7 Units Of Ap Human Geography

Question: aggregation
Answer: a large group or collection of people, animals, or things.
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Question: agricultural density
Answer: the ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture.
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Question: base line
Answer: an east-west line designated under the Land Ordinance of 1785 to facilitate the surveying and numbering of townships in the United States.
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Question: cartography
Answer: science or art of making maps
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Question: choropleth map
Answer: a thematic map that uses tones or colors to represent spatial data as average values per unit area
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Question: concentration
Answer: how dispersed people are in the world
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Question: connections
Answer: relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space
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Question: density
Answer: the amount of people in a specified area
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Question: diffusion
Answer: the spread of an idea, innovation, or tradition
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Question: distance decay
Answer: the diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.
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Question: distribution
Answer: the arrangement of something across Earth's surface.
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Question: formal region
Answer: an area where the people share certain characteristics or traits
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Question: functional region
Answer: an area where people do similar things
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Question: GIS
Answer: a planetary mapping system that uses remote sensing to map topography
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Question: GPS
Answer: a system of satellites that determine where on earth you are
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Question: GMT
Answer: the time at the prime meridian (Greenwich, England)
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Question: hearth
Answer: the place where diffusion starts
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Question: human geography
Answer: the study of why people are where they are
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Question: human-environmental interaction
Answer: the theme of geography that explains how people interact with their environment
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Question: international date line
Answer: the point opposite the prime meridian where time moves forward or goes back a day when crossed (180 degrees longitude)
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Question: isoline map
Answer: a map with lines that connect points of equal value (Ex: Elevation)
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Question: land ordinance of 1785
Answer: A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers.
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Question: latitude
Answer: East-west lines parallel to the equator used to measure distance in degrees north or south of the equator
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Question: legend
Answer: the key to a map
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Question: location
Answer: the physical or general positioning of a place
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Question: longitude
Answer: North-South lines parallel to the prime meridian used to measure distance in degrees east or west of the prime meridian
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Question: map
Answer: the display of the world (no matter how large or small the scale) on a flat surface
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Question: map projection
Answer: the transferring of the earth's surface to a map
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Question: map scale
Answer: A comparison of the distance on a map to the distance in the real world. It helps you find the real distance.
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Question: mental map
Answer: how a person perceives a region or location
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Question: meridian
Answer: line of longitude
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Question: movement
Answer: how an idea or people move about the world
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Question: parallel
Answer: two societies moving up together
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Question: pattern
Answer: recurring things in the world
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Question: physiological density
Answer: The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture
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Question: place
Answer: what a location looks like
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Question: polder
Answer: A piece of land that is created by draining water from an area
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Question: possibilism
Answer: The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives.
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Question: primary data
Answer: Data that you gather yourself (not from secondary sources such as books and magazines).
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Question: prime meridian
Answer: 0 degrees longitude
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Question: principal meridian
Answer: A north-south line designated in the Land Ordinance of 1785 to facilitate the surveying and numbering of townships in the United States
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Question: proportional symbol map
Answer: Type of map that uses a symbol in varying sizes to show the magnitude of a characteristic
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Question: reference map
Answer: Maps that show the absolute location of places and geographic features determined by a frame of reference, typically latitude and longitude
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Question: region
Answer: an area that is grouped together by its culture or climate
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Question: regional studies
Answer: an approach to geography that emphasizes the relationships among social and physical phenomena in a particular study area
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Question: relocation diffusion
Answer: The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another.
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Question: remote sensing
Answer: A method of collecting data or information through the use of instruments that are physically distant from the area or object of study.
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Question: resource
Answer: Anything that can be used to produce something else
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Question: scale
Answer: the difference between the size on a map and the size on the earth
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Question: secondary data
Answer: Data previously collected for any purpose other than the one at hand
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Question: sections
Answer: A square normally 1 mile on a side.The land ordinance of 1785 divided townships in the us into 36 ________
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Question: simplification
Answer: Elimination of unimportant detail on maps and retention and possibly exaggeration and distortion of important information, depending on the purpose of the map
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Question: site
Answer: Physical character of a place
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Question: situation
Answer: Contradiction between what we expect to happen and what really happens.
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Question: space
Answer: anywhere on earth
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Question: space time compression
Answer: the reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation systems
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Question: spatial data
Answer: data with tie to earth's surface. defined by coordinates of the shape and extent of the phenomena. ex. mountain, land form etc.
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Question: thematic map
Answer: A type of map that displays one or more variables-such as population, or income level-within a specific area.
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Question: township
Answer: A 6-by-6 mile area containing 36 sections each 1 mile square. A division of land in the rectangular survey method of land description.
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Question: transnational corporation
Answer: A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located.
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Question: uneven development
Answer: The increasing gap in economic conditions between core and peripheral regions as a result of the globalization of the economy.
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Question: vernacular region
Answer: a perceptual region
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Question: dot map
Answer: Maps where one dot represents a certain number of a phenomenon, such as a population.
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Question: population density
Answer: A measurement of the number of people per given unit of land.
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Question: arithmetic population density
Answer: The population of a country or region expressed as an average per unit area. The figure is derived by dividing the population of the areal unit by the number of square kilometers or miles that make up the unit.
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Question: population distribution
Answer: Description of locations on the Earth's surface where populations live.
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Question: megalopolis
Answer: Term used to designate large coalescing supercities that are forming in diverse parts of the world; formerly used specifically with an uppercase "M" to refer to the Boston-Washington multimetropolitan corridor on the northeastern seaboard of the United States, but now used generically with a lower-case "m" as a synonym for conurbation.
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Question: doubling time
Answer: The time required for a population to double in size.
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Question: population explosion
Answer: The rapid growth of the world's human population during the past century, attended by ever-shorter doubling times and accelerating rates of increase.
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Question: natural increase
Answer: Population growth measured as the excess of live births over deaths. does not reflect either emigrant or immigrant movements.
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Question: crude birth rate (CBR)
Answer: The number of live births yearly per thousand people in a population.
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Question: crude death rate (CDR)
Answer: The number of deaths yearly per thousand people in a population.
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Question: demographic transition
Answer: Multistage model, based on Western Europe's experience, of changes in population growth exhibited by countries undergoing industrialization. High birth rates and death rates are followed by plunging death rates, producing a huge net population gain; this is followed by the convergence of birth rates and death rates at a low overall level.
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Question: stationary population level (SPL)
Answer: The level at which a national population ceases to grow.
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Question: population composition
Answer: Structure of a population in terms of age, sex and other properties such as marital status and education.
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Question: population pyramids
Answer: Visual representations of the age and sex composition of a population whereby the percentage of each age group (generally five-year increments) is represented by a horizontal bar the length of which represents its relationship to the total population. The males in each age group are represented to the left of the center line of each horizontal bar; the females in each age group are represented to the right of the center line.
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Question: infant mortality rate (IMR)
Answer: A figure that describes the number of babies that die within the first year of their lives in a given population.
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Question: child mortality rate
Answer: A figure that describes the number of children that die between the first and fifth years of their lives in a given population.
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Question: life expectancy
Answer: A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live. Normally expressed in the context of a particular state.
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Question: AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)
Answer: Immune system disease caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) which over a period of years weakens the capacity of the immune system to fight off infection so that weight loss and weakness set in and other afflictions such as cancer or pneumonia may hasten an infected person's demise.
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Question: chronic (degenerative) diseases
Answer: Generally long-lasting afflictions now more common because of higher life expectancies.
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Question: expansive population policies
Answer: Government policies that encourage large families and raise the rate of population growth.
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Question: eugenic population policies
Answer: Government policies designed to favor one racial sector over others.
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Question: restrictive population policies
Answer: Government policies designed to reduce the rate of natural increase.
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Question: total fertility rate (TFR)
Answer: The average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years.
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Question: aging index
Answer: the number of people aged 65 years and older per 100 children aged zero to 14 years in a given population
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Question: zero population growth
Answer: a state in which a population is maintained at a constant level because the number of deaths is exactly offset by the number of births
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Question: infectious diseases
Answer: Diseases that are spread by bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Infectious diseases diffuse directly or indirectly from human to human
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Question: genetic or inherited diseases
Answer: Diseases caused by variation or mutation of a gene or group of genes in a human
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Question: endemic
Answer: a disease that is particular to a locality or region
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Question: pandemic
Answer: An outbreak of a disease that spreads worldwide.
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Question: one-child policy
Answer: A program established by the Chinese government in 1979 to slow population growth in China.
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Question: international migration
Answer: Human movement involving movement across international boundaries.
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Question: internal migration
Answer: Human movement within a nation-state, such as ongoing westward and southward movements in the United States.
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Question: forced migration
Answer: Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate.
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Question: voluntary migration
Answer: Movement in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity, not because they are forced to move.
