Which of the following is not a step in the scientific method?

explaining results

What is one limitation of the quasi-experimental method?

Does not use random assignment

A cognitive psychologist expects that reaction times on a simple sorting task will be impacted by mood. He randomly assigns participants to watch either a happy or a sad short-film before completing the task and records their reaction times. Which of the following best describes the hypothesis in this study?

Causal hypothesis

Which of the following steps in the scientific method comes latest in the process

Analyze data

Alyssa enjoys training her dog by ensuring there are positive consequences for her dog when he does a behavior she likes. She knows that this will increase the likelihood that her dog will behave nicely in the future. Which of the following psychologists' perspectives is Alyssa most likely using as she trains her dog?

B.F. Skinner

A developmental psychologist visits a local playground and notices that boys were more frequently jumping off of high surfaces than girls. Now, she wants to see if she can observe gender differences in risk-taking behaviors during childhood. Which of the following methods would be the most effective tool for determining whether boys are more likely to jump off of high surfaces than girls on a playground?

Naturalistic observation

Mary found a strong relationship between students' caffeine intake and their test scores, such that increases in caffeine intake were associated with improved test scores. Which of the following values would best reflect the relationship she found between caffeine and test scores?

0.85

Which of the following is the most efficient tool for studying a large group of people?

Surveys

Which ethical principle is partially satisfied when participants are told that they may withdraw from participation at any time?

informed consent

Which of the following principles of ethical practice involves informing participants of the true purpose of the research?

Debriefing

Which of the following statements best represents the impact of evolutionary theory on the field of psychology?

It proposed that natural selection could help explain why humans behave the way they do.

A psychologist who focuses on ways to promote constructive feelings and emotions could be described as:

a positive psychologist.

In an effort to better understand anxiety disorders, Susan focuses on how people think about the things that make them feel anxious. What perspective is she subscribing to?

Cognitive

The well-known psychologist who was able to demonstrate that dogs could be trained to salivate in response to a nonfood stimulus was:

Ivan Pavlov.

A sample of population can be considered "representative" if it:

reflects the whole population to be studied

The perspective that focuses on how choices and behavior are influenced by a person's self-concept and self-esteem is known as:

humanistic perspective

What do all scientific areas of study have in common?

They use a systematic process to test hypotheses.

A teacher wants to see whether meditation helps his students concentrate during his lecture. He randomly assigns half his class to meditate quietly while the other half has free time. Then he has his students listen to a 15-minute lecture and tests their comprehension. This experiment-like approach would be an example of what kind of hypothesis?

. Causal

Which field of psychology focuses on the relationships between people and their work environments?

Industrial/Organizational

a variable that is manipulated in an experimental design is referred to as:

an independent variable

The master gland in the endocrine system is the:

pituitary gland

The junction between two neurons is known as the:

synapse

The state of internal equilibrium that is maintained by physiological processes is known as:

homeostasis.

The process through which neurotransmitters are recycled back into the presynaptic neuron is known as:

reuptake

A neural impulse fired by a neuron is known as the:

action potential.

Which of the following happens just before an action potential is fired?

Incoming signals make the inside of the neuron more positive

The chemical system in the body that uses hormones to control organ function and behavior is known as the:

endocrine system.

The part of the brain that helps maintain homeostasis in the body is the:

hypothalamus

The part of the brain that primarily governs higher-order mental processes is the:

forebrain

The discontinuous segments of fatty, waxy substance that insulates the axon is collectively referred to as the:

myelin sheath.

Which of the following systems plays the largest role in regulating heartbeat when at rest?

Autonomic nervous system

The electrochemical system of communication that uses neurons is known as the:

nervous system.

The class of narcotic drugs called opiates functions most similarly to which of the following?

Endorphin

The difference in charges found between the inside and outside of a neuron is known as the:

resting potential.

Which of the following neurotransmitters is related to reward, movement, motivation, learning, and attention

Dopamine

Which part of the limbic system plays a key role in the emotions of fear and aggression?

Amygdala

When we are under stress, our heart races and respiration becomes rapid due to stimulation by the:

sympathetic nervous system

A cell in the nervous system that transmits information is referred to as:

a neuron.

