Envs 1126 Lsu

Question: Shots fired video : Why does Jim Sporleder in the Shots Fired video say to not expect police officers to help you get out of the building?

Answer: Because their first job is to stop the shooter and end the bloodshed.

==================================================

Question: You have watched the Shots Fired video. Which one of the following is the worst advice to follow when you're in an active shooter situation?

Answer: Use your cell phone to take pictures of the shooter

==================================================

Question: What is the exam make-up policy of this class?

Answer: No excuses are needed, and you simply take the exam under the watchful eye of a ProctorU proctor.

==================================================

Question: Industrial Revolution

Answer: technology energized by fossil fuels.
This extra energy lets people produce more food, but also produced pollution and resource exploitation

==================================================

Question: the green revolution

Answer: Concerns over producing food for the larger population led to increased agricultural efficiency

==================================================

Question: first order consumers

Answer: vegetarians, vegans, animals that consume producers

==================================================

Question: medical revolution

Answer: Before the early 1800s, human populations grew slowly and fluctuated.
Diseases (smallpox, diphtheria, measles, scarlet fever) hit infants and children hardest.
High reproductive rates were balanced with natural enemies (e.g., diseases), resulting in a low population growth rate

==================================================

Question: In the Shots Fired video, Jim Sporleder says your Survival Mindset is like a protective shield composed of ___, ___, and ___.

Answer: Awareness, preparation, and rehearsal

==================================================

Question: What is the ideal homework completion schedule for this class?

Answer: Complete HW's after each lecture

==================================================

Question: Why does Dr. Johnson tell her students not to print the syllabus?

Answer: Because the syllabus is always changing

==================================================

Question: What is the best description for the quiz policy of this class?

Answer: Complete quizzes Sunday before Midnight

==================================================

Question: You are in an active shooter situation, and you have watched the Shots Fired video. The police have arrived, and they approach as you're hiding behind a stack of file cabinets. Which one of the following is something you should NOT do?

Answer: Hide your hands so that they know you are not a threat

==================================================

Question: threatened species

Answer: when populations are declining rapidly

==================================================

Question: endangered species

Answer: populations are near the critical number (the minimum population base allowing the survival and recovery of a population)

==================================================

Question: Two of the speakers in the Shots Fired video explicitly say that if you hear a sound that you think is a gunshot, ___.

Answer: assume its a gunshot

==================================================

Question: You have heard gunshots outside of your classroom. What is the very first thing you do (within the first few seconds)?

Answer: Figure out the best course of action; decide if you're going to get out, hide out, or take out.

==================================================

Question: What is 4.32 10^9 + 2.16 10^8?

Answer: 4.54 * 10^9

==================================================

Question: During his 8-year career in a New Orleans Saints uniform, running back Pierre Thomas had an average of 4.6 rushing yards per carry, i.e., he ran an average of 4.6 yards towards the end zone every time he carried the football. How many average meters did Pierre Thomas run per carry? (1 inch EQUAL(S) 2.54 centimeters. 1 foot EQUAL(S) 12 inches. 1 yard EQUAL(S) 36 inches. 1 mile EQUAL(S) 1.61 km. 1 mile EQUAL(S) 5,280 ft. ).

Answer: 4.2 m

==================================================

Question: How many milliliters (mL) are in a 32-ounce drink with no ice? 1 ounce = 29.57 mL.

Answer: 946

==================================================

Question: You know that a barrel of oil contains 42 gallons, and 1 gallon contains 128 ounces, so how many milliliters (mL) are there in a barrel of oil? 1 ounce = 29.57 mL.

Answer: 158968

==================================================

Question: The world population is currently estimated to be ___ people.

Answer: 7.5 billion

==================================================

Question: This is not an example of a global trend

Answer: Increasing global biodiversity

==================================================

Question: Examples of global trends

Answer: -Increasing human population
-Global climate change
-decline of vital ecosystem services
-loss of biodiversity

==================================================

Question: The U.S. drought in the 1930's that caused major ecological damages in the midwest and was worsened by soil erosion and the lack of crop rotation was:

Answer: The Dust Bowl

==================================================

Question: Under what circumstances might it be hard to define a species?

Answer: Sometimes members of 2 different species can interbreed and actually produce fertile offspring, such as a liger.

==================================================

Question: Most organisms use water in _________ form

Answer: liquid

==================================================

Question: Are transitional regions between ecosystems

Answer: Ecotones

==================================================

Question: In the Appalachian Mountains, several species of salamander live in or near a stream. The largest species lives in the stream and along its edges, a smaller species lives on land within a meter or two of the stream, and a smaller species lives about 3-5 meters away from the stream. In this region, these three salamander species are using

Answer: Different niches within the same habitat

==================================================

Question: The greenhouse effect

Answer: carbon dioxide absorbs infrared (heat) energy radiated from Earth's surface, which warms the lower atmosphere

==================================================

Question: Causes of biodiversity losses

Answer: -Conversion of land
-Pollution
-Overuse
-Species are hunted, killed, and marketed illegally

==================================================

Question: biotic community (biota):

Answer: the grouping of populations in a natural area
Includes all vegetation, animals, and microscopic organisms

==================================================

Question: by the types of plants living within it

Answer: what best defines species within a biotic community?

==================================================

Question: The concept of sustainable development includes the needs of

Answer: future generations.

==================================================

Question: A form of a biome is largely predicted by its

Answer: temperature and rainfall.

==================================================

Question: Which of the following best illustrates sustainability?

Answer: increasing our reliance upon renewable sources of energy

==================================================

Question: Most organisms native to a desert community are

Answer: well adapted to the heat and dry environment

==================================================

Question: Uncertain about the best way to keep his new lizard alive, Jerome places a heat lamp at one end of the long lizard cage. Over several days, Jerome notices that the lizard tends to sit in a certain place when the lamp is on. The lizard's selection of a particular place to stay represents its

Answer: temperature optimum

==================================================

Question: A new store is constructed in place of a farm field, leading to increased runoff into streams, that leads to mudslides in the surrounding region. This construction resulted in the loss of ecosystem capital, because it

Answer: increased erosion in the region

==================================================

Question: Because of the modern environmental movement,

Answer: average life expectancy for humans is longer

==================================================

Question: Which of the following are products of photosynthesis?

Answer: oxygen and sugar

==================================================

Question: Which of the following would most likely cause the greatest harm to wild Giant Panda populations in China?

Answer: The introduction of beetles that eat bamboo

==================================================

Question: American beavers, Castor canadensis, are widespread in North America. Those American beavers living around lakes in northern Minnesota and which can potentially interbreed

Answer: represent one population of American beavers.

==================================================

Question: The air that we breathe in the troposphere consists of (1) ___, (2) ___, and (3

Answer: 78% nitrogen, (2) 21% oxygen, and (3) 0.035% carbon dioxide

==================================================

Question: Molecule

Answer: -two or more atoms of the same or different kinds
-Bonded in a specific way
-Properties depend on how atoms are bonded
Oxygen: O2
Carbon Dioxide CO2
Nitrogen: N2

==================================================

Question: Compound

Answer: two or more different kinds of atoms
Water: H2O (it is also a molecule)
Carbon Dioxide: CO2

==================================================

Question: Producers

Answer: -make high-potential-energy organic molecules from low-potential-energy raw materials
-(CO2, H2O, N, P)

==================================================

Question: Consumers

Answer: -organisms that live on the production of others
-Obtain energy from feeding on and breaking down organic matter made by producers

==================================================

Question: Respiration

Answer: -organic molecules are broken down inside each cell
-Produces energy for the cell to use
-The reverse of photosynthesis
-Oxygen is consumed
-Occurs in plants and animals

==================================================

Question: Thousands of cases of lung cancer occur in a two-year period in a city outside of Kentucky, at rates that are double that seen in other cities in the United States. Scientists working in that region assume that

Answer: there is something peculiar to the region causing these unusually high rates.

==================================================

Question: Generally speaking, what is the main difference between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

Answer: Photosynthesis converts CO2 and H2O into O2 and glucose, whereas cellular respiration converts glucose and oxygen into CO2 and H2O.

==================================================

Question: R strategist

Answer: is an organism that produces large amounts of offspring and does not tend to them (e.g., does not feed or incubate them).

==================================================

Question: The population growth rate is:

Answer: (total in - total out)/(midyear population)
pop growth

==================================================

Question: World population growth over the past 500 years has most resembled the letter ___.

Answer: J

==================================================

Question: Environmental resistance

Answer: The combination of all the abiotic and biotic factors that may limit population increase

==================================================

Question: resilience

Answer: the ability of an ecosystem to return to normal functioning after a disturbance.pri
helps maintain ecosystem sustainability

==================================================

Question: On June 30, 2016, the population of Leeburg, Louisiana was 17,500 people. By the end of that year, 1467 babies had been born and 450 people had died. There was no immigration and no emigration that year. The birth rate for Frogmouth was (1) ___, the death rate was (2) ___, the population growth rate was (3) ___, and the population growth was (4) ___.

Answer: (1) 8.4%, (2) 2.6%, (3) 5.8%, (4) 1017

==================================================

Question: Jamesberg and Jamesville are 2 new cities that have developed near Baton Rouge. Both cities started with 127,000 people each. After one year, Jamesberg had a growth rate of 7.3%, and the growth rate was coincidentally the same after year 2 as well. Jamesville, on the other hand, had a ridiculously high growth rate of 11% after one year. Unfortunately, the growth rate proved to be too much, leading to water and air pollution problems and an infrastructure (streets, etc.) not prepared for such rapid growth. So, during year 2, Jamesville's growth rate dropped to only 0.4%. Therefore, after 2 years, Jamesberg added (1)___ people, and Jamesville added (2)____ people to their respective populations.

Answer: (1) 19,219, (2) 14534

==================================================

Question: Why is a J curve unlikely to happen in nature?

Answer: Because a population can't grow indefinitely

==================================================

Question: From 1950 to 2010, there was a constant and large increase in the numbers of humans on the planet, but during this same time period there was a decrease in the population growth rate. Remembering the formula for population growth rate, how can these 2 facts be reconciled (i.e., how can they both be true at the same time when they appear to contradict each other)?

Answer: here was an increase in the numerator, but there was also an increase in the denominator

==================================================

Question: A population of bullfrogs in a pond produces many thousands of eggs each spring that hatch out into tadpoles. However, only about 1% of the tadpoles survive to reproduce. This population of frogs is experiencing

Answer: Low levels of recruitment

==================================================

Question: Most of the world population growth in the near future will be in

Answer: Developing countries

==================================================

Question: Some beetles escape from a ship and fly to a small island covered with grass but with no trees or beetle predators. As the beetles feed, they destroy all the grasses. But with abundant food, the beetle population soars, doubling in size every month. After about a year the population crashes as thousands of beetles have destroyed almost all of the plants and there is little left to feed the large population. This scenario best illustrates

Answer: Exponential growth followed by a population crash

==================================================

Question: In general, fertility rates

Answer: decrease as per capita income increases.

==================================================

Question: Which one of the following does NOT fix nitrogen?

Answer: Cellular respiration

==================================================

Question: Natural modes of Nitrogen fixation are:

Answer: Lighting and bacterial fixation in soils

==================================================

Question: Which one of the following illustrates interspecific competition?

Answer: Caterpillars of 2 different species of moth are feeding on the same plant's leaves

==================================================

Question: Jess' cats, Sampson and Thompson, run to the kitchen when they smell food. Jess places the bowl of food on the floor. Sampson gets greedy and tries to push Thompson out of the way. The cats fight and the bowl of food tips over spoiling their meal leaving them both hungry. What type of Interaction is this?

Answer: Competition

==================================================

Question: I have an English Mastiff and a Standard Poodle who both think they are lap dogs, and they are always fighting for my attention. I usually have to compromise and let one sit on the left side of my lap and the other sit on the right side of my lap. The fighting between them is (1)___, and the compromise is (2)___.

Answer: c. (1) intra-species competition, (2) resource partitioning

==================================================

Question: The risk of introducing a natural enemy to control an invasive species is that

Answer: the natural enemy might also become a pest.

==================================================

Question: Some biologists have identified symbiotic relationships in which it appears that one organism gains from the relationship while the other organism is unaffected. After further research, however, the researchers find out that both members of the relationship actually benefit. The researchers therefore realize that what they at first thought was an example of

Answer: commensalism is really an example of mutualism

==================================================

Question: hich one of the following illustrates intraspecific competition?

Answer: male red-winged blackbirds defending nesting sites from other males

==================================================

Question: The relationship between the moose and wolf populations on Isle Royale reveals

Answer: top-down and bottom-up population regulation

==================================================

Question: A group of frogs in a rain forest represents a population if the frogs

Answer: live in the same region and can potentially reproduce with each other.

==================================================

Question: Invasive species are dangerous because

Answer: the native species have not evolved and adapted to these organisms.

