, often important in sports activities and driving, is called

peripheral vision

Brain cells that analyze incoming sensory information into lines, angles, shading, and movement are called

Brain cells that analyze incoming sensory information into lines, angles, shading, and movement are called

feature detectors.

Which would represent the greatest loss to a professional wine taster or chef?

olfactory loss

Photoreceptors are the __________ sensitive cells that line the retina.

light

occur when we can detect the change in the intensity of a stimulus.

Difference thresholds

It is now believed that subliminal advertising

has a weak effect, if any at all.

In order for a frog's visual "bug-detector" to work, the bug must be

moving.

involves the presentation of stimuli too rapidly or too weakly to be consciously recognized.
involves the presentation of stimuli too rapidly or too weakly to be consciously recognized.
involves the presentation of stimuli too rapidly or too weakly to be consciously recognized.

Subliminal perception

A visual defect known as astigmatism is the result of

a misshapen cornea or lens.

Which sensory receptor is found in greatest numbers in the skin?

pain receptors

Frequency is to __________ as amplitude is to __________.

pitch; loudness

Limen refers to

a threshold

The process where the lens of the eye changes shape is called

accommodation

Hearing loss caused when the eardrums or ossicles are damaged by disease or injury is called

conduction deafness.

The incoming flow of information from our sensory systems is referred to as

sensation.

What sensory organs responsible for balance are also related to motion sickness?

the semicircular canals

The cones of the retina

are densely packed in an area called the fovea.

The organ of hearing, where sensitive cells respond to auditory stimuli, is known as the

cochlea

Myopia is the condition of the eyes in which the person cannot

focus on distant objects.

The iris controls the

size of the pupil.

Brain cells that analyze incoming sensory information into lines, angles, shading and movement are called

feature detectors

The psychological dimension corresponding to the amplitude of light waves is

brightness.

Sense receptors are biological transducers, which means that they

convert one form of energy to another

Airborne chemical signals which greatly affect mating, sexual behavior, and territorial marking among animals are called

pheromones

In the eye, focusing is accomplished by

changing the thickness (or shape) of the lens.

Which theory of hearing explains the perception of higher sounds?

place

Which theory of color vision is correct?

both opponent-process and trichromatic

Visual acuity is best when

an image falls on the fovea.

Skin mapping indicates that

skin receptors are found in varying concentrations, reflecting the sensitivity of the body areas.

When an image is stabilized on the retina, after a brief period of time the image

fades and disappears.

Visual perception is ultimately a function of the

neural activity in the brain

The part of the eye where the optic nerve leaves the eye is called the

blind spot.

The point at which a change in sensory stimulation is detected is called the

just noticeable difference.

Night vision is mainly due to an increase in

rhodopsin

The vestibular sense helps keep us from

falling over.

The minimum amount of energy needed for a sensation to occur is called

the absolute threshold

The electromagnetic spectrum includes visible light, infrared and ultraviolet light, radio waves, and

television broadcasts, gamma rays, and other energies

Which of the following is a skin sensation

pain

Taste buds sensitive to sweet substances are found primarily on the __________ of the tongue.

tip

The stimuli for audition are

sound pressure waves.

The __________ theory explains that hearing high or low tones depends upon which area of the cochlea is most strongly stimulated.

place

Kinesthetic sensation results from

receptors in the muscles and joints responding to movement.

The stapes is attached to a second membrane, or drumhead, called the __________. As this moves back and forth, it makes waves in a fluid within the __________.

oval window; cochlea

The conversion of electromagnetic energy into a neural impulse involves

transduction

The three auditory ossicles are the malleus, incus, and the

stapes.

The amount of change necessary in a given stimulus to produce a just noticeable difference is a constant proportion of the original stimulus. This defines

Weber's Law

Sense organs in the joints and muscles contribute to our __________ sense.

kinesthetic

Humans respond to different wavelengths of light by experiencing differing

hues.

The part of the eye that focuses the image is called the

lens.

The scientific term for farsightedness is

hyperopia

Olfaction is another name for the sense of

smell

The three small bones of the inner ear are called the

auditory ossicles

That humans are not visually sensitive to ultraviolet radiation suggests that sensory systems function as

data reduction systems

Which of the following body areas is most sensitive to pain?

behind the knee

Subliminal perception

has been used by advertising companies and politicians in an attempt to increase sales or change opinions.

Taste buds are mainly located

on the top side of the tongue especially around the edges.

According to Weber's Law, if two light bulbs must go out in a room in which twenty are burning to make the room noticeably dimmer, then a room in which forty are burning will become noticeably dimmer when __________ bulbs go out.

four

The most widely accepted explanation for motion sickness is provided by

sensory conflict theory

Sensory adaptation refers to a decrease in sensory response that accompanies

an unchanging stimulus.

In the auditory system, the first anatomical structure to respond to the sound wave is/are the

eardrum

The ringing sensation following exposure to loud sounds is called

tinnitus

Messages from the body's pain warning system

close the spinal gate directly.

That you do not hear the traffic outside your psychology class because you are engrossed in the lecture is a good example of

selective attention

The __________ theory explains how sounds up to 4000 hertz reach the brain.

frequency

The final step (within the ear) required to convert vibrations into sound sensations is movement of the

hair cells.

A system is developed where a television camera produces an "image" of touch points applied to the back of a blind person. Such a system involves

transducing light into pressure.

