Too little vitamin A is associated with ___.

night blindness

Which of the following statements is true about fortified foods?

Overeating fortified foods can increase the toxicity of nutrients.

Consuming too much thiamin causes _____.

no known adverse effects

Which of the following is NOT a good source of niacin?

vegetables

Which of the following is an example of a fortified food?

orange juice with vitamin D

Americans, on average, need __________ milligrams of vitamin C daily.

75 to 90

A cup of __________ will meet your daily vitamin C needs.

orange juice

Most Americans should meet their vitamin C needs by __________.

eating of variety of fruits and vegetables

Which of the following is a common characteristic of ALL vitamins and minerals?

They provide no kcalories for the body.

Which of the following is a characteristic of vitamins but NOT minerals?

They can be either water or fat soluble.

Which of the following is a characteristic of minerals but NOT vitamins?

Minerals are inorganic molecules, while vitamins are organic.

Which vitamin has been shown to beneficially alter the serum levels of triglycerides?

niacin

Vitamin D helps maintain calcium balance in the blood.

True

Vitamin K is a component of two light-sensitive proteins essential for vision.

False

Cutting vegetables and fruits hours before eating them will have no effect on their vitamin content.

False

Vitamin B6 is a collective name for several related compounds including ________, the major form found in plant foods, and two other forms found in animal food sources.

pyridoxine

Large amounts of vitamin B6 taken through supplements may be associated with nerve damage

True

Which vitamin has been shown to reduce the risk of colon, breast, and pancreatic cancers, as well as reduce the risk of birth defects?

folate

Vitamin C is also known as ________ acid.

ascorbic

Which of the following is a form of naturally occurring vitamin E?

alpha-tocopherol

Biotin plays a part in DNA formation.

False

The water-soluble vitamins include the B vitamins and vitamin E

False

Nerve damage caused by pernicious anemia can be reversed with treatments of vitamin B12 if diagnosed early enough.

True

Carly and Adam have been married for three years and are beginning to think about having children. Which vitamin should Carly make sure she is getting enough of prior to conceiving, in order to reduce the risk of neural tube defects?

folate

Excessive amounts of water-soluble vitamins are excreted in

urine

Pellagra is a condition associated with a deficiency of which vitamin?

vitamin B3

The body can synthesize ________ from the amino acid tryptophan.

niacin

Individuals with dark skin require less time in the sun than people with lighter skin in order to self-synthesize vitamin D.

False

One of the easiest ways to get vitamin D is by drinking fortified milk

True

Vitamins do not provide energy.

True

Which of the following conditions is not caused by a deficiency of vitamin D?

scurvy

Vitamin B6 acts as a coenzyme with more than 100 enzymes involved in the metabolism of proteins.

True

Vitamin K is an important factor in blood clotting.

True

Abundant in foods from animal sources, ________ is a vitamin-like substance needed to properly utilize fat.

carnitine

Excessive amounts of vitamin E in your body increase the risk of hemorrhage.

True

A deficiency of vitamin A can lead to night blindness and xerophthalmia.

True

Which of the following vitamins travels in a micelle along with bile and fatty acids?

vitamin A

The B vitamins act as ________, helping numerous enzymes produce reactions in your cells.

coenzymes

Which light-sensitive vitamin is abundant in milk?

riboflavin

Which people might not benefit from a vitamin supplement?

individuals who regularly eat fortified foods.

Where is the inactive form of vitamin D converted to the active form?

in the liver and then kidneys

Carotenodermia is a serious toxic reaction to an overdose of vitamin A.

False

A diet deficient in vitamin D can result in osteomalacia.

True

Which vitamin is essential for blood clotting?

vitamin K

Thiamin deficiency results in which condition?

beriberi

The most usable form of vitamin A is retinoic acid.

False

A diet in which an individual consumes too much niacin may result in pellagra.

False

Enriched or ________ foods have had nutrients added to them.

fortified

A diet deficient in vitamin C can result in rickets

False

Pernicious anemia occurs when there is a deficiency of which vitamin?

B12

Individuals who lack intrinsic factor and cannot absorb vitamin B12 may have ________ anemia.

pernicious

The disease that occurs in humans with a thiamin deficiency is called beriberi.

True

The adult equivalent of rickets is called osteomalacia.

True

Fat-soluble vitamins ___.

can be stored in the body for later use

Which of the following vitamins might accumulate to toxic levels in the body?

Vitamin A.