==================================================

Question: A population would be expected to grow if:

Answer: Immigration increased and deaths and emigration decreased

==================================================

Question: Reduces interspecific competition and increases species diversity

Answer: Resource Partitioning:

==================================================

Question: A formula accounting for human factors contributing to environmental deterioration and resource depletion is I EQUAL(S) PxAxT. These letters stand for

Answer: Impact, population, affluence and consumption, technology of the society

==================================================

Question: What is the total fertility rate?

Answer: The average number of kids each woman in a geographic region has over her lifetime

==================================================

Question: Transgenic plants are generally different from traditional hybrid plants produced hundreds of years ago, because transgenic plants may

Answer: Have new traits not found in their ancestral species.

==================================================

Question: In the past 40 years, pesticide use has tripled yet pests still cause extensive damage to crops. Why has this increased use of pesticides not been more effective

Answer: The widespread use of pesticides has resulted in the evolution of pesticide resistant pests.

==================================================

Question: Food safety issues of transgenic crops include

Answer: the promotion of antibiotic resistance in pathogens

==================================================

Question: One ongoing concern about transgenic crops that produce pesticides is that this trait may

Answer: Kill other insects that are not pests

==================================================

Question: death rate

Answer: dead/midyear pop

==================================================

Question: sublimation

Answer: A change directly from the solid to the gaseous state without becoming liquid

==================================================

Question: condensation

Answer: The change from a gas to a liquid

==================================================

Question: evaporation

Answer: The change from a liquid to a gas

==================================================

Question: solvent

Answer: A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances

==================================================

Question: solute

Answer: A substance that is dissolved in a solution.

==================================================

Question: photosynthesis

Answer: Carbon Dioxide + Water + Sunlight => Oxygen + Glucose

==================================================

Question: cellular respiration

Answer: Oxygen + Glucose => Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP (energy)

==================================================

Question: what are some biotic factors that might influence population growth rate?

Answer: viruses and bacterial outbreak

==================================================

Question: what are some abiotic factors that might influence population growth rates?

Answer: chemical contamination, oil spills, hurricanes

==================================================

Question: population

Answer: A group of members of the same species living in a specific area.
ex: -only grey wolves in Yellowstone
-black bears in all of Louisiana

==================================================

Question: species

Answer: The different kinds of living things in a community that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. ex: -all grey wolves in the world
-all humans in the world

==================================================

Question: ecosystem

Answer: An interactive complex of communities and the abiotic environment affecting them within an area

==================================================

Question: greenhouse effect

Answer: Carbon dioxide absorbs infrared (heat) energy radiated from Earth's surface, which warms the lower atmosphere

==================================================

Question: biodiversity

Answer: Variability among living organisms and the ecological complexes of which they are part
(having different organisms contributing to)

==================================================

Question: biotic

Answer: Living factors in an environment.

==================================================

Question: abiotic

Answer: Non-living factors in an environment.

==================================================

Question: ecotone

Answer: A transitional region between ecosystems that shares species and characteristics of both.

==================================================

Question: A certain level where organisms grow or survive best

Answer: optimal range

==================================================

Question: law of conservation

Answer: atoms do not change and are not created or destroyed

==================================================

Question: range of tolerance

Answer: The entire range allowing any growth

==================================================

Question: synergy

Answer: Factors that interact to cause a greater effect than expected

==================================================

Question: molecule

Answer: Two or more atoms of the same or different kinds

==================================================

Question: compound

Answer: Two or more different kinds of atoms

==================================================

Question: atom

Answer: The building blocks of all matter

==================================================

Question: organic

Answer: Composed of matter that is alive or was once alive. Contains carbon

==================================================

Question: Organisms that make high-potential-energy organic molecules from low-potential-energy raw materials

Answer: producers

==================================================

Question: consumers

Answer: Organisms that live on the production of others. They obtain energy by feeding on and breaking down organic matter made by producers

==================================================

Question: population growth

Answer: total in - total out

==================================================

Question: immigration

Answer: Migration to a new location

==================================================

Question: emigration

Answer: Migration from a location

==================================================

Question: birth rate

Answer: born/midyear pop

==================================================

Question: growth rate

Answer: The amount the population has changed divided by the time it had to change.

==================================================

Question: total fertility rate

Answer: The average number of kids each woman has over her lifetime in a geographic region
US TFR is 2.3

==================================================

Question: J curve

Answer: Curve showing continued growth explosion due to unlimited resources (exponential growth)

==================================================

Question: S curve

Answer: Curve showing logistic growth in which population growth levels off at the populations carrying capacity

==================================================

Question: carrying capacity

Answer: Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

==================================================

Question: humans have increased their carrying capacity through _________, affecting I...

Answer: technology
Affects environmental impact by improving well being and minimizing degradation

==================================================

Question: biotic potential

Answer: The number of offspring produced under ideal situations
supports pop growth

==================================================

Question: environmental resistance

Answer: The biotic and abiotic factors that may limit a population's increase

==================================================

Question: recruitment

Answer: Survival through the early growth stages to become part of the breeding population (until they become adults)

==================================================

Question: K strategist

Answer: Organisms that care for the young they produce

==================================================

Question: top-down regulation

Answer: Control of a population by predation
ex: wolf eating bunnies - wolf on top of bunnies

==================================================

Question: bottom-up regulation

Answer: Control of a population that occurs as a result of scarcity of resource
ex: when there is a drought that kills vegetation which is a bunny's food

==================================================

Question: predation

Answer: Interaction among species where one organism is harmed and one is helped.
- +
Ex: Wolf eating rabbit

==================================================

Question: competition

Answer: Interaction among species where both species are harmed.
- -
Ex: two rabbits eating the same grass

==================================================

Question: inter-species competition

Answer: Competition between different species

==================================================

Question: intra-species competition

Answer: Competition between the same species

==================================================

Question: mutualism

Answer: An arrangement between two species where both benefit.
+ +
Ex: bees pollinating plants

==================================================

Question: commensalism

Answer: One species benefits while the other is unaffected.
+ 0
Ex: buffalo stir up insects for birds to eat

==================================================

Question: symbiosis

Answer: Two species live close to each other and can be beneficial or harmful

==================================================

Question: what are the 6 key elements that an organic compound contains?

Answer: "CHNOPS"
Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur

==================================================

Question: organic compound

Answer: a chemical compound making up tissues of living organisms

==================================================

Question: amensalism

Answer: a relationship in which one organism is harmed and the other is unaffected
- 0
ex: Black walnut trees produce a chemical that kills other plants

==================================================

Question: nuetralism

Answer: When neither organism is affected
0 0

==================================================

Question: predator

Answer: The organism that does the feeding on prey

==================================================

Question: prey

Answer: The organism that is fed upon by a predator

==================================================

Question: host

Answer: The organism that is fed upon by a parasite

==================================================

Question: parasite

Answer: An organism that attaches itself to another organism (the host), feeding on it over a period of time without immediately killing it, although it usually harms the host in some way

==================================================

Question: keystone species

Answer: Species that play a crucial role in maintaining an ecosystem's biotic structure by:
1.moderating other species that would take over 2.allowing other less-competitive species to flourish

==================================================

Question: pathogen

Answer: Bacteria and viruses that cause disease

==================================================

Question: niche

Answer: The status of an organism within its environmental community

==================================================

Question: resource partitioning

Answer: The division of a resource and specialization in different parts of it
-With more intense competition, resources are even further divided

==================================================

Question: invasive species

Answer: A species that outcompetes a native species for food, space, predation, and other resources.

==================================================

Question: vegetarianism

Answer: Consumption of a diet consisting predominantly of plant foods.

==================================================

Question: trophic level

Answer: Each step in a food chain or food web

==================================================

Question: developed country

Answer: high-income nations

==================================================

Question: developing country

Answer: middle and low-income nations

==================================================

Question: income

Answer: The amount of money a country makes

==================================================

Question: environmental impact

Answer: Equals population X affluence and consumption X technology. (I = PAT)

==================================================

Question: affluence

Answer: wealth of a country

==================================================

Question: stewardship

Answer: Way to moderate environmental impact by responsibly caring for it as humans.

==================================================

Question: primary succession

Answer: The process of initial invasion and progression from one biotic community to another in an area lacking plants and soil.
Starts with soil
Ex: moss on bare rock

==================================================

Question: secondary succession

Answer: An area cleared by some disturbance and reinvaded by plants and animals from surrounding areas.
Starts with preexisting soil.
Ex: plants growing after a fire

==================================================

Question: how does phosphorus cycle through the environment?

Answer: mostly through rocks and things that are hard to dissolve
As rock breaks down, phosphate is released
Broken down in cell respiration or by decomposers

==================================================

Question: Atmospheric CO2 dissolves in moisture in atmosphere and in ocean to form _____________

Answer: carbonic acid

==================================================

Question: primary productivity

Answer: the rate at which energy is converted by photosynthetic users to form organic substances

==================================================

Question: the processes to "fix"(to convert into a usuable gas) nitrogen are:

Answer: 1.Atmospheric nitrogen fixation: lightning
2.Industrial fixation: in fertilizer manufacturing
3.Combustion of fossil fuels: oxidizes nitrogen
and 4.bacteria

==================================================

Question: disturbance

Answer: A significant change that kills or displaces many community members

==================================================

Question: fire climax ecosystems

Answer: ecosystems that depend on fire to maintain their existence (e.g., grasslands, pine forests)

==================================================

Question: fertilizer

Answer: Any substance such as manure or a mixture of nitrates used to make soil more fertile.

==================================================

Question: nutrient cycling

Answer: Cycle of nutrients in the environment being replenished through the breakdown of organic compounds.

==================================================

Question: carbon cycle

Answer: The organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back again

==================================================

Question: nitrogen cycle

Answer: The transfer of nitrogen from the atmosphere to the soil, to living organisms, and back to the atmosphere

==================================================

Question: ocean acidification

Answer: Decreasing pH of ocean waters due to absorption of excess atmospheric CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels.

==================================================

Question: hydrogen bonding

Answer: a weak attraction that joins hydrogen atoms to an oxygen atom

==================================================

Question: pH scale

Answer: Measures the amount of charged hydrogen particles. Runs from 0 (acid) to 14 (base)

==================================================

Question: reactive nitrogen

Answer: Other forms of nitrogen that can be used by organisms

==================================================

Question: non-reactive nitrogen

Answer: Type of nitrogen that cannot be used by most organisms

==================================================

Question: nitrogen fixation

Answer: Process that makes atmospheric nitrogen usable

==================================================

Question: Process of atmospheric nitrogen fixation

Answer: lightning

==================================================

Question: Part of legumes where nitrogen fixation occurs

Answer: root nodules

==================================================

Question: conservation

Answer: Managing or regulating resource use so it does not exceed the capacity of the species or system to renew itself.

==================================================

Question: preservation

Answer: Ensuring species and ecosystem continuity regardless of their potential utility.

==================================================

Question: restoration

Answer: Repairing damaged lands and waters of ecosystems.

==================================================

Question: renewable resource

Answer: Ecosystems and biota with the ability to regenerate

==================================================

Question: consumptive use

Answer: People harvesting natural resources for food, shelter, clothing, tools, fuel, etc.

==================================================

Question: productive use

Answer: The exploitation of ecosystem resources for economic gain. Products are harvested and sold

==================================================

Question: maximum sustainable yield (MSY)

Answer: The maximum amount of a renewable resource that can be taken year after year without depleting the resource.

==================================================

Question: Florida Everglades

Answer: Large area of wetland in Florida that has been reduced to half its size through development and wetlands draining

==================================================

Question: overfishing

Answer: Catching fish at a faster rate than they can reproduce.

==================================================

Question: aquaculture

Answer: Raising aquatic organisms for food in a controlled environment. It is growing in developing countries.

==================================================

Question: climax ecosystem

Answer: all organisms are in balance with each other and with existing abiotic factors

==================================================

Question: aquatic succession

Answer: when soil takes over water

==================================================

Question: One of the world's most diverse ecosystems that occupy shallow coastal waters.

Answer: coral reef

==================================================

Question: zooxanthellae

Answer: Photosynthetic algae that live in a symbiotic relationship with coral animals

==================================================

Question: coral bleaching

Answer: A phenomenon in which zooxanthellae algae inside corals die, causing the corals to turn white.

==================================================

Question: highly acidic

Answer: 0-2 on the pH scale

==================================================

Question: moderately acidic

Answer: 2-4 on the pH scale

==================================================

Question: slightly acidic

Answer: 4-6.5 on the pH scale

==================================================

Question: the young seedling oak tree you just planted will absorb 10 pounds of carbon dioxide (CO2) this year using photosynthesis. Your annual carbon footprint (the CO2 you put into the air) is 14,900lbs of CO2. How many of these seedlings would you have to plant this year to reduce your carbon footprint by 10%?

Answer: 14,900 x .10 = 1,490 x .10 = 149

==================================================

Question: 1 inch=

Answer: 2.54 cm

==================================================

Question: 2.2 lb

Answer: 1 kg=

==================================================

Question: 2 kg is how many pounds?

Answer: 4.4lbs

==================================================

Question: 4 in is how many cm?