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Question: step migration
Answer: Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to town and city.
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Question: chain migration
Answer: Pattern of migration that develops when migrants move along and through kinship links (i.e. one migrant settles in a place and then writes, calls, or communicates through others to describe this place to family and friends who in turn then migrate there).
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Question: selective immigration
Answer: process to control immigration in which individuals with certain backgrounds are barred from immigrating
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Question: migration
Answer: A change in residence intended to be permanent.
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Question: immigration
Answer: the act of a person migrating into a new country or area
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Question: laws of migration
Answer: Developed by British demographer Ernst Ravenstein, five laws that predict the flow of migrants. 1) Net Migration amounts to only a fraction of the gross migration between 2 places. 2) The majority of migrants move short distances. 3) Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big city destinations. 4) Urban residents are less migratory than people in rural areas. 5) Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults.
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Question: immigration wave
Answer: Phenomenon whereby different patterns of chain migration build upon one another to create a swell in migration from one origin to the same destination.
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Question: immigration laws
Answer: laws and regulation of a state designed specifically to control immigration into that state
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Question: migrant labor
Answer: A common type of periodic movement involving millions of workers in the United States and tens of millions of workers worldwide who cross international borders in search of employment and become immigrants, in many instances.
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Question: deportation
Answer: the act of a government sending a migrant out of it's country and back to the migrant's home country
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Question: remittances
Answer: Money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries.
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Question: cyclic movement
Answer: Movement - for example, nomadic migration - that has a closed route and is repeated annually or seasonally.
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Question: periodic movement
Answer: Movement - for example, college attendance or military service - that involves temporary, recurrent relocation.
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Question: push factor
Answer: Negative conditions and perceptions that induce people to leave their abode and migrate to a new locale.
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Question: pull factor
Answer: Positive conditions and perceptions that effectively attract people to new locales from other areas.
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Question: activity space
Answer: The space within which daily activity occurs.
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Question: nomadism
Answer: Movement among a definite set of places - often cyclic movement.
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Question: military service
Answer: Another common form of periodic movement involving as many as 10 million United States citizens in a given year, including military personnel and their families, who are moved to new locations where they will spend tours of duty lasting up to several years.
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Question: gravity model
Answer: A mathematical prediction of the interaction of places, the interaction being a function of population size of the respective places and the distance between them. interaction between places on the basis of their population size and distance between them.
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Question: intervening opportunity
Answer: The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away.
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Question: kinship links
Answer: Types of push factors or pull factors that influence a migrant's decision to go where family or friends have already found success.
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Question: explorer
Answer: A person examining a region that is unknown to him.
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Question: colonization
Answer: physical process whereby the the colonizer takes over another place, putting its own government in charge and either moving its own people into the place or bringing in indentured outsiders to gain control of the people and the land
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Question: regional scale
Answer: interactions occurring within a region, in a regional setting
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Question: islands of development
Answer: place built up by a government or corporation to attract foreign investment and which has relatively high concentrations of paying jobs and infrastructure.
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Question: russification
Answer: the soviet policy to promote the diffusion of Russian culture throughout the republics of the former soviet union
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Question: guest workers
Answer: Legal immigrant who has a work visa, usually short term
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Question: refugees
Answer: people who have fled their country because of political persecution and seek asylum in another country
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Question: internally displaced persons
Answer: people who have been displaced within their own countries and do not cross international borders as they flee
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Question: asylum
Answer: Shelter and protection in one state for refugees from another state
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Question: repatriation
Answer: A refugee or group of refugees returning to their home country, usually with the assistance of government or a non-governmental organization
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Question: quotas
Answer: Established limits by governments on the number of immigrants who can enter a country each year
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Question: global-scale migration
Answer: migration that takes place across international boundaries and between world regions
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Question: reverse remittances
Answer: Remittances from foreign lands to the U.S. The struggling migrant asking back home for money.
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Question: age distribution
Answer: a model used in population geography that describes the ages and number of males and females within a given population; also called a population pyramid
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Question: carrying capacity
Answer: Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support
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Question: cohort
Answer: A population group unified by a specific common characteristic, such as age, and subsequently treated as a statistical unit.
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Question: demographic equation
Answer: The formula that calculates population change. The formula finds the increase (or decrease) in a population. The formula is found by doing births minus deaths plus (or minus) net migration. This is important because it helps to determine which stage in the demographic transition model a country is in. (B-D+IM-EM)
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Question: demographic momentum
Answer: this is the tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution. This is important because once this happens a country moves to a different stage in the demographic transition model.
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Question: demographic regions
Answer: Regions grouped together by the stage of the demographic transition model that most countries in the region are in.
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Question: dependency ratio
Answer: Number of people who are too young/too old COMPARED to those who are at the right age to work.
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Question: ecumene
Answer: The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.
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Question: epidemiological transition model
Answer: Distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition.
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Question: gendered space
Answer: areas or regions designed for men or women
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Question: j-curve
Answer: This is when the projection population shows exponential growth; sometimes shape as a j-curve. This is important because if the population grows exponential our resource use will go up exponential and so will our use as well as a greater demand for food and services.
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Question: s-curve
Answer: Leveling off of an exponential, J-shaped curve when a rapidly growing population exceeds the carrying capacity of its environment and ceases to grow.
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Question: maladaptation
Answer: This is an adaptation that has become less helpful than harmful. This relates to human geography because it has become less and less suitable and more of a problem or hindrance in its own right, as time goes on. Which shows as the world changes so do the things surrounding it
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Question: natality
Answer: Birthrate
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Question: neo-malthusian
Answer: A belief that the world is characterized by scarcity and competition in which too many people fight for too few resources. Named for Thomas Malthus, who predicted a dismal cycle of misery, vice, and starvation as a result of human overpopulation
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Question: sex ratio
Answer: The number of males per 100 females in the population.
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Question: standard of living
Answer: Quality of life based on ownership of necessities and luxuries that make life easier. Level of economic prosperity
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Question: place utility
Answer: having a product where customers can buy it.The desirability and usefulness of a place to an individual or to a groups such as a family.
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Question: personal space
Answer: the surrounding area over which a person makes some claim to privacy.
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Question: space time prism
Answer: The set of all points that can be reached by an individual given a maximum possible speed from a starting point in space-time and an ending point in space-time.
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Question: transmigration
Answer: The planned, government-sponsored relocation of people from one area to another within a state territory., Mass resettlement of people with in a country to alleviate overcrowding or localized overpopulation.
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Question: developed country
Answer: a modern, industrialized country in which people are generally better educated and healthier and live longer than people in developing countries do
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Question: developing country
Answer: A country with an economy that is not fully modernised or centrally planned, often with very low standards of living and poverty; a country with poor education, high unemployment, poor health care and low life expectancy
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Question: Cultural Landscape
Answer: the landscape in which people have affected by cultural means
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Question: Diffusion Types
Answer: expansion and relocation, expansion is the expanding, and relocating is moving
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Question: Sequence Occupancy
Answer: Refers to such cultural succession and its lasting imprint proposed by Derwent Whittlesey
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Question: Indo-European Languages
Answer: Romance and Germanic languages spoken by about 50% of the world's population
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Question: Isogloss
Answer: geographical boundary lines where linguistic features meet
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Question: Language Subfamily
Answer: a section of a language family
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Question: Official Language
Answer: the main language spoken by a country
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Question: Toponym
Answer: a name for a place
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Question: Geomancy
Answer: is a method of prediction that interprets markings on the ground, or how handfuls of dirt land when someone tosses them. The Arabic tradition consists of sketching sixteen random lines of dots in sand.
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Question: Hajj
Answer: the pilgrimage to Mecca for Islam followers, it's the fifth of the five pillars
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Question: Sunni/Shiite
Answer: the two branches of the Muslim religion, divided by a conflict over the prophet
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Question: Universalizing
Answer: the spreading of a religion worldwide
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Question: Islam
Answer: means the submission to the will of god, also monotheistic religion originating with the teachings of Muhammad, a key religious figure
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Question: Muslim pilgrimage
Answer: If physically and financially able, a Muslim makes a pilgrimage to Mecca, they usually make the trip around Ramadan, this pilgrimage is also referred to as Hajj
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Question: Proselytic Religion
Answer: Referred to as a Universalizing Religion, which is an attempt to be global, to appeal to all people, wherever they may live in the world, not just to those of one culture or location
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Question: Hinduism
Answer: Created in India, approximately one billion followers. Unlike other religions, heaven isn't always the ultimate goal in life. Third largest in world behind Christianity and Islam. Talk about Karma (what goes around comes around.) It is important to HG because such a large number of people follow the religion and it's unlike any other one.
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Question: Jainism
Answer: Religion and philosophy originating in ancient India. Stresses spiritual independence and equality throughout all life. It affects HG because a lot of people believe in it in India.
