Question: Question 1

Answer:

Question: (a) Describe one measure of evolutionary fitness.

Answer: The response indicates that evolutionary fitness is usually measured by reproductive success or that it is measured by the number of offspring produced.

Question: (b) (i) Using the template, construct an appropriately labeled graph to represent the data in Table 1.

(b) (ii) Based on the data, determine whether there is a significant difference in the frequency of EACH allele among the three primate populations.

Answer:

Question: (c) (i) Based on the data, identify the population that is likely to have the highest frequency of heterozygotes.

(c) (ii) Assuming random mating, calculate the frequency of animals in population 1 that carry both alleles 1 and 3.

Answer: (c) (i) The response indicates that population 3 is likely to have the highest frequency of heterozygotes (because in population 3 all alleles are present at closest to the same frequencies).

(c) (ii) The response indicates that the frequency of animals in population 1 that carry both alleles 1 and 3 is 0.3 or 30%. The calculation is: 2(0.60×0.25)=2×0.15=0.30

Question:

Answer:

Question: Question 2

Answer:

Question: (a) Based on the data in Table 1, identify the animal that has the greatest number of sequence differences from the reference animal.

Answer: The response indicates that Elephas-2 has 13 sequence differences from the reference animal, and this is the greatest number of all animals in the table.

Question: (b) Based on the data in Table 1, complete the cladogram using the template provided to indicate the evolutionary relationships of the four species: African elephants (Loxodonta africana), Asian elephants (Elephas maximus), woolly mammoths (Mammuthus primigenius), and dugongs (Dugong dugon).

Answer: The response indicates that from left to right, the order at the tips of the cladogram is: Dugong, Elephas, Loxodonta, Mammathus. Loxodonta and Mammuthus can also be reversed. (Common names can be used; full species names can also be used).

Question:

Answer: The response indicates that molecular data, such as that for a widely conserved protein such as cytochrome b, show conserved similarities between organisms such as dugongs and proboscideans and can be used to support the existence of this relationship.

Question:

Answer: The response indicates that animals that are related once had a common ancestor with certain genetic characteristics. Adaption to different habitats leads to diversification of morphology but does not change evolutionary relationships.