Answer: 10.16 cm

==================================================

Question: how many km are in 0.5 miles?

Answer: .806 km

==================================================

Question: 65000000.

Answer: 6.5 x 10^7 =

==================================================

Question: combine:
(9x10^3) - (5x10^3)

Answer: 4 x 10^3

==================================================

Question: combine:
(3.6x10^5) + (2.7x10^4)

Answer: 3.87 x 10^5

==================================================

Question: combine:
(4x10^4) x (2x10^3)

Answer: 8 x 10^7

==================================================

Question: desposition

Answer: gas to solid (skipping liquid stage)

==================================================

Question: population growth, dec ecosystem services, global climate change, and loss of biodiversity

Answer: what are some major environmental problems the earth faces today?

==================================================

Question: accumulation of greenhouse gases
(carbon dioxide is a major one)

Answer: global climate change is caused by?

==================================================

Question: the kyoto protocol

Answer: controlling global warming by setting greenhouse gas emissions targets for developed countries.
The US withdrew in 2001

==================================================

Question: causes of biodiversity loss

Answer: conversion of land, pollution, overuse, species are hunted killed and marketed illegally

==================================================

Question: enviromentalist

Answer: A person who actively tries to protect the enviroment

==================================================

Question: Enviromentalism

Answer: a social movement dedicated to protecting the natural world

==================================================

Question: Scientific Method

Answer: 1. natural phenomena
2. observations
3. questions
4.research hypothesis
5. experiment
6. find data to support hypothesis
7. peer review and publish

==================================================

Question: experimentation

Answer: sets up situation to make systematic observations regarding causes and affects

==================================================

Question: ecology

Answer: the study of processes influencing:
1. the distribution and abundance of organisms
2. interactions b/w living things and the enviroment

==================================================

Question: species
genis

Answer: the word sapiens in homosapien is the ?
the word homo in homosapien is the?

==================================================

Question: instrumental value

Answer: a species' or organism's existence or use benefits some other entity
ex: Food, shelter, source of income

==================================================

Question: are found only in one habitat
They are especially at risk

Answer: endemic species

==================================================

Question: ecological succession

Answer: transition from one biotic community to another

==================================================

Question: pioneer species

Answer: colonize a newly opened area first

==================================================

Question: kingdom, order, phyla, classes, families

Answer: what are species grouped in?

==================================================

Question: _________________ are also experiencing the highest rate of deforestation

Answer: tropical forest

==================================================

Question: reasons for the decline in biodiversity:

Answer: "Hippo"
Habitat destruction
Invasive species
Pollution
Population
Overexploitation

==================================================

Question: The greatest source of biodiversity loss (36%)

Answer: habitat change

==================================================

Question: Conversion, fragmentation, simplification, intrusion (C.F.S.I.)

Answer: factors that make up habitat change:

==================================================

Question: habitat change: fragmentation

Answer: the area of plants in between human made structures

==================================================

Question: habitat change: simplification

Answer: -humans simplify habitats
-Removing logs and trees changes forest microhabitats

==================================================

Question: habitat change: intrusion

Answer: human structures

==================================================

Question: exotic (alien) species

Answer: -one that is introduced into an area from somewhere else
-Most don't survive or don't become pests

==================================================

Question: HIPPO: invasive species

Answer: thrives, spreads, and can eliminate native species by predation or competition

==================================================

Question: HIPPO: polution

Answer: -It destroys or alters habitats
-Oil spills kill seabirds and sea mammals
-Pesticides (DDT) travel up the food chain and become more concentrated in higher consumers

==================================================

Question: HIPPO: population

Answer: Human populations put pressure on species
More people = less biodiversity

==================================================

Question: HIPPO: Overexploitation

Answer: -overharvest of a particular species
-Removing individuals faster than they can reproduce

==================================================

Question: keystone species

Answer: -species whose role is vital to survival of other species
-Predators control herbivores

==================================================

Question: ____________________ are less likely to be harmed by humans and they are likely to become pest species

Answer: e-strategists

==================================================

Question: endangered species

Answer: in imminent danger of becoming extinct if it is not protected
Includes genetically distinct subpopulations (subspecies)

==================================================

Envoy Interview Questions

Question: What is the 1-2-3 rule?

Answer: Requirements for filing an alternate. 1-2-3: 1hr before to 1hr after estimated time of arrival, the weather must be forecast to be 2000' ceiling and 3SM vis.

==================================================

Question: When do you need a take-off alternate?

Answer: If the weather conditions at the airport of takeoff are below the landing minimums in the certificate holders OPS SPEC for that airport, no person may dispatch or release an aircraft from that airport unless the dispatch or flight release specifies an alternate airport located within -

for aircraft having two engines not more than one hour from the departure airport at normal cruising speed in still air with one engine inoperative

for aircraft having three or four engines not more than two hours from the departure airport at normal cruising speed in still air with one engine inoperative.

The alternate airport weather conditions must meet the requirements of the certificate holders OPS SPEC

==================================================

Question: When do you need a second alternate?

Answer: 1. When the destination and the first alternate weather are both marginal.
2. When using Exemption 3585

==================================================

Question: What would you change about yourself, if anything?

Answer: Time Management, being able to accomplish more in a day with fewer distractions

==================================================

Question: Describe yourself in one word

Answer: Motivated
Dedicated
Positive

==================================================

Question: What is your proudest moment?

Answer: Becoming a professional pilot and being the first college graduate in my family has got to be the biggest accomplishment so far

==================================================

Question: Why should Envoy hire you?

Answer: I'm adaptable, hard working, punctual, eager to work, pleasant to work with, and I can get along with anyone. I'm looking forward to learning more about flying each day im at work.

==================================================

Question: What makes a good FO?

Answer: Team player, knowledgeable, and a safety conscious person. Puts safety first

==================================================

Question: Explain centerline lights and standard runway lights

Answer: RW centerline lights are installed on some precision approach runways to facilitate landing under adverse visibility conditions. They are located along the centerline and spaced at 50-ft intervals. When viewed at the landing threshold, the RW centerline lights are white until the last 3,000 ft, then they alternate with red until 1,000, then they are solid red.

The RW edge lights are white, except on instrument runways, yellow replaces white on the last 2,000 ft or half the RW length, whichever is less, to form a caution zone for landings.

==================================================

Environmental Words That Start With Y

Question: Radiation

Answer: the energy that is transferred as electromagnetic waves, such as visible light and infrared waves

==================================================

Question: recharge zone

Answer: an area in which water travels downward to become part of an aquifer

==================================================

Question: reclamation

Answer: the process of returning land to its original condition after mining is completed

==================================================

Question: recycling

Answer: the process of recovering valuable or useful materials from waste or scrap; the process of reusing some items

==================================================

Question: reforestation

Answer: the reestablishment and development of trees in a forest land

==================================================

Question: renewable energy

Answer: energy from sources that are constantly being formed

==================================================

Question: reproductive potential

Answer: the maximum number of offspring that a given organism can produce

==================================================

Question: reservoir

Answer: an artificial body of water that usually forms behind a dam

==================================================

Question: resistance

Answer: in biology, the ability of an organism to tolerate a chemical or disease-causing agent

==================================================

Question: risk

Answer: the probability of an unwanted outcome

==================================================

Question: risk assessment

Answer: the scientific assessment, study, and management of risk; a scientific estimation of the likelihood of negative effects that may result from exposure to a specific hazard

==================================================

Question: river system

Answer: a flowing network of rivers and streams draining a river basin

==================================================

Question: ruminant

Answer: a cud-chewing mammal that has a three- or four-chambered stomach; examples include sheep, goats, and cattle

==================================================

Question: rural

Answer: describes an area of open land that is often used for farming

==================================================

Question: salinity

Answer: a measure of the amount of dissolved salts in a given amount of liquid

==================================================

Question: salinization

Answer: the accumulation of salts in soil

==================================================

Question: salt marsh

Answer: a maritime habitat characterized by grasses, sedges, and other plants that have adapted to continual, periodic flooding; salt marshes are found primarily throughout the temperate and subarctic regions

==================================================

Question: sample

Answer: the group of individuals or events selected to represent a statistical population

==================================================

Question: savanna

Answer: a plain full of grasses and scattered trees and shrubs; found in tropical and subtropical habitats and mainly in regions with a dry climate, such as East Africa

==================================================

Question: secondary pollutant

Answer: a pollutant that forms in the atmosphere by chemical reaction with primary air pollutants, natural components in the air, or both

==================================================

Question: secondary succession

Answer: the process by which one community replaces another community that has been partially or totally destroyed

==================================================

Question: sick-building syndrome

Answer: a set of symptoms, such as headache, fatigue, eye irritation, and dizziness, that may affect workers in modern, airtight office buildings; believed to be caused by indoor pollutants

==================================================

Question: smelting

Answer: the melting or fusing of ore in order to separate impurities from pure metal

==================================================

Question: smog

Answer: urban air pollution composed of a mixture of smoke and fog produced from industrial pollutants and burning fuels

==================================================

Question: solid waste

Answer: a discarded solid material, such as garbage, refuse, or sludges

==================================================

Question: source reduction

Answer: any change in the design, manufacture, purchase, or use of materials or products to reduce their amount or toxicity before they become municipal solid waste; also the reuse of products or materials

==================================================

Question: species

Answer: a group of organisms that are closely related and can mate to product fertile offspring; also the level of classification below genus and above subspecies

==================================================

Question: statistics

Answer: the collection and classification of data that are in the form of numbers

==================================================

Question: stratosphere

Answer: the layer of the atmosphere that lies between the troposphere and the mesosphere and in which temperature increases as altitude increases; contains the ozone layer

==================================================

Question: subsidence

Answer: the sinking of regions of the ground surface with little or no horizontal movement

==================================================

Question: subsurface mining

Answer: a mining method in which ore is extracted from beneath the ground surface

==================================================

Question: surface impoundment

Answer: a natural depression or a human-made excavation that serves as a disposal facility that holds an accumulation of wastes

==================================================

Question: surface mining

Answer: a mining method in which soil and rocks are removed to reach underlying coal or minerals

==================================================

Question: surface water

Answer: all the bodies of fresh water, salt water, ice, and snow that are found above the ground

==================================================

Question: survivorship

Answer: the percentage of newborn individuals in a population that can be expected to survive in a given age

==================================================

Question: sustainability

Answer: the condition in which human needs are met in such a way that a human population can survive indefinitely

==================================================

Question: symbiosis

Answer: a relationship in which two different organisms live in close association with each other

==================================================

Question: taiga

Answer: a region of evergreen, coniferous forest below the arctic and subarctic tundra regions

==================================================

Question: tectonic plate

Answer: a block of lithosphere that consists of the crust and the rigid, outermost part of the mantle; also called lithospheric plate

==================================================

Question: temperate deciduous forest

Answer: a forest (or biome) that is characterized by trees that shed their leaves in the fall

==================================================

Question: temperate grassland

Answer: a community (or biome) that is dominated by grasses, has few trees, and is characterized by cold winters and rainfall that is intermediate between that of a forest and a desert

==================================================

Question: temperate rain forest

Answer: a forest community (or biome), characterized by cool, humid weather and abundant rainfall, where tree branches are draped with mosses, tree trunks are covered with lichens, and the forest floor is covered with ferns

==================================================

Question: temperature inversion

Answer: the atmospheric condition in which warm air traps cooler air near Earth's surface

==================================================

Question: thermal pollution

Answer: a temperature increase in a body of water that is caused by human activity and that has a harmful effect on water quality and on the ability of that body of water to support life

==================================================

Question: threatened species

Answer: a species that has been identified to be likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future

==================================================

Question: topsoil

Answer: the surface layer of the soil, which is usually richer in organic matter than the subsoil is

==================================================

Question: toxicology

Answer: the study of toxic substances, including their nature, effects, detection, methods of treatment, and exposure control

==================================================

Question: trophic level

Answer: one of the steps in a food chain or food pyramid; examples include producers and primary, secondary, and tertiary consumers

==================================================

Question: tropical rain forest

Answer: a forest or jungle near the equator that is characterized by large amounts of rain and little variation in temperature and that contains the greatest known diversity of organisms on Earth

==================================================

Question: troposphere

Answer: the lowest layer of the atmosphere, in which temperature drops at a constant rate as altitude increases; the part of the atmosphere where weather conditions exist

==================================================

Question: tundra

Answer: a treeless plaint that is located in the Arctic or Antarctic and that is characterized by very low winter temperatures; short, cool summers; and vegetation that consists of grasses, lichens, and perennial herbs

==================================================

Question: understory

Answer: a foliage layer that is beneath and shaded by the main canopy of a forest

==================================================

Question: urban

Answer: describes an area that contains a city

==================================================

Question: urbanization

Answer: an increase in the ratio or density of people living in urban areas rather than in rural areas