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Question: Mormonism
Answer: A term used to describe religious, ideological, and cultural aspects of the various denominations of the Latter Day Saint movement. It is important because a lot of people around the world practice Mormonism.
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Question: Enfranchisment
Answer: The granting of freedom, voting rights, etc
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Question: Longevity Gap
Answer: The gap between the life expectancy of men and women
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Question: Maternal Mortality Rate
Answer: Annual number of deaths of women during childbirth per 1,000 women.
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Question: Animism
Answer: Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.
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Question: Ethnic religion
Answer: A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated.
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Question: Fundamentalism
Answer: Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect).
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Question: Monotheism
Answer: The doctrine or belief of the existence of only one god.
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Question: Polytheism
Answer: Belief in or worship of more than one god.
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Question: Sect
Answer: A relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination.
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Question: Interfaith Boundary
Answer: The boundaries between the world's major faiths.
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Question: Intrafaith boundary
Answer: The boundaries within a major religion.
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Question: Religion
Answer: The service and worship of God or the supernatural.
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Question: Shamanism
Answer: Form of a tribal religion that involved community acceptance of a shaman, a religious leader, healer, and worker of magic who, through special powers, can intercede with and interpret the spirit world.
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Question: Theocracy
Answer: A state whose government is under the control of a ruler who is deemed to be divinely guided or under the control of a group of religious leaders
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Question: Buddhism
Answer: The teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth
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Question: Christianity
Answer: a monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior
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Question: Confucianism
Answer: The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct.
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Question: Judaism
Answer: The monotheistic religion of the Jews having its spiritual and ethical principles embodied chiefly in the Torah and in the Talmud
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Question: Sacred Sites
Answer: Place or space people infuse with religious meaning
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Question: Sharia Law
Answer: Arabic word meaning 'way' or 'path'. In Arabic, the collocation 'Šarīʿat Allāh' (God's Law) is traditionally used not only by Muslims, but also Christians and Jews
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Question: Shi'ite
Answer: a member of the branch of Islam that regards Ali as the legitimate successor to Mohammed and rejects the first three caliphs
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Question: Shintoism
Answer: Religion located in Japan and related to Buddhism. Shintoism focuses particularly on nature and ancestor worship.
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Question: Sunni
Answer: A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad, one of the two main branches of orthodox Islam
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Question: Universalizing Religion
Answer: A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location.
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Question: Social Distance
Answer: The distance between different groups of society and is opposed to locational distance. The notion includes all differences such as social class, race/ethnicity or sexuality, but also the fact that the different groups do not mix
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Question: Cargo Cult Pilgrimage
Answer: Cargo Cult's believe western goods have been traded to them by ancestral spirits. It takes place in Melanesia
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Question: Exclave
Answer: A part of a country that is seperated from the rest of the country and surrounded by foreign territory.
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Question: Enclave
Answer: An enclosed territory that is culturally distinct from the foreign territory that surrounds it
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Question: Landscapes of The Dead
Answer: The certain areas where people have commonly been buried
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Question: Reincarnation
Answer: Belief that the individual soul is reborn in a different form after death
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Question: Religious Architectural Styles
Answer: These are the styles of architecture created by the religions.
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Question: Religious Conflict
Answer: Conflicts between religions
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Question: Religious Culture Hearth
Answer: The starting place of a religion
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Question: Religious Toponym
Answer: This refers to the origin and meaning of the names of religions. This is important to HG because many names mean significant things including beliefs of cultures.
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Question: Sikhism
Answer: A monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by the guru Nanak, blended Hindu and Islam
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Question: Shia
Answer: The branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad
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Question: Ethnic Homelands
Answer: A sizeable area inhabited by an ehnic minority that exhibits a strong sense of attachment to the region and often exercises some measure of politcal and social control over it
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Question: Taoism
Answer: Religion based on Chinese philosophy
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Question: Zoroastrianism
Answer: Is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings ascribed to the prophet Zoroaster
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Question: Ethnocentrism
Answer: The tendency to look at the world primarily from the perspective of one's own culture
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Question: Daoism
Answer: Religion based on Chinese philosophy
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Question: cultural maladaptation
Answer: poor or inadequate adaption that occurs when a group pursues an adaptive strategy that, in the short run, fail to provide the necessities of life, or in the long run, destroys the environment that nourishes it
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Question: cultural core
Answer: the territorial nucleus from which a country grows in area and over time, often containing the national capital and the main center of commerce, culture, and industry
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Question: cultural periphery
Answer: a concept based on the tendency of both formal and functional culture regions to consist of a core or node, in which defining traits and purest or functions are headquartered, and a periphery that is tributary and displays fewer of the defining traits
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Question: cultural ecology
Answer: narrowly defined, the study of culture as an adaptive system that facilitates human adaptation to nature and environmental change
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Question: culture
Answer: includes such learned features as speech, ideology, behavior; livelihood, technology, and government
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Question: necessities of life
Answer: food, clothing, shelter, defense
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Question: folk architecture
Answer: architecture that come from the collective memory of groups of traditional people
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Question: folk
Answer: traditional, rural; the opposite of popular
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Question: folklore
Answer: traditional customs, tales, sayings, dances, or art forms reserved among a people
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Question: material culture
Answer: all physical, tangible objects made and used by members of a culture group, such as clothing, buildings, and tools, and utensils, instruments, furniture, and artwork
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Question: nonmaterial culture
Answer: the wide range of tales, songs, lore, beliefs, superstitions, and customs that passes from generation to generation as part of an oral or written tradition
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Question: survey patterns
Answer: a pattern of original land survey in an area
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Question: Creole
Answer: a language derived from a pidgin that has acquired a fuller vocabulary and become the native language of its speakers
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Question: dialect
Answer: a distinctive local or regional variant of a language that remains mutually intelligible to speakers of other dialects of that language
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Question: language
Answer: a mutually agreed-upon system of symbolic communication that has a spoken and usually a written expression
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Question: language family
Answer: a group of related languages derived from a common ancestor
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Question: lingua franca
Answer: an existing, well-esablished language of communication and commerce used widely where it is not a mother tongue
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Question: linguistic refuge area
Answer: an area protected by isolation or inhospitable environmental conditions in which a language or dialect has survived
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Question: monolingual
Answer: speaking only one language
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Question: multilingual
Answer: speaking more than one language
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Question: pidgin
Answer: a composite language consisting of a small vocabulary borrowed from the linguistic groups involved in international commerce
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Question: mutual intelligibility
Answer: the ability of two people to understand each other when speaking
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Question: assimilation
Answer: the dominant culture completely absorbs a less dominant culture whereby the immigrants lose their native customs, including religion and language
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Question: behaviors
Answer: actions that people take; generally based on values and beliefs
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Question: beliefs
Answer: specific statements that people hold to be true; are almost always based on values
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Question: Core-Domain-Sphere model
Answer: influence of a culture decreases the further one travels from the core.
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Question: contagious diffusion
Answer: the rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population
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Question: cultural determinism
Answer: the emphasis of human culture as ultimately more important than the physical environment in shaping human actions; example, reversing global warming
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Question: cultural diffusion
Answer: the expansion and adoption of a cultural element, from its place of origin to a wider area
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Question: cultural relativism
Answer: the practice of evaluating a culture by its own standards
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Question: culture complex
Answer: the group of traits that define a particular culture
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Question: culture hearth
Answer: the areas where civilizations first began and subsequently radiated the customs, innovations, and ideologies that culturally transformed the world
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Question: culture realm
Answer: a geographic assemblage of related culture regions
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Question: culture region
Answer: a region defined by similar culture traits and cultural landscape features
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Question: culture system
Answer: a grouping of certain complexes together (common traits)
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Question: culture trait
Answer: the specific customs that are part of the everyday life of a particular culture, such as language, religion, ethnicity, social institutions, and aspects of popular culture
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Question: custom
Answer: a repetitive act of a group, performed to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group
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Question: environmental determinism
Answer: the emphasis that the physical environment, especially the climate and terrain, actively shapes cultures, so that human responses are completely molded by the environment
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Question: environmental perception
Answer: emphasizes the importance of human perception of the environment, rather than the actual character of the land; perception, in turn, is shaped by culture
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Question: expansion diffusion
Answer: the spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process
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Question: folk culture
Answer: Cultural traits such as dress modes, dwellings, customs, and institutions of usually small, traditional communities traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups
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Question: folk life
Answer: the composite culture, both material and non-material, that shapes the lives of folk socities
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Question: habit
Answer: a repetitive act that a particular individual performs
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Question: hierarchical diffusion
Answer: the spread of an idea, innovation, or trend from and important node or person of authority or power to other persons or places of less significance
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Question: independent inventions
Answer: developments that can be traced to a specific civilization
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Question: norms
Answer: the rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members
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Question: popular culture
Answer: Cultural traits such as dress, diet and music that identify and are part of today's changeable, urban-based, media-influenced western societies found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics
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Question: regional identity
Answer: the common identification a group of people has with a particular place
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Question: relocation diffusion/ migrant diffusion
Answer: the spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another
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Question: stimulus diffusion
Answer: the spread of an underlying idea, innovation, or principle even though a specific object fails to diffuse or a specific characteristic is rejected
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Question: syncetism
Answer: the fusion of two distinctive cultural traits into a unique new hybrid trait
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Question: taboo
Answer: A restriction on a behavior imposed by a social custom
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Question: terroir
Answer: the sum of the effects of the local environment on a particular food item; the contribution of a location's distinctive physical features to the way food tastes
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Question: transculturation
Answer: the process that occurs when two cultures of just about equal power or influence meet and exchange ideas or traits without the domination seen in acculturation and assimilation
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Question: uniform landscape
Answer: the spatial expression of a popular custom in one location that will be similar to another
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Question: values
Answer: culturally-defined standards that guide the way people assess desirability, goodness, and beauty, and that serve as guidelines for moral living
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Question: Acculturation
Answer: A form of cultural change in which a minority culture becomes more like the dominant culture.