When you were in seventh grade, you had to get glasses because you could not see the board at school. Your vision problem is called

myopia

A popular theory of olfaction which states that odors are related to the shapes of chemical molecules is the __________ theory.

lock and key

Which theory of hearing explains the perception of lower sounds?

frequency

Film is to camera as __________ is to eye

retina

New mothers who are emotionally depressed take longer than non-depressed women to recognize pictures related to pregnancy, birth, and babies. This is an example of

perceptual defense

One of the characteristics that all sensory systems have in common is

transduction.

A "silent" dog whistle takes advantage of a characteristic of sensory systems known as

the absolute threshold.

Skin senses, kinesthetic senses, and vestibular senses comprise which sense system?

somesthetic sense system

Melzack and Wall's theory that some pain messages can block other pain messages is called

gate control theory.

The theory of color vision which states that the visual system analyzes information into "either-or" messages is the __________ theory.

opponent-process

__________ is concerned with relating changes in physical stimuli to corresponding psychological sensations.

Psychophysics

Black and white vision with greatest sensitivity under low levels of illumination describes the function of

the rods.

The fact that we see negative afterimages supports which theory of color vision?

opponent-process

One of the more touch-sensitive areas of the human body is the

face

Unpleasant stimuli may raise the threshold for recognition. This phenomenon is called

perceptual defense.

After a musical concert that you enjoyed without distraction, a companion complains that she heard little of the music due to frequent shuffling and throat-clearing in the audience. The difference in your experience and hers is related to

selective attention

Sensory adaptation is normally most rapid for the sense of

olfaction

Visual problems such as nearsightedness, farsightedness, and astigmatism are the result of

physical abnormalities in the structure of the eye.

The external, or visible, part of the ear is called the

pinna

Localization of function means that

specific areas of the brain are specialized to interpret input from particular sense organs.

The cones of the retina

function best in bright light.

The sensation you experience ultimately depends on which of the following?

the particular area of the brain that is activated

The frequency of a sound determines its

pitch

Trichromatic theory states that there are three kinds of __________ in the eye.

cones

The Ishihara test

is a test for color deficiencies

The most frequently used psychoactive drug in the United States is

caffeine.

Which of the following sleep phenomena could be detected without the aid of an EEG machine?

REM sleep

Dissociation or a split in awareness is an experience commonly associated with

hypnotic induction.

Which of the following best describes the stability of sleep cycles

They are innate but can be modified in times of emergency

Beta waves are characteristic in the EEG of a person who is

awake and alert

Which of the following drugs is physically addictive?

a.
morphine
b.
cocaine
c.
heroin

A sudden, irresistible urge to sleep, which lasts a few minutes to half an hour during the daytime, is called

narcolepsy.

A particularly dangerous (often fatal) combination of drugs is

alcohol and barbiturates.

The surest way to alter human consciousness

to administer a psychoactive drug

Freud believed that, in order to protect sleep and prevent the arousal of conscience, the content of our dreams is

disguised

A sleep disturbance in which one awakens several times during the night and has difficulty returning to sleep is

insomnia.

When a person stops taking cocaine, all of the following occur EXCEPT

an increased sense of energy.

Which of the following is most likely to occur as a consequence of hypnosis?

altered sensory experiences

Smoked forms of cocaine are commonly called

crack

During hypnosis, EEG (brain-wave) recordings

resemble those obtained when a person is awake.

Nicotine is classified as a

stimulant

Infants sleep

in 2-4 hour blocks of time.

The most common reactions to sleep loss up to 48 hours

include inattention, staring, and tremor of the hands.

In a newborn infant, one could expect total sleep time each day to approach

20 hours.

Our sleep rhythms are tied to a 24-hour day because

they are tied to external time markers like light and dark.

Drugs with names like Xanax, Halcion, and Valium are

tranquilizers.

Substances capable of altering human consciousness are classified as

psychoactive drugs

The ordering and duration of daily sleep and waking periods are known as

sleep patterns.

Research suggests that the two most basic states of sleep are

REM sleep and non-REM sleep.

Hypnosis

is an altered state characterized by narrowed attention and increased openness to suggestion.

Night terrors most often occur during

Stage 4 NREM sleep

According to Freud, dreams are very often a means of

wish fulfillment.

Which of the following is a major way in which altered states of consciousness are produced

hypnosis

Excessive daytime sleepiness is a condition called

hypersomnia

Immediately before sleep the EEG shifts to patterns of larger and slower waves called __________ waves.

alpha

Perhaps the best known hallucinogen is

LSD

Dreams usually

are about ninety minutes apart with each succeeding dream lasting a little longer.

Which of the following is a primary characteristic of dream sleep?

rapid eye movements

Which stage of sleep typically has spindles?

second

Recent evidence suggests that THC, the active ingredient in marijuana

accumulates in fatty tissue

Short-term drug use based largely on curiosity is called

experimental

A sleep disturbance characterized by snoring, short silences, and gasps is called

sleep apnea

Hypnosis currently has its greatest value as a(n)

tool for inducing relaxation.

__________ is an amino acid that can help people sleep and can be found in a glass of __________.

Tryptophan; milk

Some physicians believe that SIDS, or crib death, may be caused by

sleep apnea.

Which of the following is classified as a stimulant?

cocaine

Which of the following is a correct match?

Stage 1 - light sleep

Sleeptalking

occurs during sleep stages 3 and 4

Treatment for alcoholism generally begins with

detoxification

If you suffered sleep deprivation, what type of effect would occur first

loss of ability to pay attention and perform simple routine tasks

People dream

about 90 minutes a night.

A very stressful day is likely to increase the amount of

REM sleep.

Extensive study of dreams indicates that

most dreams are extensions of everyday experience.

Cocaine achieves its effect through the chemical messengers

dopamine and noradrenaline

Many of the chemicals released by a burning cigarette are

carcinogens.