==================================================

Question: urban sprawl

Answer: the rapid spread of a city into adjoining suburbs and rural areas

==================================================

Question: value

Answer: a principle or standard that an individual considers to be important

==================================================

Question: variable

Answer: a factor that changes in an experiment in order to test a hypothesis

==================================================

Question: vector

Answer: in biology, any agent, such as a plasmid or a virus, that can incorporate foreign DNA and transfer that DNA from one organism to another, an intermediate host that transfers a pathogen or a parasite to another organism

==================================================

Question: vertebrate

Answer: an animal that has a backbone, includes mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish

==================================================

Question: wastewater

Answer: water than contains wastes from homes or industry

==================================================

Question: water cycle

Answer: the continuous movement of water between the atmosphere, the land, and the oceans

==================================================

Question: water pollution

Answer: contamination of water by waste matter or other material that is harmful to organisms that are exposed to the water

==================================================

Question: watershed

Answer: the areas of land that is drained by a water system

==================================================

Question: weather

Answer: the short-term state of the atmosphere, including temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, and visibility

==================================================

Question: wetland

Answer: an area of land that is periodically underwater or whose soil contains a great deal of moisture

==================================================

Question: wilderness

Answer: a region that is not cultivated and that is not inhabited by humans

==================================================

Question: yield

Answer: the amount of crops produced per unit area

==================================================

Environmental Wellness Can Include

Question: A) a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely an absence of disease or infirmity

Answer: The WHO definition of health is
A) a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely an absence of disease or infirmity
B) a state of being sound and whole, generally in reference to the body
C) a condition with multiple dimensions that falls on a continuum from negative health, characterized by illness and premature death, to positive health
D) the absence of illness or injury

==================================================

Question: C) intellectual, social, spiritual, environmental, emotional, and physical

Answer: The six dimensions of wellness include
A) physical, emotional, intellectual, financial, occupational, and spiritual
B) emotional, mental, intellectual, spiritual, psychological, and financial
C) intellectual, social, spiritual, environmental, emotional, and physical
D) social, intellectual, physical, emotional, financial, and spiritual

==================================================

Question: D) heart disease

Answer: The leading cause of death for Americans is
A) cancer
B) stroke
C) unintentional injuries (accidents)
D) heart disease

==================================================

Question: C) unintentional injuries (accidents)

Answer: The leading cause for death in young adults is
A) cancer
B) stroke
C) unintentional injuries (accidents)
D) heart disease

==================================================

Question: B) infectious disease

Answer: Another name for a communicable disease is
A) heart disease
B) infectious disease
C) cancer
D) risk factor

==================================================

Question: B) a chronic disease

Answer: A noncommunicable disease can also be called
A) a communicable disease
B) a chronic disease
C) an infectious disease
D) an environmental disease

==================================================

Question: A) diabetes

Answer: Chronic diseases include
A) diabetes
B) HIV
C) hepatitis
D) influenza

==================================================

Question: B) excessive body weight

Answer: One health risk factor that can be changed is
A) age
B) excessive body weight
C) height
D) genes

==================================================

Question: C) tobacco

Answer: The leading cause of preventable death in the United States is
A) alcohol
B) drug use
C) tobacco
D) obesity

==================================================

Question: D) HIV

Answer: Obesity does NOT contribute to which of the following health conditions?
A) cancer
B) heart disease
C) diabetes
D) HIV

==================================================

Question: C) sleeping better

Answer: Which of the following is a benefit of being physically active?
A) lowering self-esteem and mood
B) increasing anxiety and stress
C) sleeping better
D) living a more sedentary lifestyle

==================================================

Question: B) eating more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains

Answer: Elements of a healthy diet include
A) eating more sugary foods and drinks
B) eating more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
C) increasing overall energy intake while decreasing physical activity level
D) restricting the foods you eat

==================================================

Question: B) using exercise and relaxation techniques

Answer: Coping strategies to deal with stress include
A) cutting back on sleep
B) using exercise and relaxation techniques
C) using alcohol and tobacco
D) overeating

==================================================

Question: A) tailgating

Answer: Preventing motor vehicle accidents includes all of the following EXCEPT
A) tailgating
B) decreasing speed
C) wearing seat belts
D) using turn signals when changing lanes

==================================================

Question: B) recycling and disposing of hazardous waste properly

Answer: Environmental wellness can include
A) living with high pollution levels
B) recycling and disposing of hazardous waste properly
C) getting plenty of sun
D) driving more

==================================================

Question: C) Women have higher rates of autoimmune disorders

Answer: Which of the following accurately describes a health difference between the sexes?
A) Women have lower rates of osteoporosis
B) Men have a higher risk of lung cancer at any given level of cigarette smoke exposure
C) Women have higher rates of autoimmune disorders
D) Men have stronger immune systems and are less susceptible to infectious diseases

==================================================

Question: C) reading food and drug labels

Answer: Critical thinking skills for health and wellness can assist you in
A) diagnosing illnesses on the Web
B) following the doctor's orders
C) reading food and drug labels
D) following the guidelines of the latest research study

==================================================

Question: D) public policies and intervention

Answer: In terms of factors that influence wellness, how would you classify laws that mandate child safety seats in vehicles?
A) social and economic factor
B) environmental factor
C) access to health care
D) public policies and intervention

==================================================

Question: B) differences in income

Answer: Disparities in health care in the United States can be attributed to several factors, including
A) easy access to quality health care
B) differences in income
C) an influx of health care services
D) health promotion campaigns.

==================================================

Question: False

Answer: Noncommunicable diseases are caused by pathogens

==================================================

Question: False

Answer: In the developed world, people are more likely to die from diseases associated with a shortage of necessities and basic public health measures

==================================================

Question: False

Answer: In the developing world, people are more likely to die from diseases associated with abundance

==================================================

Question: False

Answer: A chronic disease develops from a specific risk factor

==================================================

Question: False

Answer: The most common source of radiation exposure is X-rays

==================================================

Question: False

Answer: Genes are the primary factor in determining your disease risk and overall health status

==================================================

Question: C) enhance an individual's ability to change

Answer: Enabling factors are factors that
A) encourage or discourage behaviors
B) an individual brings to the table
C) enhance an individual's ability to change
D) are internal

==================================================

Question: A) encourage or discourage new behaviors

Answer: Reinforcing factors are factors that
A) encourage or discourage new behaviors
B) an individual brings to the table
C) do not affect an individual's ability to change
D) are internal.

==================================================

Question: B) an individual brings to the table

Answer: Predisposing factors are factors that
A) encourage or discourage behaviors
B) an individual brings to the table
C) do not affect an individual's ability to change
D) are internal

==================================================

Question: C) an energized state that directs behavior

Answer: Motivation for behavior change is
A) a trait ruled by internal factors
B) a permanent trait of an individual
C) an energized state that directs behavior
D) a static, emotional state that sustains behavior

==================================================

Question: A) an external locus of control

Answer: Janette is working on a new exercise regimen. Her motivation for exercising largely depends on whether her friend exercises with her. Janette can be said to have
A) an external locus of control
B) an internal locus of control
C) positive self-efficacy
D) decisional balance.

==================================================

Question: B) internal locus of control

Answer: John has a family history of diabetes. He believes he can prevent the disease through exercise, diet, body weight control, and other preventive health behaviors. John's behavior can be explained by his
A) external locus of control
B) internal locus of control
C) positive self-efficacy
D) decisional balance

==================================================

Question: A) have confidence in your ability

Answer: Self-efficacy helps you
A) have confidence in your ability
B) need less motivation
C) avoid making changes
D) accept the way things are.

==================================================

Question: A) monitor behavior with a journal or log

Answer: A good way to boost self-efficacy is to
A) monitor behavior with a journal or log
B) have friends and family to tell you what you should do
C) focus on making long-term goals
D) spend more time relaxing.

==================================================

Question: C) anticipation of failure

Answer: Self-efficacy typically develops from all of the following factors EXCEPT
A) past experience
B) past performance
C) anticipation of failure
D) observational learning

==================================================

Question: B) direct experience

Answer: Which of the following is the most powerful factor influencing self-efficacy expectations?
A) observational learning
B) direct experience
C) persuasion
D) internal cues

==================================================

Question: B) persuasion

Answer: Which of the following is the LEAST powerful influence on self-efficacy?
A) direct experience
B) persuasion
C) vicarious experience
D) past performance

==================================================

Question: D. direct experience

Answer: Over which of the following factors do you have the most control?
A. persuasion
B. vicarious experience
C. past performance
D. direct experience

==================================================

Question: B. specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, time-bound.

Answer: In terms of setting goals, the acronym SMART stands for
A. strategic, measuring, actionable, reality-based, time-conscious.
B. specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, time-bound.
C. standard, measurable, action-based, realistic, time-bound.
D. specific, motivating, achievable, realistic, timely.

==================================================

Question: D. challenging but not impossible goals.

Answer: Setting realistic goals for behavior change means having
A. several alternative goals.
B. simple goals.
C. open-ended long-term goals.
D. challenging but not impossible goals.

==================================================

Question: A. "stages of change" model.

Answer: The transtheoretical model is also referred to as the
A. "stages of change" model.
B. "scenes of change" model.
C. "steps to behavior change" model.
D. "signs of change" model.

==================================================

Question: C. precontemplation stage

Answer: According to the transtheoretical model, in which stage is a person who has yet to actively think about change
A. action stage
B. maintenance stage
C. precontemplation stage
D. contemplation stage

==================================================

Question: D. contemplation stage.

Answer: The stage of the transtheoretical model in which people weigh the pros and cons of taking action is called the
A. action stage.
B. maintenance stage.
C. precontemplation stage.
D. contemplation stage.

==================================================

Question: B. stage that precedes action.

Answer: The preparation stage of behavior change in the transtheoretical model is the
A. first stage of the model.
B. stage that precedes action.
C. final stage of the model.
D. stage that precedes contemplation.

==================================================

Question: False

Answer: Enabling factors include your culture, beliefs, values, age, and attitudes

==================================================

Question: False

Answer: Predisposing factors include your knowledge, skills, and abilities.

==================================================

Question: False

Answer: In the maintenance stage of behavior change, external rewards remain as important as in earlier stages.

==================================================

Question: True

Answer: The transtheoretical model includes a stage called termination.

==================================================

Question: C. physical activity.

Answer: Any activity that requires caloric expenditure and movements to get you through your day is referred to as
A. physical fitness.
B. exercise.
C. physical activity.
D. weight loss.

==================================================

Question: C. agility

Answer: Which of the following is a component of skill-related fitness?
A. body composition
B. muscular endurance
C. agility
D. desire to compete

==================================================

Question: B. agility

Answer: Which component of skill-related fitness refers to the ability to change the direction of your body in a quick and precise manner?
A. balance
B. agility
C. reaction time
D. coordination

==================================================

Question: D. whether you can safely increase your level of physical activity

Answer: The Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q) is typically used to determine what?
A. your state of physical fitness
B. your ability to perform certain physical activities
C. whether your stress level is too high
D. whether you can safely increase your level of physical activity

==================================================

Question: B. doing push-ups to develop chest and shoulder strength

Answer: The principle of specificity of training is best indicated by which of the following activities?
A. weight training to develop cardiorespiratory endurance
B. doing push-ups to develop chest and shoulder strength
C. running to develop flexibility
D. bicycling to develop back strength

==================================================

Question: D. running 3 days per week

Answer: The "F" in the FITT formula would apply to which exercise program component?
A. walking at a brisk pace for 45 minutes
B. holding a hamstring stretch to the point of mild discomfort
C. cycling as a mode of exercise
D. running 3 days per week

==================================================

Question: C. warm-up, conditioning, cool-down, stretching

Answer: Which of the following is the correct sequence for a complete workout?
A. conditioning, warm-up, stretching, cool-down
B. warm-up, cool-down, conditioning, stretching
C. warm-up, conditioning, cool-down, stretching
D. stretching, warm-up, conditioning, cool-down

==================================================

Question: A. an increase in core body and muscle temperature.

Answer: One benefit of 5-10 minutes of low-to-moderate-intensity aerobic and muscular endurance activities prior to a training session is
A. an increase in core body and muscle temperature.
B. redirection of blood flow away from working muscles.
C. gradual recovery of heart rate.
D. gradual reduction of blood pressure.

==================================================

Question: A. an elliptical trainer

Answer: Sarah is interested in purchasing a piece of home exercise equipment for aerobic workouts. She wants to build her cardiorespiratory fitness but has knee problems. Which of the following would be the best option for her?
A. an elliptical trainer
B. a motorized treadmill
C. an "all-in-one" weight machine
D. a stair-climbing machine

==================================================

Question: B. 4-8 percent

Answer: When considering a sports beverage for hydration during intense workouts, it is best to choose one with ________ carbohydrates.
A. 2-4 percent
B. 4-8 percent
C. 8-12 percent
D. >14 percent

==================================================

Question: B. protection, rest, ice, compression, elevation.

Answer: The PRICE method suggested for care of exercise-related sprains and strains stands for
A. pressure, rest, isolate, compression, exercise.
B. protection, rest, ice, compression, elevation.
C. protection, resistance training, isometrics, compression, exercise.
D. pressure, raised feet, ice, carbohydrate, exercise.