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Question: Barrio
Answer: Spanish word for neighborhood; barriozation - the dramatic increase in Hispanic population in a given neighborhood.
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Question: Cultural Adaptation
Answer: The positive reaction where by the foreigner readily accepts the new culture as part of his life and practice.
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Question: Cultural shatterbelt
Answer: A politically unstable region where differing cultural elements come into contact and conflict. Cultural clashes. for example, Indonesia with a background of multicultural, ethnicities and religions.
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Question: Ethnic cleansing
Answer: Effort to eradicate a people and its culture by means of mass killing and the destruction of historical buildings and cultural materials. Ethnic cleansing was used by both sides in the conflicts that accompanied the disintegration of Yugoslavia (883)
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Question: Ethnic conflict
Answer: a war between ethnic groups often as a result of ethnic nationalism or fight over natural resources. Ethnic conflict often includes genocide. It can also be caused by boundary disputes
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Question: Ethnic group
Answer: Group of people who share common ancestry, language, religion, customs, or combination of such characteristics
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Question: Ethnic landscape
Answer: The landscape formed by the ethnicities living in that area. Example: where chinese ethnic groups migrated - china town becomes part of landscape
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Question: Ethnic neighborhood
Answer: An area within a city containing members of the same ethnic background.
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Question: Ghetto
Answer: A poor densely populated city district occupied by a minority ethnic group linked together by economic hardship and social restrictions
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Question: Plural society
Answer: A society in which different cultural groups keep their own identity, beliefs, and traditions
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Question: Race
Answer: A group of human beings distinguished by physical traits, blood types, genetic code patterns or genetically inherited characteristics.
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Question: Segregation
Answer: Separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences
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Question: Dowry Death
Answer: In the context of arranged marriages in India, disputes over the price to be paid by the family of the bride to the father of the groom have, in some extreme cases, led to the death of a bride.
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Question: Gender gap
Answer: A term that refers to the regular pattern by which women are more likely to support Democratic candidates. Women tend to be significantly less conservative than men and are more likely to support spending on social services and to oppose higher levels of military spending.
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Question: Infanticide
Answer: Act of killing an infant., Infanticide- practice of leaving unhealthy or undesired babies to die on hillside (Athens-husband decides whether or not to keep the baby, usually done to girls since they were less desirable) Sparta- babies were checked by the government to see if they were healthy, if not unhealthy babies would be left to die
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Question: Maternal mortality rate
Answer: Number of deaths per thousand of women giving birth.
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Question: shaman
Answer: a religious leader, teacher, healer, and visionary
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Question: secularism
Answer: the idea that ethical and moral standards should be formulated and adhered to for life on Earth, not to accommodate the prescriptions of a deity and promises of a comfortable afterlife
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Question: universalizing
Answer: religions that attempt to be global, to appeal to all people, wherever they may live in the world, not just to those of one culture or location
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Question: ethnic enclave
Answer: an ethnic group surrounded by another ethnic group
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Question: ethnic island
Answer: a small ethnic area in the rural countryside
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Question: ethnicity
Answer: affiliation or identify within a group of people bound by common ancestry and culture
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Question: gender
Answer: the social differences between men and women rather than the anatomical differences that are related to sex
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Question: Ambassador
Answer: An accredited diplomat sent by a country as a representative to a foreign country.
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Question: Annexation
Answer: Legally adding land area to a territory
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Question: Antarctica
Answer: The continents surrounding the South Pole and is almost entirely covered by an ice sheet; a scientific preserve
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Question: Antecedent Boundary
Answer: boundary that was created before the present day cultural landscape developed.
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Question: Apartheid
Answer: physical separation of different races into different geographic areas. ( Laws in South Africa no longer in effect )
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Question: Balkanization
Answer: Violent process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities
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Question: Border Landscape
Answer: There are 2 types: exclusionary and inclusionary.
Exclusionary - meant to keep people out ( US/Mexico )
Inclusionary - meant to foster trade and movement ( US/Canada )
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Question: Definitional Boundary Dispute
Answer: legal language of the boundary agreements
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Question: Boundary Process
Answer: Definition - the official establishment/documentation of a boundary through either a treaty or legal document.
( Either delimination or demarcation )
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Question: Natural/Physical Boundary
Answer: based on a recognizable physiographic features
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Question: Buffer State
Answer: a neutral state located between 2 rival powers or states
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Question: Capital
Answer: City that serves as the center of government OR wealth in the form of money or property.
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Question: Centrifugal
Answer: moving away from a center
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Question: Centripetal
Answer: moving toward a center
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Question: Colonialism
Answer: Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.
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Question: Commonwealth
Answer: a group of countries or states that have political or economic connections with one another
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Question: Confederation
Answer: an organization that consists of a number of parties or groups united in an alliance or league.
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Question: Conference of Berlin
Answer: The Berlin Conference of 1884-85 was a meeting between European nations to create rules on how to peacefully divide Africa among them for colonization. The conference was convened by Portugal but led by Otto von Bismarck, chancellor of the newly united Germany.
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Question: Consulate
Answer: the building where a consul carries out their duties which are to look after its commercial interests and the welfare of its citizens in another country.
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Question: Coup d'etat
Answer: also known as a coup, a putsch, or an overthrow, is the sudden and illegal seizure of a government, usually instigated by a small group of the existing state establishment wanting to depose of the established government and replace it with a new ruling body.
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Question: Decolonization
Answer: the act of freeing a country from being dependent on another country. ( India from England after WWII )
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Question: Delimitation
Answer: placing of the boundary on a map
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Question: Demarcation
Answer: marking of the boundary by some method on the ground
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Question: Devolution
Answer: The transfer or delegation of power to a lower government ( state to local county )
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Question: Domino Theory
Answer: the idea that if one land in a region came under the influence of Communists, then more would follow in a domino effect. A resulting policy out of the Truman Doctrine that promoted containment of communism, the domino theory was used by successive United States administrations during the Cold War to justify American intervention around the world.
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Question: EEZ: Exclusive Economic Zone
Answer: generally a state's EEZ extends to a distance of 200 nautical miles (370 km) out from its coast - the area in which the state has right to explore, exploit, conserve, and manage resources.
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Question: Electoral Region
Answer: the different voting districts that make up local, state, and national governments.
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Question: Embassy
Answer: a group of people who work under an ambassador and represent their country in a foreign country, entrusted with a mission.
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Question: European Union
Answer: A group of 28 European countries that participates in the world economy as one economic unit and operates under one official currency, the euro.
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Question: Federal Government
Answer: a system that divides up power between a strong national government and smaller local governments.
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Question: Forward Capital
Answer: a symbolically relocated capital city usually because of either economic or strategic reasons. It's sometimes used to integrate outlying parts of a country into the state. An example would be Brasília
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Question: Frontier
Answer: A zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control.
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Question: Genocide
Answer: the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation.
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Question: Geopolitics
Answer: politics, especially international relations, as influenced by geographical factors.
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Question: Gerrymandering
Answer: the process of redrawing legislative boundaries ( voting districts ) for the purpose of benefiting the political party in power.
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Question: Global Commons
Answer: the earth's unowned natural resources, such as the oceans, the atmosphere, and space.
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Question: Heartland/rimland
Answer: heartland - the central or most important part of a country, area, or field of activity.
rimland - a peripheral area of a country or region.
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Question: Immigrant States
Answer: a type of receiving state which is the target of many immigrants. Immigrant states are popular because of their economy, political freedom, and opportunity (e.g., US (from Mexico & others, Germany (from Turkey and others),...).