Vitamin E functions to __________.

protect the cell membranes by serving as an antioxidant

A deficiency of vitamin B12 can cause __________.

nerve damage

Consuming too much vitamin B6 can result in __________.

nerve damage

The best way to be sure that you get the right balance of vitamins is to __________.

eat a healthy, balanced diet

Which of the following would NOT be a significant source of vitamin C?

whole wheat bread

Which of the following would be the best source of vitamin B12?

beef roast

Susan had a sandwich made with white bread, chicken, dark, leafy greens, and tomatoes. Which vitamins did she consume in significant amounts?

All of these are correct.

Patrick wants to increase his intake of niacin. Which of the following foods would provide Patrick with a significant amount of niacin?

beef

Which of the following foods is a significant source of riboflavin?

milk

Milk sold in clear bottles might be low in ___.

riboflavin

When our diet is deficient in vitamin A, mucus production by epithelial cells increases.

False

To preserve vitamins, ___.

store the food in airtight containers

People on a low-fat diet may not be getting enough ___.

vitamin E

The chemical structure of vitamin B12 contains cobalt.

True

Vitamin B12's functions include __________.

the maintenance of healthy nervous tissue, prevention of macrocytic anemia, DNA synthesis

Which of the following statements regarding the absorption of vitamin B12 is FALSE?

R-protein produced in the stomach carries vitamin B12 to the ileum for absorption.

Vitamin B12 is attached to a protein called transcobalamin II.

True

The role of coenzymes is to ___.

promote the functioning of enzymes

Which vitamin is added to enriched grains and cereals in order to reduce the risk of a birth defect?

folic acid

The ultraviolet rays react with __________ in the skin to begin the process of forming vitamin D.

7-dehydrocholesterol

Once absorbed into the blood, the cholecalciferol travels to the kidney for the final step in activation.

False

The active form of vitamin D, also referred to as a hormone, is called __________.

calcitriol

The intrinsic factor, a protein in the stomach, promotes the absorption of ___.

vitamin B12

Most premade smoothies contain __________.

sugar and water

Which is the healthiest smoothie?

Homemade with frozen fruit

You can get your daily allotment of vitamin C from what serving size of berries?

One cup

About how many calories are in one cup of berries?

40

If you are making a smoothie at home, be sure to use __________.

100 percent fruit juice

Displacing milk with soft drinks causes many children to have a low intake of ___.

vitamin D

To boost your intake of vitamin B12, eat ___

animal products

Which of the following is true about phytochemicals found in foods?

They protect against certain chronic diseases.

The vitamin that promotes blood clotting is ___.

vitamin K

The inactive form of a vitamin that can be converted into an active form upon absorption is called ___.

provitamin

Which of the following foods are NOT significant sources of vitamin A?

whole grains and enriched grain products

Which of the following would be the best source of vitamin D?

fortified milk

Susan had a salad made of dark, leafy greens, oil and vinegar dressing, and cheese. Which of the following vitamins would NOT be found in adequate quantities from this lunch?

vitamin D

Patrick wants to increase his intake of vitamin E. Which of the following foods would provide him with a significant amount of vitamin E?

almonds

Which of the following foods is considered a poor source of fat-soluble vitamins?

grains

Which of the following is true about free radicals?

They can damage cells.

Which of the following vitamins is linked with energy metabolism?

riboflavin

Which of the following vitamins is linked with the immune system?

vitamin A

Which of the following vitamins is linked with antioxidant function?

vitamin E

Which of the following vitamins is linked with bone health?

vitamin K

Which of the following vitamins is responsible for red blood cell production?

folate

Which form of vitamin A enables the eye to react to changes in light?

retinal

The retina is composed of rods and cones.

True

The pigment molecules responsible for night vision are called __________.

rhodopsin

When light energy hits the retina, the retinal changes from a trans to a cis configuration.

False

Formation of free radicals can increase your risk for cancer and heart disease.

True

Which of the following statements regarding free radicals is FALSE?

Free radicals donate electrons to unstable compounds.

Selenium is considered an antioxidant.

True

The vitamin that enhances iron absorption is ___.

vitamin C

Which of the following is a good source of ascorbic acid?

red pepper

Why is folic acid an important nutrient for pregnant women?

It prevents birth defects.

Dr. Richard Besser pointed out a product that had 5,000 micrograms of B12. By how much was the product over the daily recommended allowance?

83,000

The best way to get enough nutrients without overdosing on them is to eat __________.

a balanced and varied diet