==================================================

Question: False

Answer: Calisthenics are generally ineffective as muscular strengthening exercises

==================================================

Question: False

Answer: Flexibility of the upper back and quadriceps is important to help prevent lower back pain.

==================================================

Environmental Sustainability Implies

Question: Agenda 21

Answer: a statement of the UN of environmental action, produced at the 1992 Earth Summit, that outlines actions that should be taken to protect the planet and achieve sustainable development both environmentally and socially.

==================================================

Question: Common Pool Resources

Answer: goods that are available to everyone, such as open ocean fisheries, the atmosphere and climate, fresh water, forests, wildlife; it is difficult to exclude anyone from using the common pool, but one user's consumption reduces the amount available for others. No single individual has responsibility.

==================================================

Question: Control Group

Answer: In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.

==================================================

Question: Ecological Footprint

Answer: the impact of a person or community on the environment, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources. An amount of productive land, fresh water, and ocean required on a continuous basis to supply that person food, wood, energy, water, housing, clothing, transportation, and waste disposal.

==================================================

Question: Ecology

Answer: The scientific study of how living things interact with each other and their environment

==================================================

Question: Environmental Science

Answer: An interdisciplinary study of how humans interact with the environment of living and nonliving things. The study includes ethics that influence human behavior. Solutions to environmental problems include sustainable living

==================================================

Question: Experimental Group

Answer: the group in an experiment that is being tested, or that receives the independent variable

==================================================

Question: Experimental vs. Control Group

Answer: The group receiving the independent variable vs the group that does not receive anything, in order to act as a comparison

==================================================

Question: Fossil Fuels

Answer: Coal, oil, natural gas, and other fuels that are ancient remains of plants and animals.

==================================================

Question: Impact of fossil fuels

Answer: -Climate change
-Air pollution
-Acid rain
-Water and land pollution (accidents and extraction).

==================================================

Question: Greenhouse Gasses

Answer: Gasses such as carbon dioxide, methane and water vapor that trap and radiate heat in the Earth's atmosphere and affect Earth's climate, contributing to the greenhouse effect.

==================================================

Question: highly developed countries

Answer: Countries with complex industrial bases, low rates of population growth, and high per capita income rates and consumer rates. Determined by the GDP (gross domestic product/population, or level economic activity)

==================================================

Question: HDC examples

Answer: US, Canada, Japan

==================================================

Question: Hypothesis

Answer: A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

==================================================

Question: Inexhaustible (perpetual) resource

Answer: energy source that can't be used up by humans; natural resource that will not run out, no matter how much of it people use

==================================================

Question: IPAT

Answer: a mathematical model showing the relationship between environmental impacts and the forces driving them, including population size, affluence, and the beneficial and harmful environmental effects of technologies. Used to determine the impact of human lifestyles on Earth.

==================================================

Question: IPAT equation

Answer: Impact = Population x Affluence x Technology

==================================================

Question: Less Developed Countries

Answer: a developing country with a low level of industrialization, very high fertility rate, very high infant mortality rate and a very low per capita income and relative consumer rates. Overall low level of economic development. Determined by the GDP

==================================================

Question: LDC examples

Answer: DRC, Nepal, Bangladesh

==================================================

Question: moderately developed countries

Answer: Countries with medium levels of industrialization and per person incomes lower than those of highly developed countries. Determined by the GDP (gross domestic product of a region/number of people)

==================================================

Question: MDC examples

Answer: Mexico, South Africa, China

==================================================

Question: Negative Feedback

Answer: A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will counteract the change. Maintains a steady state.

==================================================

Question: nonrenewable natural resource

Answer: A natural resource that is not replaced (in a useful time frame). Limited supply, depleted by use

==================================================

Question: nonrenewable resources examples

Answer: fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas), diamonds, metals

==================================================

Question: political action

Answer: Any organized attempt to influence the political process, from lobbying legislators, to seeking the election or defeat of particular candidates.

==================================================

Question: positive feedback

Answer: A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will amplify the change. Takes organism away from a steady state.

==================================================

Question: poverty*

Answer: the state of being poor

==================================================

Question: Renewable Resources

Answer: Any natural resource that can replenish itself in a relatively short period of time, usually no longer than the length of a human life. Can be used forever if not overly exploited

==================================================

Question: renewable resources examples

Answer: Plants, Water, Trees, Wind, Air, etc.

==================================================

Question: risk analysis

Answer: The process by which an organization evaluates the value of each asset being protected, estimates the probability that each asset might be compromised, and compares the costs of each being compromised with the costs of protecting it.

==================================================

Question: scientific assessment

Answer: The gathering of information. The problem is stated and defined. Data are then collected, and experiments or simulations are performed.

==================================================

Question: scientific method

Answer: A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis through experiments with systematic observation and measurement, and stating conclusions; including formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses.

==================================================

Question: Stewardship*

Answer: Shared responsibility for conserving and restoring the Earth's resources for future generations. A philosophy that holds that humans have a unique responsibility to sustain, care for, and improve nature.

==================================================

Question: Sustainability

Answer: The ability to keep in existence or maintain. A sustainable ecosystem is one that can be maintained. The use of Earth's renewable and nonrenewable natural resources in ways that do not constrain resource use in the future, or the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

==================================================

Question: sustainable development

Answer: Development that balances current human well-being and economic advancement with resource management for the benefit of future generations

==================================================

Question: Systems

Answer: A set of components that interact and function as a whole. A natural system, consisting of a community of organisms and its physical environment, is known as an ecosystem. Ecosystems are organized into larger systems that interact with one another. Natural ecosystems are the foundation for our concept of environmental sustainability.

==================================================

Question: Ecosystem

Answer: A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment, like an ocean or coral reef

==================================================

Question: Theory

Answer: A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data. A well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations.

==================================================

Question: Tragedy of the Commons

Answer: the tendency of a shared, limited resource to become depleted because people act from self-interest for short-term gain, using up commonly available but limited resources, creating disaster for the entire community

==================================================

Question: Tragedy of the Commons Broad Scope

Answer: Proposed by Garret Hardin. Postulates that inability to solve many environmental problems stems from struggle between short term individual welfare and long term environmental sustainability and societal welfare.

==================================================

Question: UN Conference on Environment and Development*

Answer: Occurs when the level of demand on a country's resources damages or depletes the resource enough to reduce the quality of life for future generations

==================================================

Question: unsustainable consumption*

Answer: A factor that can change in an experiment

==================================================

Question: Variable

Answer: renewable resources can be replaced at the same rate in which they are used whereas nonrenewable is the exact OPPOSITE; they cannot be replaced at the same rate in which they are used

==================================================

Question: Renewable resources vs nonrenewable resources

Answer: Because the US exploits and distributes natural resources way more than any other developing country, especially in regards to the automobiles and chemicals used by the US that pollutes the environment. So with our high industrial dependency, we have a bigger impact on the natural resources and environment than all the other developing countries

==================================================

Question: Why does a single child born in the United States have a greater effect on the environment than 12 or more children born in a developing country?

Answer: The three foundations of a sustainable development are environmentally sound decisions, economically viable decisions, and socially equitable

==================================================

Question: What are the three foundations of a sustainable development?

Answer: Not indefinitely. When you look at the ecological footprint the Earth has about 11.4 billion hectares. Each person is allotted about 1.6, but instead we use about 2.7 hectares. From short-term results we see deforestation, degradation of crop lands, loss of biological diversity, declining ocean fisheries, local water shortages, and increasing pollution. If we don't change our way in the long-term than either per-person consumption will drop, population will decrease, or both.

==================================================

Question: Do you think it is possible for the world to sustain its present population of 7.2 billion indefinitely? Why or why not?

Answer: 1) scientific assessment- the gathering of information of the environmental problem that is identified
2) risk analysis - analyze the potential effects of doing nothing or intervening
3) public education and involvement - 1 and 2 are put in public arena as a source of knowledge and values
4) political action - officials elected select and implement a course of action
5) long-term evaluation - results of action taken should be carefully monitored

==================================================

Question: Five stages in addressing an environmental problem

Answer: The ecological footprint is an amount of productive land, fresh water, and ocean required on a continuous basis to supply that person food, wood, energy, water, housing, clothing, transportation, and waste disposal. The IPAT model is similar because it shows the mathematical relationship between environmental impacts and the forces driving it. The concept that I think is easier for people to grasp is the ecological footprint. This is because with the IPAT people often don't understand all the environmental impacts of a particular technology on complex environmental systems.

==================================================

Question: How are the concepts of ecological footprint and the IPAT model similar? Which concept do you think is easier for people to grasp?

Answer: Consumption is the human use of materials and energy. In general the use of resources by consumers in highly developed countries is greatly out of proportion to their numbers. A single child born in a highly developed country may have a greater impact on the environment than 12 children born in developing countries. Many natural resources are required to provide automobiles, air conditioners, disposable diapers, cell phones, DVDs, computers, clothing, etc. in highly developed countries.

==================================================

Question: Is consumption driven more by population than affluence in highly developed countries? Less developed countries? Explain the difference.

Answer: Earth's system includes the Earth's climate, atmosphere, land, coastal zones, and the ocean. Environmental scientists use a systems' approach to try to understand how human activities are altering global environmental parameters such as temperature, CP2, concentration in the atmosphere, land cover, etc.

==================================================

Question: Give an example of an earth system

Answer: Environmental sustainability is the ability to meet the current human need for natural resources without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Sustainability implies that humans can manage natural resources indefinitely without the environment going into a decline from the stresses imposed by human society on natural systems that maintain life. When the environment is used sustainably, humanity's present needs are met without endangering the wellbeing of future generations.

==================================================

Question: Explain the following ancient proverb as it relates to the concept of environmental sustainability: "We have not inherited the world from our ancestors; we have borrowed it from our children."

Answer: Sustainability implies that humans can have economic development and fair allocation of resources without the environment going into decline. When the environment is used sustainably, humanity's present needs are met without endangering the welfare of future generations. The goal of sustainable development is to ensure future economic development while protecting the environment. To ensure sustainability environmentally sound decisions, economically viable decisions, and socially equitable decisions must be thought of as a part of a complex and interlinked system.

==================================================

Question: Explain why economic well-being, environment, and ethics all contribute to sustainable development.

Answer: A hypothesis is an educated guess, an explanation of a problem. A good hypothesis will make predictions about how the natural world works. These predictions can then be tested and possibly disproved. Sometimes a seemingly sound hypothesis is disproved by experimental data. Some people have strong beliefs about how the world should work but the scientific facts don't always support those beliefs.

==================================================

Question: Thomas Henry Huxley once wrote, "The great tragedy of science—the slaying of a beautiful hypothesis by an ugly fact." Explain what he meant, based on what you have learned about the nature of science.

Answer: A model is not the some thing as a hypothesis. A hypothesis is an educated guess that tries to explain the natural world. It breaks down complex systems into testable processes in order to explain the bigger picture. Many of models are computer simulations that represent the overall effect of competing factors to describe an environmental situation in numerical terms. Models help us understand how a present situation developed from the past or how to predict the future course of events.

==================================================

Question: In the chapter, the term model is defined as a formal statement that describes a situation and can be used to predict the future course of events. On the basis of this definition, is a model the same thing as a hypothesis? *

Answer: Science is a dynamic process, a systematic way to investigate the natural world. Science seeks to reduce the complexity of our world to general scientific laws. Scientific laws are then used to make predictions, solve problems, or provide new insights. There is no absolute certainty or universal agreement about anything in science. Science is an ongoing system, and generally accepted ideas must be reevaluated in light of newly discovered data. Scientific understanding changes, and with that, there is never a final answer. However, this must not prevent us from using current knowledge in environmental science to
make environmental decisions.

==================================================

Question: Some people want scientists to give them precise, definitive answers to environmental problems. Why is this not possible?

Answer: This is related to the economic impact on farmer and local community, importance of crop being grown, viability and availability of alternative crops that could be grown, availability and effectiveness of alternative pesticides or use of natural predators.

==================================================

Question: Explain why it might be difficult to make a decision about whether or not to allow farmers to spray pesticides even if we all agree about negative health effects of the pesticides.*

Answer: In order to live in a sustainable way, we must make smart choices about energy use. If we use energy in excess and exploit nonrenewable resources, the environment will be degraded and resources will run out for future generations. In order to not affect future generations, humans must manage natural resources in an effort to prevent an environmental decline due to our economic demands.

==================================================

Environmental Science Words That Start With Q

Question: Quarries

Answer: Open pits where stone or marble is extracted.

==================================================

Question: R-strategists

Answer: Species that reproduces early in life; lots of offspring, no parental support.

==================================================

Question: Rain Shadow

Answer: Dry area in the down wind side of a mountain.

==================================================

Question: Radon Gas

Answer: An indoor air pollutant; naturally occurring radioactive gas that comes from radioactive decay of Uranium into lead #2 cause lung cancer behind tobacco. It is usually found in igneous rock and soil. It typically moves up through ground to the air above and into your home through cracks and other holes in the foundation of your home traps Radon inside, where it can build up.