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Question: Imperialism
Answer: a policy of extending a country's power and influence over another country through diplomacy or military force
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Question: International organization
Answer: an organization with an international membership, scope, or presence. There are two main types: International nongovernmental organizations (INGOs): non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that operate internationally.
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Question: Iron Curtain
Answer: The former division between the communist nations of eastern Europe — the Eastern Bloc — and the noncommunist nations of western Europe.
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Question: Irredentism
Answer: any political or popular movement intended to reclaim and reoccupy a lost homeland.
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Question: Israel/Pakistan

Pakistan has refused to recognize Israel.
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Question: Landlocked
Answer: A state that does not have direct access to the sea.
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Question: Law of the sea
Answer: a body of international law that concerns the principles and rules by which public entities, especially states, interact in maritime matters,[1] including navigational rights, sea mineral rights, and coastal waters jurisdiction.
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Question: Lebanon
Answer: Republic in the Middle East, located on the Mediterranean Sea, bordered to the north and east by Syria and to the south by Israel. Its capital and largest city is Beirut. Note: Lebanon was established in 1920 from remnants of the Ottoman Empire.
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Question: Mackinder, Halford J.
Answer: British political geographer noted for his work as an educator and for his geopolitical conception of the globe as divided into two camps, the ascendant Eurasian "heartland" and the subordinate "maritime lands," including the other continents. He was knighted in 1920.
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Question: Manifest Destiny
Answer: a term for the attitude prevalent during the 19th century period of American expansion that the United States not only could, but was destined to, stretch from coast to coast.
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Question: Median-line principle
Answer: used in situations where there is less than 400 nautical miles to determine rights to the Earths waterways. (part of the law of the sea)
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Question: Microstate
Answer: a sovereign state having a very small population or very small land area, but usually both.
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Question: Nation
Answer: tightly knit group of people sharing a common language, ethnicity, religion, and other cultural attributes.
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Question: National iconography
Answer: A nations use of images and symbols to portray a subject, movement or ideal.
Countries have symbols for their country including birds, animals, and plants.
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Question: Nation State
Answer: A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality.
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Question: Nunavut
Answer: is the largest, northernmost and newest territory of Canada. It was separated officially from the Northwest Territories on April 1, 1999, via the Nunavut Act
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Question: Organic Theory
Answer: (Friedrich Ratzel)study that analyzes geography, history and social science with reference to international politics. States can be viewed as living organisms that need to consume other territories to survive.
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Question: Raison d'etre
Answer: the thing that is most important to someone or something : the reason for which a person or organization exists.
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Question: Reapportionment
Answer: the act of redistributing or changing the apportionment of something.
the redistribution of representation in a legislative body.
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Question: Regionalism
Answer: the principle or system of dividing a city, state, etc., into separate administrative regions.
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Question: Relic Boundary
Answer: former boundary that no longer functions.
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Question: Religious Conflict
Answer: intolerance against another's religious beliefs or practices, usually resulting in war, i.e. Israel-Palestine, Roman Takeovers, Muslim conquests, and the crusades
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Question: Reunification
Answer: The unification of something that was previously divided; used especially of a country
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Question: Satellite State
Answer: A country which is formally independent, but under heavy influence or control by another country.
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Question: Self-determination
Answer: Concept the ethnicities have the right to govern themselves.
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Question: Shatterbelt
Answer: a region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, and often fragmented by aggressive rivals (e.g., Israel or Kashmir today; Eastern Europe during the Cold War,...).
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Question: Sovereignty
Answer: the ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of other states
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Question: State
Answer: an area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs.
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Question: Stateless ethnic groups
Answer: ethnic groups that share certain cultural/political qualities, such as religion, location, or art, but do not share enough qualities to be recognized as a nationality/nation and have no state(homeland) that belongs to them
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Question: Stateless nation
Answer: A nation without a national territory ( Palestine, Kurds )
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Question: Subsequent boundary
Answer: border that is drawn after settlement
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Question: Suffrage
Answer: the right to vote
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Question: Superimposed boundary
Answer: a political boundary placed on an existing boundary by conquering powers.
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Question: Supranationalism
Answer: outside or beyond the authority of one national government, as a project or policy that is planned and controlled by a group of nations.
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Question: Territorial disputes
Answer: are a major cause of wars and terrorism as states often try to assert their sovereignty over a territory through invasion, and non-state entities try to influence the actions of politicians through terrorism.
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Question: Compact Territory
Answer: the distance from the center to any border does not vary greatly.
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Question: Territoriality
Answer: refers to the need to lay claim to the spaces we occupy and the things we own. In humans it relates to the need for self-identity and freedom of choice
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Question: Treaty Ports
Answer: the name given to the port cities in China, Japan, Taiwan, and Korea that were opened to foreign trade by the unequal treaties
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Question: UNCLOS (united nations convention on the law of the sea)
Answer: the international agreement that resulted from the third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III), which took place between 1973 and 1982. The Law of the Sea Convention defines the rights and responsibilities of nations with respect to their use of the world's oceans, establishing guidelines for businesses, the environment, and the management of marine natural resources.
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Question: Unitary governments
Answer: places more power in the hands of the central government officials.
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Question: USSR collapse
Answer: A stunning series of events between 1989 and 1991 that led to the fall of communist regimes in eastern Europe and the Soviet Union.
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Question: Locational Boundary Dispute
Answer: definition is not in dispute, the interpretation of the delimination is.
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Question: Operational Boundary Dispute
Answer: neighbors differ over the way the boundary should function (migration, smuggling) (e.g., US/Mexico)
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Question: Allocational Boundary Dispute
Answer: disputes over rights to natural resources (gas, oil, water)
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Question: Cultural Boundary Type
Answer: separates groups by a common cultural trait.
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Question: Geometric Boundary Type
Answer: follows lines of latitude and longitude
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Question: Fragmented Territory
Answer: several discontinuous pieces of territory ( Indonesia )
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Question: Elongated Territory
Answer: Long & narrow shape ( Chile )
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Question: Prorupt Territory
Answer: with a large projecting extension
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Question: Perforated Territory
Answer: state that completely surrounds another state ( Lesotho )
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Question: Adaptive Strategies
Answer: The unique way in which each culture uses its particular physical environment; those aspects of culture that serve to provide the necessities of life--- food, clothing, shelter, and defense.
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Question: Agrarian
Answer: Characteristic of farmers or their way of life
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Question: Agribusiness
Answer: Highly mechanized, large-scale farming, usually under corporate ownership.
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Question: Agricultural Landscape
Answer: The cultural landscape of agricultural areas.
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Question: Agriculture Location Model
Answer: Deals with both the location - allocation process of land uses by farmers, and the spatial organization of agricultural land uses. The major term in its classical versions is economic rent relating to some form of surplus. Von Thünen's theory emphasized distance from farm to market as well as transport costs, yield, market prices, and production costs as rent determinants. Modern versions of the theory provided simple models which relate explicitly to transportation costs. The theory has been criticized mainly for its many limiting assumptions.
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Question: Agriculture
Answer: The cultivation of domesticated crops and the raising of domesticated animals
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Question: Animal Domestication
Answer: Animals kept for some utilitarian purpose whose breeding is controlled by humans and whose survival is dependent on humans; differ genetically and behaviorally from wild animals.
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Question: Aquaculture
Answer: The cultivation of aquatic organisms (as fish or shellfish) especially for food
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Question: Biotechnology
Answer: Means any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use.
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Question: Collective Farm
Answer: Regards a system of agricultural organization whereas farm laborers are not compensated via wages. Rather, the workers receive a share of the farm's net productivity. The Soviet Union undertook the world's first campaign of mass collectivization from 1929-1933.
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Question: Commercial Agriculture
Answer: Term used to describe large scale farming and ranching operations that employ vast land bases, large mechanized equipment, factory-type labor forces, and the latest technology.
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Question: Intensive Agriculture
Answer: Expenditure of much labor and capital on a piece of land to increase its productivity.
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Question: Extensive Agriculture
Answer: Use of little labor and capital to increase agricultural productivity.
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Question: Crop Rotation
Answer: The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.
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Question: Dairying
Answer: A class of agricultural, or more properly, an animal husbandry enterprise, raising female cattle, goats, or certain other lactating livestock for long-term production of milk, which may be either processed onsite or transported to a dairy for processing and eventual retail sale.
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Question: Debt-For-Nature Swap
Answer: An agreement between a developing nation in debt and one or more of its creditors. Many developing nations are severely limited by huge debts they have accrued. In a debt for nature swap, creditors agree to forgive debts in return for the promise of environmental protection. First established in the 1980s in the attempt of solving two problems with one agreement: 1) minimize the negative effect debt has on developing nations 2) minimize the environmental destruction that developing nations frequently cause. The environmental promises made
in such debt for nature swaps have centered around the promised protection of large areas of land such as tropical rain forests. The first case of this sort of agreement came in 1987 between a conservation group and Bolivia. The conservation group paid some of Bolivia's debt in return for the creation of a large rain forest preserve.
