uvula

extending inferiorly from the posterior part of the soft palate is a conical median projection called the:

right; diaphragm

the liver lives in the _____ upper quadrant, immediately inferior to the _____

mucosa; submucosa; muscularis; adventitia

the tunics comprising the GI tract wall include the _____, the ______, the _____, and the ____ or serosa

A3
B1
C5
D2
E4

match the structure with the letter indicator:

1. submandibular gland
2. oral cavity
3. tongue
4. esophagus
5. parotid gland

digestion

_____ is the breakdown of large food items into smaller structures and molecules

feces; defecation

all undigestable materials as well as the waste products secreted by the accessory organs into the GI tract are compacted into _____ and then eliminated from the GI tract by the process of ______

A5
B3
C4
D1
E2

match the structure with the letter indicator:

1. pancreas
2. large intestine
3. gallbladder
4. stomach
5. liver

bolus

when chewed, food is mixed with saliva and converted into a ball of food called a:

celiac plexus, superior mesenteric plexus, inferior mesenteric plexus

the three main groups of autonomic plexuses associated with the GI tract are:

ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

the colon is partitioned into four segments: the _____ colon, the _____ colon, the _____ colon, and the _____ colon

endocrine; exocrine

the pancreas is referred to as a mixed gland because it exhibits both _____ and ______ functions

True

T/F: hepatocytes produce bile, detoxify drugs, metabolites, and poisons

gallbladder; liver

the ____ concentrates bile produced by the _____ and stores this concentrate until it is needed for digestion

hepatic

the left and right _____ ducts merge to form a single common hepatic duct

pancreatic; duodenal papilla

most of the pancreatic juice travels through ducts that merge to form the main _____ duct, which drains into the major _____ _____ in the duodenum

adventitia or serosa
muscularis
submucosa
mucosa

order the tunics of the GI tract from superficial to deep

secretions

the accessory digestive organs produce _____ that facilitate the chemical digestive activities of GI tract organs

A4
B1
C3
D2
E5

match the structure with the letter indicator:

1. caudate lobe
2. left lobe
3. ligamentum venosum
4. right lobe
5. round ligament

ductus venosus

the ligamentum venosum is a remnant of the _____ in the embryo

hepatic; vena cava

central veins collect venous blood and merge throughout the liver to form numerous ____ veins that eventually empty into the inferior ___ _____

A,D,F

select all that describe the blood, lymphatic and nerve supply to the GI tract:

A: good blood supply
B: few lymphatics
C: poor blood supply
D: highly innervated
E: poorly innervated
F: extensive lymphatics

celiac trunk; superior mesenteric; inferior mesenteric

branches of the _____, _____ artery, and _____ artery supply the abdominal GI tract

lacteal

in the small intestine, each villus usually contains a single, blind-ended, central lymphatic capillary called a:

lymph nodes

lymphatic vessels enter and exit the many _____ scattered near the organs and within the mesentery

vasodilation; blood

the parasympathetic changes in activity induce ____ and an increase in GI _____ flow

sympathetic; parasympathetic

______ innervation inhibits digestive system activity and tends to do the opposite of _____ innervation

A4
B5
C3
D2
E1

match the structure with the letter indicator:

1. rectum
2. tenia coli
3. omental appendices
4. ascending colon
5. cecum

ileocecal valve

the cecum extends inferiorly from the ______ _____, which represents the attachment of the distal end of the small intestine to the proximal region of the large intestine

intraperitoneal

the transverse colon is:

retroperitoneal; left

the descending colon is ____ and found along the ____ side of the abdominal cavity

sphincters

the external and internal _____ close off the opening of the anal canal

columnar

the mucosa of the large intestine is lined with simple _____ epithelium and goblet cells

false

T/F: when food is ingested, peristaltic movement in the ileum decrease

gastrocolic

mass movements in the large intestine are called the ___ reflex

ileocecal; anus

large intestine originates at the ____ junction and terminates at the _____

enteroendocrine, chief, parietal, mucous neck, surface mucous

name the five types of secretory cells from the gastric epithelium

oblique; circular; longitudinal

the muscularis of the stomach is composed of three smooth muscle layers instead of two: an inner ____ layer, a middle ____ layer, and an outer _____ layer

A1
B4
C2
D3
E5

match the structure with the letter indicator:

1. duodenum
2. ileum
3. ileocecal valve
4. jejunum
5. cecum

villi

when circular folds are viewed at the microscopic level, smaller, fingerlike projections of mucosa, called ____, can be seen along their surface

A5
B4
C1
D3
E2

match the tooth type with the letter indicator:

1. third molar
2. first premolar
3. lateral incisor
4. canine
5. central incisor

incisors

the most anteriorly placed permanent teeth are called:

parotid; sublingual; submandibular

three pairs of multicellular salivary glands are located external to the oral cavity: the _____, ______, and _____ glands

closes off

a sphincter _____ the lumen opening at some point along the GI tract, and in so doing helps control the movement of materials through the GI tract

chyme

after the bolus has been completely processed in the stomach, the product is called:

voluntary; pharyngeal; esophageal

the three phases of swallowing are the ____ phase, the _____ phase, and the ____ phase

alveoli

the roots of the teeth fit tightly into the dental _____, which are sockets within the alveolar processes of both the maxillae and the mandible

nonkeratinzed stratified squamous

the oropharynx and laryngopharynx are both lined with _________ epithelium

esophagus; larynx

the superior esophageal sphincter is closed during inhalation of air, so the air doesn't enter the ____ and enters the ____ and trachea instead

A5
B3
C2
D4
E1

match the structures with the description:

A: teeth
B: tongue
C: tonsils
D: uvula
E: vestibule


1. space between cheek and gums
2. partially encapsulated lymphatic tissue
3. surface covered by papillae
4. conical, median, muscular projection extending from the soft palate
5. hard structures projecting from the alveolar processes of both the maxillae and mandible

A4
B2
C1
D5
E3

match the structure with the letter indicator:

1. pyloric antrum
2. pyloric sphincter
3. body
4. cardia
5. gastric fold

greater; lesser

the inferior convex border of the stomach is the ______ curvature, while the superior concave border is the ______ curvature

expand

gastric folds, which are observed only when the stomach is empty, allow the stomach to ______ greatly when it fills and the return to its normal J-shape when empty

fundus

the ____ is the dome shaped region lateral and superior to the esophageal connection with the stomach

true

T/F: in a tooth, blood vessels and nerves pass through the apical foramen and are housed in the pulp

dentition

the teeth are collectively known as the:

duodenum; jejunum; ileum

the small intestine consists of three specific segments: the ____, the _____, and the _____

bolus; oral

saliva moistens ingested food and helps it become a slick, semisolid material called a _____ which is more easily swallowed. saliva also moistens, cleanses, and lubricates the _____ cavity structures

largest

the body (corpus) is the ____ region of the stomach

inner mucosa; middle muscularis; external serosa

the gallbladder has three tunics, an ______, a ______, and an ______

cardiac

the internal opening where the cardia meets the esophagus is called the _____ orifice

A4
B1
C5
D3
E2

match the structure with the letter indicator:

1. body of gallbladder
2. common bile duct
3. common hepatic duct
4. neck of gallbladder
5. fundus of gallbladder

intestinal loop

during the fifth week, the midgut rapidly elongates and forms a primary ____ _____

visceral

the portion of the serous membrane that folds back (reflects) to cover the surface of internal organs is called the ____ peritoneum

A3
B2
C1
D5
E4

match the structure with the letter indicator:

1. hindgut
2. caudal loop
3. cranial loop
4. vitelline duct
5. stomach

12

ingested nutrients spend at least ____ hours in the small intestine as chemical digestion and absorption are completed

smooth

the muscularis usually contains two layers of ____ muscle

pancrease; ascending colon; rectum

retroperitoneal organs include most of the duodenum, the ____, the _____ and descending colon of the large intestine, and the ______

incisors

immediately posterolateral to the lateral _____ are the canine teeth, which have a pointed tip for puncturing and tearing food

stratified squamous

the epithelial lining of the oral cavity is a nonkeratinized ____ _____ epithelium

GI tract; spleen; pancreas

the hepatic portal vein carries blood from the capillary beds of the ____, ____, and _____

palatine; palatine

the hard palate is formed by the ____ processes of the maxillae and the horizontal plates of the ____ bones

1-1.5

the volume of saliva secreted daily secreted ranges between _______ liters

parietal

the portion of the serous membrane that lines the inside surface of the body wall is the ______ peritoneum

A1
B4
C3
D5
E2

match the structure with the letter indicator:

1. superior labial frenulum
2. inferior labial frenulum
3. tongue
4. palatoglossal arch
5. lingual frenulum

A4
B3
C2
D1
E5

match the cell type with the letter indicator:

1. chief cell
2. parietal cell
3. mucous neck cell
4. surface mucous cell
5. enteroendocrine cell (G-cell)

A1
B4
C2
D3

match the structure with the letter indicator:

1. duodenum
2. main pancreatic duct
3. head of pancreas
4. common bile duct

esophagus

the pharyngeal constrictors ensure that a bolus moves quickly form the oropharynx to the:

small intestine; appendix

lymphatic structures called MALT(mucosa associated lymphatic tissue) are found in the ____ and _____

peristalsis

a wave of contraction that moves materials ahead of the wave through the GI tract towards the anus is known as:

reticuloendothethial cells

which cells in the liver break down and recycle worn out red blood cells?

dental alveoli; periodontal ligaments; roots

the teeth are bound to the alveolar processes to form a gomphosis joint composed of the _____, the _____, and the ______ of the tooth

submucosa; gastric

the muscularis mucosae lies between the base of the gastric glands and the _____, and it helps expel _____ gland secretory products when it contracts

right colic

the transverse colon originates at the _____ flexure and curves slightly anteriorly as it projects horizontally across the anterior region of the abdominal cavity

esophageal hiatus

the inferior part of the esophagus connects to the stomach by passing through an opening in the diaphragm called the:

A2
B1
C4
D3

match the term with its description:

A: gastroenteritis
B: hemorrhoids
C: intussusception
D: mumps

1. dilated, tortuous veins around the rectum and/or anus

2. inflammation and irritation of the GI tract, often associated with vomiting and diarrhea

3. viral infection of the parotid glands

4. type of intestinal obstruction in which one part of the intestine constricts and gets pulled into the immediate distal segment of the intestine

A1
B2
C5
D3
E4

match the structure with the letter indicator:

1. muscularis mucosae
2. circular layer of muscularis
3. longitudinal layer of muscularis
4. serosa
5. myenteric nerve plexus

epithelium; propria; muscularis

the mucosa, or mucous membrane has three components: an inner (superficial) _____ lining the lumen of the GI tract; an underlying areolar connective tissue, called the lamina ______; and a relatively thin layer of smooth muscle called the _____ mucosae

lengthwise; longitudenal

the fibers of the outer layer of the muscularis are oriented _______ along the GI tract, and are called the outer ____ layer

ingestion; digestion; absorption; secretion

the digestive system performs six main functions: _____, ______, propulsion, _____, _____, and the elimination of waste

A2
B4
C5
D1
E3

match the structure with the letter indicator:

1. lesser omentum
2. liver
3. greater omentum
4. falciform ligament
5. round ligament

transverse; sigmoid

the transverse mesocolon suspends the _____ colon, while the sigmoid mesocolon suspends the _____ colon

acid; bile; digestive enzymes

secretion of chemicals, eg. ______, _____, and _____ help facilitate chemical digestion

60-70

the submandibular glands produce around _______% of saliva

columns; sinuses

the internal lining of the anal canal contains relatively thin longitudinal ridges called anal _____, between which are small depressions termed anal ______

teniae coli

In the large intestine, the longitudinal smooth muscle fibers of the muscularis form three thin, distinct, longitudinal bundles called:

teeth; salivary glands; gallbladder; pancreas

accessory digestive organs include the _____, tongue, ______, liver, ______, and ______

vitelline

the loop apex connects to the yolk sac via the _____ duct

false

T/F: as a result of aging, mucin secretion decreases, reducing the thickness and amount of mucus in the layer that protects the GI tract and making internal damage to digestive organs less likely

A3
B2
C1
D4

match the structure with its function:

A: tongue
B: tonsils
C: uvula
D: vestibule

1. assists soft palate in closing off entryway to nasopharynx when swallowing

2. detect antigens in swallowed food or drink

3. detect taste

4. space between lips/cheeks and gums where ingested materials are mixed with saliva

neck; body

the gallbladder has three regions: the ______, ______, and fundus

hepatogastric; hepatoduodenal

the lesser omentum may be subdivided into a _____ ligament, which runs from the liver to the stomach, and a _______ ligament, which runs from the liver to the duodenum

cholecystokinin; gastric inhibitory peptide; secretin

the enteroendocrine cells of the intestinal glands release hormones such as _____, ______, and ______

cementum

each root of a tooth is ensheathed within hardened material called _____

flattened

the empty esophagus is:

arteries; vein

blood from branches of the hepatic _____ and the hepatic portal _____ mixes as it passes to and through the hepatic lobules

A4
B2
C1
D5
E3

match the cell type with the letter indicator:

1. salivary duct
2. mucous alveolus
3. serous cell
4. mucous cell
5. serous alveolus

nerves; lymph vessels; blood vessels

sandwiched between the two folds of mesentaries are ______, _______, and ______ associated with the digestive organs

circular; longitudenal

the muscularis of the esophagus is composed of an inner _____ layer and an outer _____ layer

pepsin

_____ chemically digests denatured proteins in the stomach into smaller fragments

goblet; lubrication

the number of ______ cells in the mucosa increases from the duodenum to the ileum, due to the increased need for _____ as digested materials are absorbed and undigested materials are left behind

amylase

saliva contains antibodies and an enzyme called ______ that helps to digest carbohydrates

gastric glands

at the base of each gastric pit are the openings of several branched tubular glands called _______ which extend through the length of the mucosa to its base

A2
B3
C1
D4
E5

match the structure to the letter indicator:

1. greater curvature
2. lesser curvature
3. esophagus
4. dorsal pancreatic bud
5. ventral pancreatic bud

adventitia

the esophagus adheres to the posterior body wall via its:

diaphragm

the inferior sphincter isn't strong enough alone to prevent materials from refluxing back into the esophagus; instead, the esophageal opening of the ______ is the "stronger sphincter" preventing materials from regurgitating from the stomach into the esophagus

feces

by absorbing most of the remaining water, the watery material that first enters the large intestine soon solidifies and becomes:

sensory neurons; parasympathetic ganglia; sympathetic postganglionic axons

a submucosal nerve plexus contains _____, _____, and ____