Layla has difficulty going to sleep and staying asleep. Layla is most likely suffering from

insomnia

nightmares are to ____ as night terrors are to_____

REM sleep; Stage 4 sleep

sleep deprivation has been shown to

diminish immunity to disease

the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep are called

delta waves

at 3 o'clock in the morning, John has already slept for 4 hours. As long s his sleep continues, we can expect an increasing occurrence of

REM sleep

REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because

our nervous system is highly active, while our muscles hardly move

Which of the following is bad advice for a person trying to overcome insomnia?

drink a glass of wine 15 minutes before bedtime

terry has not had a decent night of sleep in over a week. If this sleep deprivation continues, he will become increasingly susceptible to

viral infections

Mr. Dayton occasionally stops breathing while sleeping. He wakes up to snort air fora few seconds before falling back to sleep. Mrs. dayton complains that her husband snores. Clearly, Mr. Dayton suffers from

sleep apnea

after carlos had been asleep for about an hour and a half, his heart began to beat faster, his breathing became fast and irregular, and his closed eyes began to dart back and forth. Carlos was most likely experiencing

REM sleep

the human sleep cycle repeats itself about every

90 minutes

when light strikes the retina, it signals the suprachiasmatic nuclear to alter _____ production by the pineal gland

melatonin

alpha waves are associated with

relaxed but awake state

the circadian rhythm is influenced by light-sensitive retinal proteins that trigger signals to the

suprachiasmatic nucleus

the occurrence of REM rebound supports the notion that

humans, like most other mammals, need REM sleep

terry has not had a decent night of sleep in over a week. If this sleep deprivation continues, he will be susceptible to

viral infections

REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep becasue

our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move

after flying from california to new york, arthur experienced a restless, sleepless night. His problem was most likely caused by a disruption of his normal

circadian rhythm

with the approach of night, our body temperatures begin to drop. This best illustrates the dynamics of the

circadian rhythm

which of the following is most accurate about a typical night's sleep?

as sleep progresses, stage 3 and stage 4 sleep diminish while REM sleep increases

circadian rhythm

the biological clock

beta waves

very alert, awake brain "bright"

alpha waves

"almost asleep" slow waves of relaxed, awake brain

delta waves

"deep sleep": large, slow waves

stage one

stage where we loose perception of time and can experience hallucinations or sensation of falling or floating; slowed breathing and irregular brain waves

stage two

stage where we can be awakened without difficulty. brain waves are characterized by sleep spindles and sleep talking can occur

stage three

stage of delta sleep, delta brain waves are emitted

stage four

stage of deepest level of normal sleep, almost purely delta waves, disoriented and groggy-hard to awaken; sleep walking occurs in this stage

REM sleep

characterized by EEG patterns that resemble beta waves of alert wakefulness; muscles most relaxed, rapid eye movements, dreams occur

REM rebound

REM sleep increases after REM deprivation which is created by repeated awakening during REM sleep

lucid dreams

we are aware that we are dreaming and can control the dream

hypnosis

social interaction in which one person suggest to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts or behaviors will spontaneously occur

social influence theory

hypnotic subjects may simply be imaginative actors playing a social role

divided conscious theory

hypnosis is a special state of dissociated consciousness

psychoactive drug

a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood, changes the chemistry of the brain; changes our perceptions, mood or behavior

tolerance

diminishing effect with regular use neuroadaptation

withdrawal

discomfort and distress that follow discontinued use

depressants

drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

inhibition

a voluntary or involuntary restraint on the direct expression of an instinct

alcohol

slows neural processing, disrupts memory formation, reduces self-awareness

barbiturates (tranquilizers)

mimic the effects of alcohol, depress the activity of the central nervous system by reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement

opiates

depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety; elevate endorphins

stimulants

drugs that excite neural activity; speed up body function, metabolism, boost mood

amphetamines

drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes

methamphetamines

triggers the release of dopamine; reduces baseline levels of dopamine overtime and permanently depresses the user

ecstasy

synethic stimulant and mild hallucinogen; blocks serotonin reuptake, dehydrating effect

hallucinogens

psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

LSD

powerful hallucinogenic drug, euphoria to detachment to panic, feeling of separation from body

TH

major active ingredient in marijuana, triggers a variety of effects including mild hallucinations, lingers in the body for up to one month, impairs skills coordination and reaction times similar to alcohol