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Question: Double Cropping
Answer: A second crop is planted after the first has been harvested
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Question: Primary Activities
Answer: The extraction of natural resources, such as agriculture, lumbering, and mining.
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Question: Secondary Activities
Answer: The processing of raw materials into finished products; manufacturing.
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Question: Tertiary Activities
Answer: Associated with the provision of services--- such as transportation, banking, retailing, education, and routine office-based jobs.
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Question: Quaternary Activities
Answer: Service sector industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital. Examples include finance, administration, insurance, and legal services.
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Question: Quinary Activities
Answer: Service sector industries that require a high level of specialized knowledge or technical skill. Examples include scientific research and high-level management.
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Question: Environmental Modification
Answer: Changes made to the environment. e.g., the use of pesticides to grow crops and the effects it has on the soil and environment; soil erosion and desertification caused by changes made to the environment.
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Question: Shifting Cultivation (Slash and Burn)
Answer: Cultivation of crops in tropical forest clearings in which the forest vegetation has been removed by cutting and burning. the clearings are usually abandoned after a few years in favor of newly cleared forest land. Also known as slash-and-burn agriculture.
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Question: Milpa
Answer: A crop-growing system in the Yucatán peninsula area of Mexico. The word is borrowed from the Aztec, meaning "field". Based on ancient Mayan agricultural methods, it produces maize, beans, lima beans and squash. The cycle calls for 2 years of cultivation and eight years of letting the area lie fallow. Agronomists believe that, at current levels of consumption, the system is self-sustaining.
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Question: Swidden
Answer: A patch of land cleared for planting thorough slashing and burning.
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Question: Nomadic Herding/Pastoralism
Answer: The continual movement of livestock in search of forage for animals.
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Question: Feedlot
Answer: A factory like farm devoted to either livestock fattening or dairying; all feed is imported and no crops are grown on the farm.
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Question: First Agricultural Revolution
Answer: Dating back 10,000 years, it achieved plant domestication and animal domestication.
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Question: Fishing
Answer: The activity of hunting for fish by hooking, trapping, or gathering animals not classifiable as insects which breathe in water or pass their lives in water. By extension, the term fishing is applied to pursuing other aquatic animals such as various types of shellfish, squid, octopus, turtles, frogs, and some edible marine invertebrates.
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Question: Food Chain
Answer: The feeding relationships between species in a biotic community.
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Question: Forestry
Answer: The art, science, and practice of studying and managing forests and plantations, and related natural resources.
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Question: Green Revolution
Answer: The recent introduction of high-yield hybrid crops and chemical fertilizers and pesticides into traditional Asian agricultural systems, most notably paddy rice farming, with attendant increases in production and ecological damage.
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Question: Grown Season
Answer: The period of each year when crops can be grown. It is usually determined by climate and crop selection. Depending on the location, temperature, daylight hours (photo period), and rainfall, may all be critical environmental factors.
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Question: Hunting and Gathering
Answer: The killing of wild game and the harvesting of wild plants to provide food in traditional cultures.
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Question: Intensive Subsistence Agriculture
Answer: Farming to supply the minimum food and materials necessary to survive.
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Question: Livestock Ranching
Answer: A commercial type of agriculture that produces fattened cattle and hogs for meat.
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Question: Market Gardening
Answer: The relatively small-scale production of fruits, vegetables and flowers as cash crops, frequently sold directly to consumers and restaurants. It is distinguishable from other types of farming by the diversity of crops grown on a small area of land, typically, from under one acre (4,000 m?) to a few acres, or sometimes in greenhouses.
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Question: Mediterranean Agriculture
Answer: Accounts for virtually all olive oil produced worldwide, 60% of wine production, 45% of grape production, 25% of dried nuts (mostly almonds, chestnuts, and walnuts), 20% of citrus production, and about 12% of total cereal production.
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Question: Mineral Fuels/Fossil Fuels
Answer: Are hydrocarbons, primarily coal, fuel oil or natural gas, formed from the remains of dead plants and animals.
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Question: Mining
Answer: The extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, usually (but not always) from an ore body, vein, or (coal) seam. Materials recovered by mining include bauxite, coal, copper, gold, silver, diamonds, iron, precious metals, lead, limestone, nickel, phosphate, oil shale, rock salt, tin, uranium, and molybdenum. Any material that cannot be grown from agricultural processes, or created artificially in a laboratory or factory, is usually mined. Mining in a wider sense can also include extraction of petroleum, natural gas, and even water.
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Question: Paddy Rice Farming
Answer: The cultivation of rice on a paddy, or small flooded field enclosed by mud dikes, practiced in the humid areas of the Far East.
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Question: Planned Economy
Answer: Economic system in which a single agency makes all decisions about the production and allocation of goods and services; the state or government controls the factors of production and makes all decisions about their use and about the distribution of income, also known as a command economy.
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Question: Plant Domestication
Answer: Deliberately planted and tended by humans that is genetically distinct from its wild ancestors as a result of selective breeding.
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Question: Plantation Agriculture
Answer: A system of monoculture for producing export crops requiring relatively large amounts of land and capital; originally dependent on slave labor.
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Question: Nonrenewable
Answer: A resource that must be depleted to be used, such as petroleum
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Question: Dispersed Rural Settlement
Answer: A type of settlement form where people live relatively distant from each other.
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Question: Nucleated Rural Settlement
Answer: A relatively dense settlement form.
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Question: Carl Sauer
Answer: Conducted pioneering research on the origins and dispersal of plant and animal domestication, was one of the first t propose that the process of domestication was independently invented at many different times and locations. He believed that domestication did not develop in response to hunger. He maintained that necessity was not the mother of agricultural invention, because starving people must spend every waking hour searching for food and have no time to devote to the centuries of leisurely experimentation required to domesticate plants.
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Question: Second Agricultural Revolution
Answer: Dovetailing with and benefiting from the Industrial Revolution, it witnessed improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce.
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Question: Suitcase Farm
Answer: In American commercial grain agriculture, a farm on which no one lives; planting and harvesting is done by hired migratory crews.
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Question: Longlots
Answer: Distinct regional approach to land surveying found in Atlantic Canada, Quebec, Louisiana, and Texas whereby land is divided into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, and canals.
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Question: Metes and Bounds
Answer: A system of land surveying east of the Appalachian Mountains. It is a system that relies on descriptions of land ownership and natural features such as streams or trees. Because of the imprecise nature of this surveying, the U.S. Land Office Survey abandoned the technique in favor of the rectangular survey system.
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Question: Township-and-Range
Answer: A rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the U.S. interior, also called rectangular survey system
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Question: Third Agricultural Revolution
Answer: Currently in progress, it has as its principal orientation the development of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs).
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Answer: Class of social trap that involve a conflict over resources between individual interests and the common good. The term derives originally from a parable published by William Forster Lloyd in his 1833 book on population.
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Question: Transhumance
Answer: A seasonal periodic movement of pastoralists and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures.
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Question: Truck Farm
Answer: Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because the word was a Middle English word meaning bartering or the exchange of commodities.
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Question: von Thünen
Answer: German scholar-farmer who developed the core-periphery model in the nineteenth century (economic determinism). In his model he proposed an "isolated state" that had no trade connections with the outside world; possessed only one market, located centrally in the state; and had uniform soil, climate, and level terrain throughout. He created this model to study the influence of distance from market and the concurrent transport costs on the type and intensity of agriculture.
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Question: Agricultural Labor Force
Answer: A measure of the participating portion of an economy's labor force
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Question: Calorie Consumption
Answer: The total number of calories in a daily diet allocation
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Question: Core-Periphery Model
Answer: A model of the spatial structure of an economic system in which underdeveloped or declining peripheral areas are defined with respect to their dependence on a dominating core region
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Question: Cultural Convergence
Answer: The tendency for cultures to become more alike as they increasingly use technology and organizational structures in the modern world united by improved transportation and communication
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Question: Dependency Theory
Answer: Theory of international relations holding that major states influence other states though their economic power
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Question: Development
Answer: The process of growth, expansion, or realization of potential, bringing regional resources into full productive use
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Question: Energy Consumption
Answer: The use of energy as a source of heat or power or as a raw material input to a manufacturing process
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Question: Foreign Direct Investment
Answer: An investment abroad, usually where the company being invested in is controlled by the foreign corporation
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Question: Globalization
Answer: The expansion of economic, poliical, and cultrural preocesses to the point that they become global in scale and impact. The processes of globlalization transcend state boundaries and have outcomes that vary across places and scales.
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Question: Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
Answer: Profits of a country made internally, and outside investments
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Question: Gross National Product (GNP)
Answer: The total value of goods and services (with some adjustments) including income received from abroad, produced by the residents of a country during a specified period (usually a year).