==================================================

Question: Ranks of Coal

Answer: The classification of coal by degree of hardness, moisture and heat content. The ranks, from lowest to highest quality are: lignite, subbituminous, bituminous, and anthracite.

==================================================

Question: Red Tide

Answer: A common name for a phenomenon known as an algal bloom when it is caused by a few species of dinoflagellates causing the bloom to take on a red or brown color. In the us, it occurs in the easter Gulf of Mexico, and in Florida waters.

==================================================

Question: Remediation

Answer: Cleaning up of chemical pollution of contaminated areas to reverse or stop environmental damage.

==================================================

Question: Renewable Resource

Answer: Resource that can be replenished rapidly through natural processes in years or 10's of years.

==================================================

Question: Replacement Level Fertility

Answer: Reproduction rate required for the population to remain a constant size.

==================================================

Question: Riparian

Answer: Strips of vegetation that occurs along rivers and streams.

==================================================

Question: S Curve

Answer: A curve that depicts logistic growth.

==================================================

Question: Saltwater Intrustion

Answer: When salt wateroves into the fresh water zone of an aquifer.

==================================================

Question: S Wave

Answer: Second wave following primary wave; takes twice as long to reach a seismograph.

==================================================

Question: Salmonella

Answer: Bacterial disease primarily located in chicken.

==================================================

Question: Sanitary Landfill

Answer: Waste disposal site on land in which waste is spread in thin layers compacted and converted with a fresh layer of clay or plastic each day.

==================================================

Question: Secondary Pollutant

Answer: Air pollutant produced through reactions between primary pollutants and normal atmospheric compounds. Ex: ground-level ozone formation.

==================================================

Question: Secondary Wastewater Treatment

Answer: Sewage treatment that removed organic matter with aide of microorganism.

==================================================

Question: Scavenger

Answer: Organisms that feed dead organisms killed by other organisms or died naturally. Ex: Vulture.

==================================================

Question: Scrubber

Answer: Desulfurization system that are used in smoke stacks to decrease the amount of sulfur I'm the exhaust gas by 90% or more.

==================================================

Question: Silt

Answer: Sediment that collects at the bottom of lakes; between 1/16 and 1/25 mm in size.

==================================================

Question: Sink

Answer: Long term area for storage. Ex: Carbon in Limestone.

==================================================

Question: Sludge

Answer: Gooey mixture of toxic chemical, infectious agents and settled soilds removed from water waste.

==================================================

Question: Smelter

Answer: An even that separates desirable metals from one that contains other unneeded elements.

==================================================

Question: Smog

Answer: Originally a combo of smoke and fog but now used to describe mixtures of pollutants in the atmosphere.

==================================================

Question: Source Reduction

Answer: Process of waste management; reduced the amount of materials that must be handled in a waste stream.

==================================================

Question: Suburbs

Answer: Spread out area with lack of cultural and educational activities compared to the cities.

==================================================

Question: Succession

Answer: Gradual and sometimes quick change in the plants of a region.

==================================================

Question: Superfund

Answer: A fund established by congress to pay for containment, clean up or remediation of abandoned toxic waste sites.

==================================================

Question: Sustainable Development

Answer: A real increase in well-being and standard of life for the average person over the long term without degrading the environment.

==================================================

Environmental Science Words That Start With J

Question: J curve

Answer: a growth curve that depicts exponential growth

==================================================

Question: Jackson Turbidity Unit (JTU)

Answer: a measurement of the amount of sediment suspended in water

==================================================

Question: Joule

Answer: amount of work done when a force of one newton is exerted over one meter or one amp per second flows through one ohm

==================================================

Question: K strategists

Answer: species where organisms tend to reproduce later in life, have a smaller number of offspring, and are long living

==================================================

Question: Keystone Species

Answer: species that associate species depend on for support; has greater influence beyond its own numbers

==================================================

Question: Kilowatt hours (KWH)

Answer: a measurement of energy and power

==================================================

Question: Kinetic energy

Answer: energy contained in moving objects

==================================================

Question: Kyoto Protocol

Answer: an international agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions

==================================================

Environmental Science Vocabulary

Question: Ecology

Answer: Scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment

==================================================

Question: Ecosystem

Answer: A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.

==================================================

Question: Natural Resources

Answer: Materials or substances such as minerals, forests, water, and fertile land that occur in nature and can be used for economic gain

==================================================

Question: Natural Services

Answer: Processes in nature, such as purification of air and water and renewal of topsoil, which support life and human economies.

==================================================

Question: Natural Capital

Answer: Natural resources and natural services that keep us and other species alive and support our economies.

==================================================

Question: Nutrient Cycling

Answer: the circulation of chemicals necessary for life, from the environment (mostly from soil and water) through organisms and back to the environment

==================================================

Question: Renewable Resources

Answer: Resources that can be restored or replenished, these are resources that are not lost forever once used. Examples include, human skills, a tennis ball that can be hit time and time again

==================================================

Question: Non-renewable Resources

Answer: a resource that takes so long to form that it can't be replaced. Oil, which takes millions of years to form, is such a resource.

==================================================

Question: Sustainable Yield

Answer: Ecological yield that can be extracted without reducing the base of capital itself, the surplus required to maintain nature's services at the same or increasing level over time. Example, in fisheries the basic natural capital decreases with extraction, but productivity increases; so the sustainable yield is within the ranch that the natural capital together with production are able to provide satisfactory yield.

==================================================

Question: Gross Domestic Product

Answer: The total value of goods and services produced within the borders of a country during a specific time period, usually one year.

==================================================

Question: Gross National Product

Answer: The total value of goods and services, including income received from abroad, produced by the residents of a country within a specific time period, usually one year.

==================================================

Question: Ecological Footprint

Answer: The amount of biologically productive land and water needed to support a person or population.

==================================================

Question: Ecological Tipping Point

Answer: Point in the development of an environmental problem where a threshold level is reached, causing an irreversible shift in the behavior of a natural system.

==================================================

Question: Environmental Ethics

Answer: A search for moral values and ethical principles in human relations with the natural world.

==================================================

Question: Affluence

Answer: (n.) wealth, riches, prosperity; great abudance, plenty

==================================================

Question: Sustainability

Answer: The ability to keep in existence or maintain. A sustainable ecosystem is one that can be maintained

==================================================

Question: Stewardship View

Answer: the careful and responsible management of population, the essence of good government.

==================================================

Question: Anthropocentric View

Answer: humans are there to preserve nature

==================================================

Question: Tragedy of the Commons

Answer: A parable that illustrates why common resources are used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a whole

==================================================

Question: Planetary Management

Answer: Beliefs that (1) as the planet's most important species, we are in charge of the earth; (2) we will not run out of resources because of our ability to develop and find new ones; (3) the potential for economic growth is essentially unlimited; and (4) our success depends on how well we manage the earth's life-support systems mostly for our own benefit.

==================================================

Question: Environmental Wisdom

Answer: We are part of and totally dependent on nature and nature exists for all species, not just for us, and we should encourage earth-sustaining forms of economic growth and development and discourage earth-degrading forms.

==================================================

Question: Leachate

Answer: Liquids that have percolated through a soil and that carry substances in solution or suspension.

==================================================

Question: Fly Ash

Answer: a powdery material collected in the air pollution control equipment (scrubber) after combustion in a waste combustion facility.

==================================================

Question: Dioxin

Answer: One of the most toxic human-made chemicals. Stable, long-lived, by-product of herbicide production enters environment as fallout from the incineration of municipal and medical waste and persists for many years.

==================================================

Question: Carbon Footprint

Answer: measure of the impact human activities have on the environment in terms of the amount of greenhouse gases produced, measured in units of carbon dioxide

==================================================

Question: Buffering

Answer: Creating supplies of excess resources in case of unpredictable needs

==================================================

Question: Acid

Answer: A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.

==================================================

Question: base

Answer: A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.

==================================================

Question: combustion

Answer: A combustion reaction is when oxygen combines with another compound to form water and carbon dioxide. These reactions are exothermic, meaning they produce heat. An example of this kind of reaction is the burning of napthalene

==================================================

Question: Sulphur dioxide

Answer: SO2- a corrosive gas that comes primarily from combustion of fuels such as coal and oil. It is a respiratory irritant and can harm plant tissues.

==================================================

Question: acid base indicator

Answer: a chemical dye whose color is affected by acidic and basic solutions

==================================================

Question: pH

Answer: Carbon dioxide + water ----> glucose + oxyge

==================================================

Question: hydrogen ions

Answer: (H+) The basis of the pH scale and can come out of water splitting

==================================================

Question: carbonic acid

Answer: H2CO3

==================================================

Question: acidosis

Answer: Acidosis is increased acidity in the blood and occurs when the blood pH falls below 7.35.

==================================================

Question: precipitation

Answer: Any form of water that falls from clouds and reaches Earth's surface.

==================================================

Question: dry deposition

Answer: Fine particulate matter and aerosols settling from the atmosphere onto lake and land surfaces during periods with no precipitation.

==================================================

Question: PPM

Answer: Parts per million

==================================================

Question: nitrate

Answer: (NO3)-

==================================================

Question: ammonium

Answer: The ammonium cation is a positively charged polyatomic ion with the chemical formula NH4⁺. It is formed by the protonation of ammonia.

==================================================

Question: organic

Answer: Carbon chemistry is referred to as ______ chemistry.

==================================================

Question: inorganic

Answer: Not formed from living things or the remains of living things

==================================================

Question: reservoir

Answer: A place where the pathogen grows and reproduces

==================================================

Question: photosynthesis

Answer: Chloroplasts

==================================================

Question: respiration

Answer: Exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) at the lung capillaries (external respiration) and at the tissue capillaries (internal respiration).

==================================================

Question: transpiration

Answer: Evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant

==================================================

Question: nitrogen fixation

Answer: Process of converting nitrogen gas into ammonia

==================================================

Question: nitrification

Answer: Ammonia is converted to nitrate ions (NO3-).

==================================================

Question: producers

Answer: Make their own food from compounds obtained from their environment

==================================================

Question: consumers

Answer: An organism that obtains energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains.

==================================================

Environmental Science Vocabulary Words A Z

Question: Ecology

Answer: Scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment

==================================================

Question: Ecosystem

Answer: A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.

==================================================

Question: Natural Resources

Answer: Materials or substances such as minerals, forests, water, and fertile land that occur in nature and can be used for economic gain

==================================================

Question: Natural Services

Answer: Processes in nature, such as purification of air and water and renewal of topsoil, which support life and human economies.

==================================================

Question: Natural Capital

Answer: Natural resources and natural services that keep us and other species alive and support our economies.

==================================================

Question: Nutrient Cycling

Answer: the circulation of chemicals necessary for life, from the environment (mostly from soil and water) through organisms and back to the environment

==================================================

Question: Renewable Resources

Answer: Resources that can be restored or replenished, these are resources that are not lost forever once used. Examples include, human skills, a tennis ball that can be hit time and time again

==================================================

Question: Non-renewable Resources

Answer: a resource that takes so long to form that it can't be replaced. Oil, which takes millions of years to form, is such a resource.

==================================================

Question: Sustainable Yield

Answer: Ecological yield that can be extracted without reducing the base of capital itself, the surplus required to maintain nature's services at the same or increasing level over time. Example, in fisheries the basic natural capital decreases with extraction, but productivity increases; so the sustainable yield is within the ranch that the natural capital together with production are able to provide satisfactory yield.

==================================================

Question: Gross Domestic Product

Answer: The total value of goods and services produced within the borders of a country during a specific time period, usually one year.

==================================================

Question: Gross National Product

Answer: The total value of goods and services, including income received from abroad, produced by the residents of a country within a specific time period, usually one year.

==================================================

Question: Ecological Footprint

Answer: The amount of biologically productive land and water needed to support a person or population.

==================================================

Question: Ecological Tipping Point

Answer: Point in the development of an environmental problem where a threshold level is reached, causing an irreversible shift in the behavior of a natural system.

==================================================

Question: Environmental Ethics

Answer: A search for moral values and ethical principles in human relations with the natural world.

==================================================

Question: Affluence

Answer: (n.) wealth, riches, prosperity; great abudance, plenty

==================================================

Question: Sustainability

Answer: The ability to keep in existence or maintain. A sustainable ecosystem is one that can be maintained

==================================================

Question: Stewardship View

Answer: the careful and responsible management of population, the essence of good government.

==================================================

Question: Anthropocentric View

Answer: humans are there to preserve nature

==================================================

Question: Tragedy of the Commons

Answer: A parable that illustrates why common resources are used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a whole

==================================================

Question: Planetary Management

Answer: Beliefs that (1) as the planet's most important species, we are in charge of the earth; (2) we will not run out of resources because of our ability to develop and find new ones; (3) the potential for economic growth is essentially unlimited; and (4) our success depends on how well we manage the earth's life-support systems mostly for our own benefit.