Some mental illnesses, like depression, may be alleviated by medication that prevents the reuptake of:

serotonin

Which of the following neurons are used to send information about sights and sounds?

Sensory neurons

Not too long ago in the United States, pregnant women drank coffee, tea, and cola without thinking twice about it. Today most pregnant women give up these practices and tolerate withdrawal in order to reduce the risk of having a/an:

miscarriage

Which of the following is the primary indicator of a person having a substance use disorder?

Lack of control.

What term would Freud use to describe a dream scenario in which you walk onstage to accept an award but instead fall through a trapdoor?

. Manifest content

According to response set theory, what is the underlying concept that causes a person to be hypnotized?

Expectation

What are the three most commonly used psychoactive substances among people in the United States?

Caffeine, alcohol, and nicotine

During which stage of sleep can the brain be considered "alert"?

REM sleep

What criteria are used to define the stages of sleep?

Electrical activity

As you read this question, which of the following is being ingested by the highest number of people worldwide?

Caffeine

How does eating food while drinking decrease the effects of alcohol?

It slows the rate of absorption

When Estella had her first beer at a high school party, she was buzzed before she even finished it. Now that she's in college, Estella has to drink a couple of beers before she even starts to feel a little tipsy. Which of the following best describes what Estella is experiencing?

Tolerance

Which of the following views dreaming as a way to internally process difficult experiences that have already occurred?

Continuity hypothesis

Research into the stages of sleep demonstrate that, during a full night's sleep, our bodies are intermittently:

active and relaxed.

Which of the following pairs, when ingested together, can create a dangerous cycle of increased ingestion and subsequent impairment?

. Rum and Cola

The various effects caused by most psychoactive drugs are the result of their influence on:

neurotransmitters

One cycle of human circadian rhythm corresponds to:

1 day.

Every morning Nick usually swallowed four Nembutal tablets to get that mellow, euphoric feeling that he loved. Last week he took five tablets, fell into a coma, and died. Which of the following is the likely cause for Nick's reaction to the higher dose?

He exceeded the margin of safety.

When a police officer at a roadside sobriety check asks a driver to balance on one foot while counting to 30, they are checking for the potential effects of alcohol on the:

. cerebellum.

As more states legalize recreational use of marijuana, which of the following is a potential long-term impact that society may need to address?

Decreased attention

After a stressful day at work, Vivian likes to sit and crochet while she watches television. Some nights she's finished half a blanket without missing a detail of her shows. Which term reflects Vivian's experience?

Dissociation.

At its foundation, hypnosis causes people to:

respond to suggestions.

Which of the following terms best characterizes the concept of emotion?

. Reaction.

Which of the following can be considered the most distinctive characteristic of bulimia nervosa?

. Conflicting behaviors

Which of the following is associated with all motives?

. Consequences.

Which of the following is an intrinsic incentive for an employee?

Feeling pride for completing a task

vanessa tends to struggle with aches and pains related to depression. Where is Vanessa likely storing excess adipose tissue?

Her belly.

According to the James-Lange theory, what is the sole factor that causes a particular emotion?

Biology.

The attitudes and actions of people who are prejudiced regarding fat people tend to reflect which of the following?

Personal insecurities

The research conducted by Masters and Johnson focused on what aspect of human sexual experience?

Biological.

Body Mass Index is a function of what two variables?

Height and weight

What is the end goal of intuitive eating?

the cessation of hunger.

Despite all the organs and substances that are involved, which of the following makes the final determination about a person's hunger?

Hypothalamus.

Which of the following increases as the Yerkes-Dodson curve slopes downward?

Anxiety

Optimal human energy levels and resources are managed by balancing:

. Sugar and starch

What defines the concept of negative feedback in a negative feedback loop?

An optimal benchmark not being met

What is the goal of metabolic adaptation?

to maintain set point.

Expression creates emotion" could be the slogan for which of the following?

Facial feedback hypothesis.

Which of the following terms best reflects the affective component of emotion

Personal.

As a concept, homosexuality is primarily grounded in:

identity

What immediately follows a drive state?

Behavior.

Recent research on the maternal immune hypothesis and the prevalence of left-handedness among homosexuals suggests a strong ________ role in sexual orientation.

biological.