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Question: Human Development Index (HDI)
Answer: The study of how people develop on physical, intellectual and social levels. It probes the different stages of life to better understand how people work
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Question: Levels of Development
Answer: The study of how countries develop financially
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Question: Measures of Development
Answer: The process of achieving an optimum level of health and well-being. It includes physical, biological, mental, emotional, social, educational, economic, and cultural components
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Question: Neocolonialism
Answer: A disparaging reference to economic and political policies by which major developed countries are seen to retain or extend influence over the economies of less developed countries and peoples
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Question: Physical Quality of Life Index
Answer: An attempt to measure the quality of life or well-being of a country
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Question: Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)
Answer: A monetary measurement which takes account of what money actually buys in each country
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Question: Rostow, W. W.
Answer: Prominent for his role in the shaping of American policy in Southeast Asia during the 1960s, he was a staunch opponent of communism, and was noted for a belief in the efficacy of capitalism and free enterprise.
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Question: "Stages of Growth" Model: 1
Answer: The traditional society
- Mostly subsistent agriculture
- Activities that don't help with development
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Question: "Stages of Growth" Model: 2
Answer: Pre-Conditions for take-off: Initial Investment
- Limitied few investments in tech. and infreastructure, transportation, water supply, dams (irregation)
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Question: "Stages of Growth" Model: 3
Answer: Take-Off: Initial Success
- Limited # of industries become succeessful and competitive globally.
- Remainder of economy is still traditional.
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Question: "Stages of Growth" Model: 4
Answer: Drive to Maturity: Technology diffuses
- Technology expands to many other businesses into rapid growth
- Labor becomes more skilled and educated
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Question: "Stages of Growth" Model: 5
Answer: Age of Mass Production: Shift to Consumer good production
- Economy shifts from heavy indusrty in steel, energy to consumer goods (i.e. cars, fridges)
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Question: Technology Gap
Answer: The contrast between the technology available in developed core regions and that present in peripheral areas of underdevelopment.
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Question: Technology Transfer
Answer: The diffusion to or acquisition by one culture or retention of the technology possessed by another, usually more developed, society.
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Question: Third World
Answer: Designating countries uncommitted to either the "First World" Western capitalist bloc or the Eastern "Second World" communist bloc; subsequently, a term applied to countries considered not fully developed or in a state of underdevelop
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Question: World Systems Theory
Answer: Immanuel Wallerstein's theoretical approach which analyzes societies in terms of their position within global systems.
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Question: Agglomeration
Answer: A snowballing geographical process by which secondary through quinary industrial activities become clustered in cities and compact industrial regions in order to share infrastructure and markets
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Question: Aluminum Industry
Answer: Manufacturers of aluminum considered as a group
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Question: Assembly Line Production
Answer: A form of production characterized by an assembly line and standardized outputs linked with the stimulation of demand brought about by low prices, advertising, and credit
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Question: Bid Rent Theory
Answer: Geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases.
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Question: Break-Of-Bulk Point
Answer: The point at which a cargo is unloaded and broken up into smaller units prior to delivery, minimizing transport costs.
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Question: Canadian Industrial Heartland
Answer: Canada has a sizable manufacturing sector, centred in Central Canada, with the automobile industry especially important.
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Question: Carrier Efficiency
Answer: An organization that provides communications and networking services. A communications and networking
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Question: Comparative advantage
Answer: The principle that an area produces the items for which it has the greatest ratio of advantage or the least ratio of disadvantage in comparison to other areas
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Question: Cumulative causation
Answer: An expression of the multiplier effect
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Question: Deglomeration
Answer: Industry
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Question: Deindustrialization
Answer: Decline of primary and secondary industry, accompanied by a rise of the service sectors of the industrial economy
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Question: Economic Sectors
Answer: Economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government; and is not included in that government's Gross National Product (GNP); as opposed to a formal economy.
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Question: Economies Of Scale
Answer: Reduction in cost per unit resulting from increased production, realized through operational efficiencies.
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Question: Ecotourism
Answer: A form of tourism pursued by many ecologically concerned perople, who visit regions having pristine ecosystems and, in the process, to inflict no environmental damage
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Question: Energy resources
Answer: Renewable or non-renewable resource used for obtaining an energy source.
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Question: Entrepot
Answer: Trade in which imported goods are re-exported with or without any additional processing or repackaging.
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Question: Export Processing Zone
Answer: Industrial parks designated by a government to provide tax and other incentives to export firms.
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Question: Fixed Costs
Answer: An activity cost that must be met without regard to level of output; an input cost that is spatially constant
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Question: Footloose Industry
Answer: Descriptive term applied to manufacturing activities for which the cost of transporting material or product is not important in determining location of production; and industry or firm showing neither market nor material orientation
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Question: Four Tigers
Answer: The highly industrialized economies of Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan.
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Question: Greenhouse Effect
Answer: The results from the increased addition of carbon dioxide and certain trace gases to the atmosphere through industrial activity and deforestation causing more of the sun's heat to be retained, thus warming the climate of the Earth
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Question: Growth Poles
Answer: Economic development, or growth, is not uniform over an entire region, but instead takes place around a specific pole.
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Question: Industrial Location Theory
Answer: The forces leading to the location of industrial activity. One choice might be the least‐cost location.
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Question: Industrial Parks
Answer: Areas communities have set aside for industrial uses
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Question: Industrial Regions (Place)
Answer: Based on environmental considerations and the cost effectiveness of the location for the Industry
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Question: Industrial Regions (Fuel Source)
Answer: A material used to produce heat or power by burning. Important when considering a industry's location.
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Question: Industrial Regions (Characteristics)
Answer: Industrial region or industrial area refers to a region with extremely dense industry. It is usually heavily urbanized.
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Question: Industrial Revolution
Answer: A series of inventions and innovations, arising in England in the 1700s
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Question: Industry
Answer: The segment of a nations economy that is concerned with the production of goods and services.
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Question: Infrastructure
Answer: The basic structure of services, installations, and facilities needed to support industrial, agricultural, and other economic development
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Question: International Division of Labor
Answer: The cooperation of specialized tasks to produce one product more efficiently
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Question: Labor Intensive
Answer: The relative proportion of labor used in production compared in capital.
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Question: Least Cost Location
Answer: A site chosen for industrial development where total costs are theoretically at their lowest, as opposed to location at the point of maximum revenue
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Question: Major Manufacturing Regions
Answer: These regions are the leaders in industry.
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Question: Manufacturing Exports
Answer: The products that are produced and shipped to another country.
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Question: Manufacturing/Waterhouse Location
Answer: A feature of economic development in peripheral countries whereby the host country establishes areas with favorable tax, regulatory, and trade arrangements in order to attract foreign manufacturing operations
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Question: Maquiladora
Answer: An assembly plant in Mexico, especially one along the border between the United States and Mexico, to which foreign materials and parts are shipped and from which the finished product is returned to the original market.
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Question: Market Orientation
Answer: The tendency of an economic activity to locate close to its market
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Question: North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
Answer: North American Free Trade Agreement. A 1994 agreement reached by the United States, Canada, and Mexico that instituted a schedule for the phasing out of tariffs and eliminated a variety of fees and other hindrances to encourage free trade between the three North American countries.
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Question: Outsourcing
Answer: Producing abroad parts or products for domestic use or sale.
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Question: Ozone Depletion
Answer: Destruction of ozone in the ozone layer attributed to the presence of chlorine from manmade CFCs and other forces.
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Question: Plant Location
Answer: Factory is located close to market and supplier to reduce need for stalk items, and supplies
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Question: "Just-In-Time" Delivery
Answer: Method of inventory management made possible by efficient transportation and communication systems, whereby companies keep on hand just what they need for near-term production, planning that what they need for longer-term production will arrive when needed.
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Question: Refrigeration
Answer: The process of preserving perishable goods by cooling them down or freezing them.
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Question: Post-Industrial
Answer: Of or relating to a society or economy marked by a lessened importance of manufacturing and an increase of services, information, and research
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Question: Resource Orientation
Answer: Tendency for an industry or other type of economic activity to locate close to its resources
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Question: Special Economic Zones
Answer: Designated areas in countries that possess special economic regulations that are different from other areas in the same country.
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Question: Substitution Principal
Answer: Principle that maintains that the correct location of a production facility is where the net profit is the greatest.
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Question: Threshold & Range
Answer: The population required to make provision of services economically feasible./In economic geography and central place theory, the minimum market needed to support the supply of a product or service
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Question: Resource Crisis
Answer: A crisis in which needed resources are not available to the consumers that need them.
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Question: Time-Space Compression
Answer: As capitalism has developed, the pace of life has become faster and faster. The age-old barriers to action have been broken down so the world 'sometimes seems to collapse in on us'.