==================================================

Question: Environmental Wisdom

Answer: We are part of and totally dependent on nature and nature exists for all species, not just for us, and we should encourage earth-sustaining forms of economic growth and development and discourage earth-degrading forms.

==================================================

Question: Leachate

Answer: Liquids that have percolated through a soil and that carry substances in solution or suspension.

==================================================

Question: Fly Ash

Answer: a powdery material collected in the air pollution control equipment (scrubber) after combustion in a waste combustion facility.

==================================================

Question: Dioxin

Answer: One of the most toxic human-made chemicals. Stable, long-lived, by-product of herbicide production enters environment as fallout from the incineration of municipal and medical waste and persists for many years.

==================================================

Question: Carbon Footprint

Answer: measure of the impact human activities have on the environment in terms of the amount of greenhouse gases produced, measured in units of carbon dioxide

==================================================

Question: Buffering

Answer: Creating supplies of excess resources in case of unpredictable needs

==================================================

Question: Acid

Answer: A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.

==================================================

Question: base

Answer: A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.

==================================================

Question: combustion

Answer: A combustion reaction is when oxygen combines with another compound to form water and carbon dioxide. These reactions are exothermic, meaning they produce heat. An example of this kind of reaction is the burning of napthalene

==================================================

Question: Sulphur dioxide

Answer: SO2- a corrosive gas that comes primarily from combustion of fuels such as coal and oil. It is a respiratory irritant and can harm plant tissues.

==================================================

Question: acid base indicator

Answer: a chemical dye whose color is affected by acidic and basic solutions

==================================================

Question: pH

Answer: Carbon dioxide + water ----> glucose + oxyge

==================================================

Question: hydrogen ions

Answer: (H+) The basis of the pH scale and can come out of water splitting

==================================================

Question: carbonic acid

Answer: H2CO3

==================================================

Question: acidosis

Answer: Acidosis is increased acidity in the blood and occurs when the blood pH falls below 7.35.

==================================================

Question: precipitation

Answer: Any form of water that falls from clouds and reaches Earth's surface.

==================================================

Question: dry deposition

Answer: Fine particulate matter and aerosols settling from the atmosphere onto lake and land surfaces during periods with no precipitation.

==================================================

Question: PPM

Answer: Parts per million

==================================================

Question: nitrate

Answer: (NO3)-

==================================================

Question: ammonium

Answer: The ammonium cation is a positively charged polyatomic ion with the chemical formula NH4⁺. It is formed by the protonation of ammonia.

==================================================

Question: organic

Answer: Carbon chemistry is referred to as ______ chemistry.

==================================================

Question: inorganic

Answer: Not formed from living things or the remains of living things

==================================================

Question: reservoir

Answer: A place where the pathogen grows and reproduces

==================================================

Question: photosynthesis

Answer: Chloroplasts

==================================================

Question: respiration

Answer: Exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) at the lung capillaries (external respiration) and at the tissue capillaries (internal respiration).

==================================================

Question: transpiration

Answer: Evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant

==================================================

Question: nitrogen fixation

Answer: Process of converting nitrogen gas into ammonia

==================================================

Question: nitrification

Answer: Ammonia is converted to nitrate ions (NO3-).

==================================================

Question: producers

Answer: Make their own food from compounds obtained from their environment

==================================================

Question: consumers

Answer: An organism that obtains energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains.

==================================================

Environmental Science Timeline

Question: Timeline 1500's

Answer: Native Americans would clear land to hunt and grow crops. They would move when local resources were used up so the forest could recover

==================================================

Question: Timeline 1600's

Answer: With new settlers- laws passed to save natural resources
1) Plymouth colony - passed law to control cutting and sale of timber
2) Rhode Island colony - deer hunting restricted to 6 months a year
3) Pennsylvania - 1 acre must be left untouched for every 5 acres farmed

==================================================

Question: Timeline 1700's

Answer: more settlers arrive
increase demand on environmental resources
westward expansion to find new resources

==================================================

Question: Timeline 1800's

Answer: Writers like Thoreau write about need to preserve land for national parks
1st national park - Yellowstone
Organizations to conserve environment - Audobon Society & Sierra Club founded
Laws passed establishing National Forest Reserves

==================================================

Question: Timeline 1900's

Answer: 1916 - Congress established National Park Service to promote enjoyment and education
Boy Scouts founded on principe of conservation they way the NativeAmericans
Environmental Protection Agency established
Earth Day established

==================================================

Question: Timeline 2000's

Answer: increased global warming
problems with greenhouse effect (flooding, storms, forest fires)
more hybrid vehicles
more renewable energy development
increase in recycling

==================================================

Environmental Science Ap Review

Question: abiotic

Answer: Pertaining to factors or things that are nonliving.

==================================================

Question: acid

Answer: Any compound that releases hydrogen ions when dissolved in water. Also, a water solution that contains a surplus of hydrogen ions.

==================================================

Question: A horizon

Answer: a soil horizon; the layer below the O layer is called the A layer. The A layer is formed of weathered rock, with some organic material; often referred to as topsoil.

==================================================

Question: alkaline

Answer: a basic substance; chemically, a substance that absorbs hydrogen ions or releases hydroxyl ions; in reference to natural water, a measure of the base content of the water.

==================================================

Question: aquifer

Answer: an underground layer of porous rock, sand, or other material that allows the movement of water between layers of nonporous rock or clay. Aquifers are frequently tapped for wells.

==================================================

Question: arable

Answer: land that's fit to be cultivated.

==================================================

Question: asthenosphere

Answer: the part of the mantle that lies just below the lithosphere.

==================================================

Question: atmosphere

Answer: the gaseous mass or envelope surrounding a celestial body, especially the one surrounding the Earth, which is retained by the celestial body's gravitational field.

==================================================

Question: barrier island

Answer: a long, relatively narrow island running parallel to the mainland-built up by the action of waves and currents and serving to protect the coast from erosion by surf and tidal surges.

==================================================

Question: biological weathering

Answer: any weathering that's caused by the activities of living organisms.

==================================================

Question: biotic

Answer: living or derived from living things.

==================================================

Question: B horizon

Answer: a soil horizon; B receives the minerals and organic materials that are leached out of the A horizon.

==================================================

Question: chemical weathering

Answer: the result of chemical interaction with the bedrock that is typical of the action of both water and atmospheric gases.

==================================================

Question: C horizon

Answer: a soil horizon, horizon C is made up of larger pieces of rock that have not undergone much weathering.

==================================================

Question: clay

Answer: the finest soil, made up of particles that are less than 0.002 mm in diameter.

==================================================

Question: convection

Answer: the vertical movement of a mass of matter due to heating and cooling; this can happen in both the atmosphere and Earth's mantle.

==================================================

Question: convection currents

Answer: air currents caused by the vertical movement of air due to atmospheric heating and cooling.

==================================================

Question: convergent boundary

Answer: a plate boundary where two plates are moving toward each other.

==================================================

Question: coral reef

Answer: an erosion-resistant marine ridge or mound consisting chiefly of compacted coral together with algal material and biochemically deposited magnesium and calcium carbonates.

==================================================

Question: Coriolis effect

Answer: The observed effect of the Coriolis force, especially the deflection of an object moving above the Earth, rightward in the Northern Hemisphere, and leftward in the Southern Hemisphere.

==================================================

Question: crop rotation

Answer: the practice of alternating the crops grown on a piece of land - for example, corn one year, legumes for two years, and then back to corn.

==================================================

Question: delta

Answer: a usually triangular alluvial deposit at the mouth of a river.

==================================================

Question: divergent boundary

Answer: a plate boundary at which plates are moving away from each other. This causes an upwelling of magma from the mantle to cool and form new crust.

==================================================

Question: doldrums

Answer: a region of the ocean near the equator, characterized by calms, light winds, or squalls.

==================================================

Question: drip irrigation

Answer: a method of supplying irrigation water through tubes that literally drip water onto the soil at the base of each plant.

==================================================

Question: earthquake

Answer: the result of vibrations (often due to plate movements) deep in the Earth that release energy. They often occur as two plates slide past one another at a transform boundary.

==================================================

Question: El Nino

Answer: a climate variation that takes place in the tropical Pacific about every three to seven years, for a duration of about one year.

==================================================

Question: erosion

Answer: the process of soil particles being carried away by wind or water. Erosion moves the smaller particles first and hence degrades the soil to a coarser, sandier, stonier texture.

==================================================

Question: estuary

Answer: the part of the wide lower course of a river where its current is met by the tides.

==================================================

Question: fault

Answer: the place where two plates abut each other.

==================================================

Question: Green Revolution

Answer: the development and introduction of new varieties of (mainly) wheat and rice that has increased yields per acre dramatically in countries since the 1960s.

==================================================

Question: greenhouse effect

Answer: the phenomenon whereby the Earth's atmosphere traps solar radiation, caused by the presence in the atmosphere of gases such as carbon dioxide, water vapor, and methane that allow incoming sunlight to pass through, but absorb heat radiated back from the Earth's surface.

==================================================

Question: Hadley cell

Answer: a system of vertical and horizontal air circulation predominating in tropical and subtropical regions and creating major weather patterns.

==================================================

Question: Headwaters

Answer: the water from which a river rises; a source.

==================================================

Question: Horizon

Answer: a layer of soil.

==================================================

Question: humus

Answer: the dark, crumbly, nutrient-rich material that results from the decomposition of organic material.

==================================================

Question: hurricane (typhoon, cyclone)

Answer: a severe tropical cyclone originating in the equatorial regions of the Atlantic Ocean or Caribbean Sea or eastern regions of the Pacific Ocean, traveling north, northwest, or northeast from its point of origin, and usually involving heavy rains.

==================================================

Question: inner core

Answer: the molten core of the Earth.

==================================================

Question: jet stream

Answer: a high-speed, meandering wind current, generally moving from a westerly direction at speeds often exceeding 400 km (250 miles) per hour at altitudes of 15 to 25 km (10 to 15 miles).

==================================================

Question: land degradation

Answer: when soil becomes water-logged and then dries out, and salt forms a layer on its surface.

==================================================

Question: La Nina

Answer: a cooling of the ocean surface off the western coast of South America, occurring periodically every 4 to 12 years and affecting Pacific and other weather patterns.

==================================================

Question: lithosphere

Answer: the outer part of the Earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle, approximately 100 km (62 miles) thick.

==================================================

Question: loam

Answer: soil composed of a mixture of sand, clay, silt, and organic matter.

==================================================

Question: mantle

Answer: the layer of the Earth between the crust and the core.

==================================================

Question: monoculture

Answer: the cultivation of a single crop on a farm or in a region or country; a single, homogeneous culture without diversity or dissension.

==================================================

Question: O horizon

Answer: the uppermost horizon of soil. It is primarily made up of organic material, including waste from organisms, the bodies of decomposing organisms, and live organisms.

==================================================

Question: physical (mechanical) weathering

Answer: any process that breaks rock down into smaller pieces without changing the chemistry of the rock; typically wind and water.

==================================================

Question: plate boundaries

Answer: the edges of tectonic plates.

==================================================

Question: prior appropriation

Answer: when water rights are given to those who have historically used the water in a certain area.

==================================================

Question: rain shadow

Answer: the low-rainfall region that exists on the leeward (downwind) side of a mountain range. This rain shadow is the result of the mountain range's causing precipitation on the windward side.

==================================================

Question: red tide

Answer: a bloom of dinoflagellates that causes reddish discoloration of coastal ocean waters. Certain dinoflagellates of the genus Gonyamfox produce toxins that kill fish and contaminate shellfish.

==================================================

Question: R horizon

Answer: The bedrock, which lies below all of the other layers of soil, is referred to as the R horizon.

==================================================

Question: riparian right

Answer: the right, as to fishing or to the use of a riverbed, of one who owns riparian land (the land adjacent to a river or stream).

==================================================

Question: salinization

Answer: the process in which soil becomes saltier and saltier until, finally, the salt prevents the growth of plants. Salinization is caused by irrigation because salts brought in with the water remain in the soil as water evaporates.

==================================================

Question: sand

Answer: the coarsest soil, with particles 0.05,2.0 mm in diameter.

==================================================

Question: silt

Answer: soil with particles 0.002,0.05 mm in diameter.

==================================================

Question: Southern Oscillation

Answer: the atmospheric pressure conditions corresponding to the periodic warming of El Nino and cooling of La Nina.

==================================================

Question: subduction zone

Answer: in tectonic plates, the site at which an oceanic plate is sliding under a continental plate.

==================================================

Question: thermocline

Answer: a layer in a large body of water, such as a lake, that sharply separates regions differing in temperature, so that the temperature gradient across the layer is abrupt.

==================================================

Question: thermosphere

Answer: the outermost shell of the atmosphere, between the mesosphere and outer space, where temperatures increase steadily with altitude.

==================================================

Question: topsoil

Answer: the A layer of soil is often referred to as topsoil and is most important for plant growth.