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Question: Topocide
Answer: The deliberate killing of a place through industrial expansion and change, so that its earlier landscape and character are destroyed.
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Question: Ubiquitous
Answer: Existing or being everywhere at the same time
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Question: Variable Costs
Answer: Cost of enterprise operation that varies either by output level or by location of the activity
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Question: Weber, Alfred
Answer: Alfred was a prominent geographer who spent most of his career at the University of Heidelberg. Weber's most significant contribution was his aptly titled Theory of Industrial Location, originally published in 1909. He argued that decisions about industrial location are largely driven by attempts to minimize costs
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Question: Weight Gaining
Answer: Product in which weight is added to the raw materials in the manufacturing process
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Question: Weight Losing
Answer: The opposite of weight-gaining
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Question: World Cities
Answer: One of a small number of interconnected, internationally dominant centers that together control the global.
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Question: Barriadas
Answer: Squatter settlements found in the periphery of Latin American cities.
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Question: Blockbusting
Answer: A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that black families will soon move into the neighborhood.
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Question: Central Business District (CBD)
Answer: The downtown heart of a central city.
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Question: Census Tract
Answer: Small country subdivisions, usually containing between 2,500 and 8,000 persons, delineated by the US Census Bureau as areas of relatively uniform population characteristics, economic status, and living conditions.
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Question: Centralization
Answer: The movement of people, capital, services, and government into the central city.
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Question: Central Place Theory
Answer: A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services
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Question: Walter Christaller
Answer: Created the Central Place Theory, which explains how services aredistributed and why there are distinct patterns in this distribution.
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Question: City
Answer: Centralized area with a mayor and local government, usually bigger than a town.
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Question: Cityscapes
Answer: Urban landscape; similar to a landscape, yet of a city
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Question: Colonial city
Answer: City established by colonizing empires as administrative centers. Often they were established on already existing native cities, completely overtaking their infrastructures.
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Question: Commercialization
Answer: The transformation of an area of a city into an area attractive to residents and tourists alike in terms of economic activity
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Question: Commuter Zone
Answer: The outer most zone of the Concentric Zone Model that represents people who choose to live in residential suburbia and take a daily commute in the CBD to work.
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Question: Concentric Zone Model
Answer: A structural model of the American central city that suggests the existence of five concentric land-use rings arranged around a common center.
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Question: Conurbation
Answer: An aggregation or continuous network of urban communities
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Question: Counterurbanization
Answer: Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries.
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Question: Early Cities
Answer: Cities of the ancient world
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Question: Economic Base: Basic
Answer: Aka Export Sector. Consists of firms and parts of firms whose economic activity is dependent upon factors external to the local economy
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Question: Economic Base: Non-basic
Answer: Aka Local Sector. Consists of firms and parts of firms whose economic activity is dependent largely on local economic conditions
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Question: Edge City
Answer: Clusters of large buildings away from the central business district.
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Question: Emerging City
Answer: City currently without much population but increasing in size at a fast rate.
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Question: Employment Structure
Answer: Graph showing how primary secondary and tertiary sector jobs are separated
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Question: Favela
Answer: A slum community in a Brazilian city
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Question: Female-Headed Household
Answer: A household dominated by a woman
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Question: Festival Landscape
Answer: A landscape of cultural festivities
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Question: Great Cities
Answer: A city with a population of more then 1 million
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Question: Gateway City
Answer: Ports of entry and distribution centers for large geographic areas
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Question: Gentrification
Answer: The restoration of run-down urban areas by the middle class
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Question: High Tech Corridors
Answer: An area along a limited-access highway that houses offices and other services associated with high-tech industries
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Question: Hydraulic Civilization
Answer: Any culture having an agricultural system that is dependent upon large-scale government-managed waterworks
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Question: Indigenous City
Answer: A center of population, commerce, and culture that is native to a country
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Question: In-Filling
Answer: New building on empty parcels of land within a checkerboard pattern of development
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Question: Informal Sectorterm-32
Answer: The portion of an economy largely outside government control in which employees work without contracts or benefits
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Question: Invasion and Succession
Answer: Process by which new immigrants to a city move to and dominate or take over areas or neighborhoods occupied by older immigrant groups.
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Question: Inner City
Answer: Urban area around the CBD
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Question: Lateral Commuting
Answer: Commuting that occurs between suburban areas rather than towards the central city.
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Question: Medieval Cities
Answer: Cities that existed during the time frame of the middle ages
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Question: Megacities
Answer: Cities with more than 10 million people
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Question: Metropolitan Area
Answer: Includes a large city and all of its surrounding suburbs and towns
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Question: Multiplier Effect
Answer: An effect in economics in which an increase in spending produces an increase in national income and consumption greater than the initial amount spent.
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Question: Neighborhood
Answer: The area or region around or near some place or thing
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Question: Office Park
Answer: An area of land in which many office buildings are grouped together
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Question: Peak Land Value Intersection
Answer: The region within a settlement with the greatest land value and commerce.
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Question: Planned Communities
Answer: Any community that was carfully planned from its inception and is typically constructed in a previously undevelped area
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Question: Postindustrial City
Answer: A city in which global finances and the electronic flow of information dominate the economy
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Question: Postmodern Urban Landscape
Answer: The re-emergence of mixed land uses and connections among developments
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Question: Primate City
Answer: A country's largest city-ranking atop the urban hierarchy-most expressive of the national culture and usually (but not always) the capital as well.
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Question: Racial Steering
Answer: Real estate agents advising customers to purchase homes in neighborhoods depending on their race
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Question: Range / Threshold
Answer: The population required to make provision of services economically feasible
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Question: Rank-Size Rule
Answer: A pattern of settlements in a country such that the largest settlement is 1/X the population of the largest settlement
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Question: Redlining
Answer: Illegal practice of refusing to make mortgage loans or issue insurance policies in specific areas for reasons other than economic qualifications of applicants
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Question: Restrictive Covenants
Answer: Provision in a property deed preventing sale to a person of a particular race or religion; loan discrimination; ruled unconstitutional
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Question: Sector Model
Answer: A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district (CBD).
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Question: Settlement Form: Nucleated
Answer: A compact, closely packed settlement sharply decorated from adjoining farmlands
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Question: Settlement Form: Dispersed
Answer: Characterized by a much lower density of population and the wide spacing of individual homesteads
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Question: Settlement Form: Elongated
Answer: A state whose territory is long and narrow in shape
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Question: Shopping Mall
Answer: Mercantile establishment consisting of a carefully landscaped complex of shops representing leading merchandisers
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Question: Slum
Answer: A heavily populated urban area characterized by substandard housing and squalor
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Question: Social structure
Answer: The people in a society considered as a system organized by a characteristic pattern of relationships
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Question: Specialization
Answer: When a person, country, or region works on making one part of an item
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Question: Squatter Settlement
Answer: An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures.
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Question: Street Pattern: Grid
Answer: A system of crossing lines to help locate places
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Question: Street Pattern: Dentritic
Answer: Characterized by fewer streets organized based on the amount of traffic each is intended to carry
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Question: Street Pattern: Access
Answer: Provides access to a subdivision
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Question: Street Pattern: Control
Answer: Allows highways or housing projects to be supervised
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Question: Suburb
Answer: Residential areas on the outskirts of a city or large town
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Question: Suburbanization
Answer: Movement of upper and middle-class people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts to escape pollution as well as deteriorating social conditions.
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Question: Symbolic Landscape
Answer: Landscape that depicts symbols
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Question: Tenement
Answer: A building in which several families rent rooms or apartments, often with little sanitation or safety
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Question: Town
Answer: An urban area with a fixed boundary that is smaller than a city
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Question: Underclass
Answer: A group in society prevented from participating in the material benefits of a more developed society because of a variety of social and economic characteristics.
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Question: Underemployment
Answer: Less than full-time work or work that does not utilize a person's skills
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Question: Urban Growth Rate
Answer: Rate of growth of an urban population. Compare degree of urbanization.
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Question: Urban Hearth Area
Answer: An area where large cities first existed
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Question: Urban Heat Island
Answer: A dome of heat over a city created by urban activites and conditions
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Question: Urban Hierarchy
Answer: A ranking of settlements according to their size and economic functions.
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Question: Urban Morphology
Answer: The study of the physical form and structure of urban places
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Question: Urbanization
Answer: The social process whereby cities grow and societies become more urban
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Question: Urbanized Population
Answer: Population that lives in Urban areas.
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Question: World City
Answer: Centers of economic, culture, and political activity that are strongly interconnected and together control the global systems of finance and commerce.
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Question: Zone in Transition
Answer: Area of mixed commercial and residential land uses surrounding the central business district.
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Question: Zoning
Answer: Dividing an area into zones or sections reserved for different purposes.
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