==================================================

Question: trade winds

Answer: the more or less constant winds blowing in horizontal directions over the Earth's surface, as part of Hadley cells.

==================================================

Question: transform boundary

Answer: also known as transform faults, boundaries at which plates are moving past each other, sideways.

==================================================

Question: tropical storm

Answer: a cyclonic storm having winds ranging from approximately 48 to 121 km (30 to 75 miles) per hour.

==================================================

Question: upwelling

Answer: a process in which cold, often nutrient-rich, waters from the ocean depths rise to the surface.

==================================================

Question: volcanoes

Answer: an opening in the Earth's crust through which molten lava, ash, and gases are ejected.

==================================================

Question: watershed

Answer: the region draining into river system or other body of water.

==================================================

Question: water-scarce

Answer: countries that have a renewable annual water supply of less than 1,000 m3 per person.

==================================================

Question: water-stressed

Answer: countries that have a renewable annual water supply of about 1,000,2,000 m3 per person.

==================================================

Question: weather

Answer: the day-to-day variations in temperature, air pressure, wind, humidity, and precipitation mediated by the atmosphere in a given region.

==================================================

Question: weathering

Answer: the gradual breakdown of rock into smaller and smaller particles, caused by natural chemical, physical, and biological factors.

==================================================

Question: wetlands

Answer: a lowland area, such as a marsh or swamp, that is saturated with moisture, especially when regarded as the natural habitat of wildlife.

==================================================

Question: assimilation

Answer: the process in which plants absorb ammonium (NH3), ammonia ions (NH4+), and nitrate ions (NO3) through their roots.

==================================================

Question: autotroph

Answer: an organism that obtains organic food molecules without eating other organisms or substances derived from other organisms. autotrophs use energy from the sun or from the oxidation of inorganic substances to make organic molecules from inorganic ones.

==================================================

Question: bioaccumulation

Answer: the accumulation of a substance, such as a toxic chemical, in various tissues of a living organism.

==================================================

Question: biomagnifications

Answer: the process by which the concentration of toxic substances increases in each successive link in the food chain.

==================================================

Question: biosphere

Answer: the part of the Earth and its atmosphere in which living organisms exist or that is capable of supporting life.

==================================================

Question: carnivore

Answer: an animal that only consumes other animals.

==================================================

Question: chemotroph (chemoautotroph)

Answer: an organism such as a bacterium or protozoan, that obtains its nourishment through the oxidation of inorganic chemical compounds, as opposed to photosynthesis.

==================================================

Question: climax community

Answer: a stable, mature community in a successive series that has reached equilibrium after having evolved through stages and adapted to its environment.

==================================================

Question: combustion

Answer: the process of burning.

==================================================

Question: community

Answer: formed from populations of different species occupying the same geographic area.

==================================================

Question: competitive exclusion

Answer: the process that occurs when two different species in a region compete and the better adapted species wins.

==================================================

Question: consumer

Answer: an organism that must obtain food energy from secondary sources, for example, by eating plant or animal matter.

==================================================

Question: decomposer

Answer: bacteria or fungi that absorb nutrients from nonliving organic matter like plant material, the wastes of living organisms, and corpses. They convert these materials into inorganic forms.

==================================================

Question: denitrification

Answer: the process by which specialized bacteria (mostly anaerobic bacteria) convert ammonia to NOy NO2, and N2 and release it back to the atmosphere.

==================================================

Question: detritivore

Answer: organisms that derive energy from consuming nonliving organic matter.

==================================================

Question: ecological succession

Answer: transition in species composition of a biological community, often following ecological disturbance of the community; the establishment of a biological community in any area virtually barren of life.

==================================================

Question: edge effect

Answer: the condition in which, at ecosystem boundaries, there is greater species diversity and biological density than there is in the heart of ecological communities.

==================================================

Question: energy pyramid

Answer: the structure obtained if we organize the amount of energy contained in producers and consumers in an ecosystem by kilocalories per square meter, from largest to smallest.

==================================================

Question: evaporation

Answer: to convert or change into a vapor.

==================================================

Question: evolution

Answer: change in the genetic composition of a population during successive generations as a result of natural selection acting on the genetic variation among individuals and resulting in the development of new species.

==================================================

Question: extinction

Answer: being extinct or the process of becoming extinct.

==================================================

Question: food chain

Answer: a succession of organisms in an ecological community that constitutes a continuation of food energy from one organism to another as each consumes a lower member and, in turn, is preyed upon by a higher member.

==================================================

Question: food web

Answer: a complex of interrelated food chains in an ecological community.

==================================================

Question: Gross Primary Productivity

Answer: the amount of sugar that the plants produce in photosynthesis and subtracting from it the amount of energy the plants need for growth maintenance, repair, and reproduction.

==================================================

Question: habitat

Answer: the area or environment where an organism or ecological community normally lives or occurs.

==================================================

Question: habitat fragmentation

Answer: when the size of an organism's natural habitat is reduced, or when development occurs that isolates a habitat.

==================================================

Question: heterotrophy

Answer: an organism that cannot synthesize its own food and is dependent on complex organic substances for nutrition.

==================================================

Question: indigenous species

Answer: species that originate and live, or occur naturally, in an area or environment.

==================================================

Environmental Science Ap Exam Review

Question: abiotic

Answer: Pertaining to factors or things that are nonliving.

==================================================

Question: acid

Answer: Any compound that releases hydrogen ions when dissolved in water. Also, a water solution that contains a surplus of hydrogen ions.

==================================================

Question: A horizon

Answer: a soil horizon; the layer below the O layer is called the A layer. The A layer is formed of weathered rock, with some organic material; often referred to as topsoil.

==================================================

Question: alkaline

Answer: a basic substance; chemically, a substance that absorbs hydrogen ions or releases hydroxyl ions; in reference to natural water, a measure of the base content of the water.

==================================================

Question: aquifer

Answer: an underground layer of porous rock, sand, or other material that allows the movement of water between layers of nonporous rock or clay. Aquifers are frequently tapped for wells.

==================================================

Question: arable

Answer: land that's fit to be cultivated.

==================================================

Question: asthenosphere

Answer: the part of the mantle that lies just below the lithosphere.

==================================================

Question: atmosphere

Answer: the gaseous mass or envelope surrounding a celestial body, especially the one surrounding the Earth, which is retained by the celestial body's gravitational field.

==================================================

Question: barrier island

Answer: a long, relatively narrow island running parallel to the mainland-built up by the action of waves and currents and serving to protect the coast from erosion by surf and tidal surges.

==================================================

Question: biological weathering

Answer: any weathering that's caused by the activities of living organisms.

==================================================

Question: biotic

Answer: living or derived from living things.

==================================================

Question: B horizon

Answer: a soil horizon; B receives the minerals and organic materials that are leached out of the A horizon.

==================================================

Question: chemical weathering

Answer: the result of chemical interaction with the bedrock that is typical of the action of both water and atmospheric gases.

==================================================

Question: C horizon

Answer: a soil horizon, horizon C is made up of larger pieces of rock that have not undergone much weathering.

==================================================

Question: clay

Answer: the finest soil, made up of particles that are less than 0.002 mm in diameter.

==================================================

Question: convection

Answer: the vertical movement of a mass of matter due to heating and cooling; this can happen in both the atmosphere and Earth's mantle.

==================================================

Question: convection currents

Answer: air currents caused by the vertical movement of air due to atmospheric heating and cooling.

==================================================

Question: convergent boundary

Answer: a plate boundary where two plates are moving toward each other.

==================================================

Question: coral reef

Answer: an erosion-resistant marine ridge or mound consisting chiefly of compacted coral together with algal material and biochemically deposited magnesium and calcium carbonates.

==================================================

Question: Coriolis effect

Answer: The observed effect of the Coriolis force, especially the deflection of an object moving above the Earth, rightward in the Northern Hemisphere, and leftward in the Southern Hemisphere.

==================================================

Question: crop rotation

Answer: the practice of alternating the crops grown on a piece of land - for example, corn one year, legumes for two years, and then back to corn.

==================================================

Question: delta

Answer: a usually triangular alluvial deposit at the mouth of a river.

==================================================

Question: divergent boundary

Answer: a plate boundary at which plates are moving away from each other. This causes an upwelling of magma from the mantle to cool and form new crust.

==================================================

Question: doldrums

Answer: a region of the ocean near the equator, characterized by calms, light winds, or squalls.

==================================================

Question: drip irrigation

Answer: a method of supplying irrigation water through tubes that literally drip water onto the soil at the base of each plant.

==================================================

Question: earthquake

Answer: the result of vibrations (often due to plate movements) deep in the Earth that release energy. They often occur as two plates slide past one another at a transform boundary.

==================================================

Question: El Nino

Answer: a climate variation that takes place in the tropical Pacific about every three to seven years, for a duration of about one year.

==================================================

Question: erosion

Answer: the process of soil particles being carried away by wind or water. Erosion moves the smaller particles first and hence degrades the soil to a coarser, sandier, stonier texture.

==================================================

Question: estuary

Answer: the part of the wide lower course of a river where its current is met by the tides.

==================================================

Question: fault

Answer: the place where two plates abut each other.

==================================================

Question: Green Revolution

Answer: the development and introduction of new varieties of (mainly) wheat and rice that has increased yields per acre dramatically in countries since the 1960s.

==================================================

Question: greenhouse effect

Answer: the phenomenon whereby the Earth's atmosphere traps solar radiation, caused by the presence in the atmosphere of gases such as carbon dioxide, water vapor, and methane that allow incoming sunlight to pass through, but absorb heat radiated back from the Earth's surface.

==================================================

Question: Hadley cell

Answer: a system of vertical and horizontal air circulation predominating in tropical and subtropical regions and creating major weather patterns.

==================================================

Question: Headwaters

Answer: the water from which a river rises; a source.

==================================================

Question: Horizon

Answer: a layer of soil.

==================================================

Question: humus

Answer: the dark, crumbly, nutrient-rich material that results from the decomposition of organic material.

==================================================

Question: hurricane (typhoon, cyclone)

Answer: a severe tropical cyclone originating in the equatorial regions of the Atlantic Ocean or Caribbean Sea or eastern regions of the Pacific Ocean, traveling north, northwest, or northeast from its point of origin, and usually involving heavy rains.

==================================================

Question: inner core

Answer: the molten core of the Earth.

==================================================

Question: jet stream

Answer: a high-speed, meandering wind current, generally moving from a westerly direction at speeds often exceeding 400 km (250 miles) per hour at altitudes of 15 to 25 km (10 to 15 miles).

==================================================

Question: land degradation

Answer: when soil becomes water-logged and then dries out, and salt forms a layer on its surface.

==================================================

Question: La Nina

Answer: a cooling of the ocean surface off the western coast of South America, occurring periodically every 4 to 12 years and affecting Pacific and other weather patterns.

==================================================

Question: lithosphere

Answer: the outer part of the Earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle, approximately 100 km (62 miles) thick.

==================================================

Question: loam

Answer: soil composed of a mixture of sand, clay, silt, and organic matter.

==================================================

Question: mantle

Answer: the layer of the Earth between the crust and the core.

==================================================

Question: monoculture

Answer: the cultivation of a single crop on a farm or in a region or country; a single, homogeneous culture without diversity or dissension.

==================================================

Question: O horizon

Answer: the uppermost horizon of soil. It is primarily made up of organic material, including waste from organisms, the bodies of decomposing organisms, and live organisms.

==================================================

Question: physical (mechanical) weathering

Answer: any process that breaks rock down into smaller pieces without changing the chemistry of the rock; typically wind and water.

==================================================

Question: plate boundaries

Answer: the edges of tectonic plates.

==================================================

Question: prior appropriation

Answer: when water rights are given to those who have historically used the water in a certain area.

==================================================

Question: rain shadow

Answer: the low-rainfall region that exists on the leeward (downwind) side of a mountain range. This rain shadow is the result of the mountain range's causing precipitation on the windward side.

==================================================

Question: red tide

Answer: a bloom of dinoflagellates that causes reddish discoloration of coastal ocean waters. Certain dinoflagellates of the genus Gonyamfox produce toxins that kill fish and contaminate shellfish.

==================================================

Question: R horizon

Answer: The bedrock, which lies below all of the other layers of soil, is referred to as the R horizon.

==================================================

Question: riparian right

Answer: the right, as to fishing or to the use of a riverbed, of one who owns riparian land (the land adjacent to a river or stream).

==================================================

Question: salinization

Answer: the process in which soil becomes saltier and saltier until, finally, the salt prevents the growth of plants. Salinization is caused by irrigation because salts brought in with the water remain in the soil as water evaporates.

==================================================

Question: sand

Answer: the coarsest soil, with particles 0.05,2.0 mm in diameter.

==================================================

Question: silt

Answer: soil with particles 0.002,0.05 mm in diameter.

==================================================

Question: Southern Oscillation

Answer: the atmospheric pressure conditions corresponding to the periodic warming of El Nino and cooling of La Nina.

==================================================

Question: subduction zone

Answer: in tectonic plates, the site at which an oceanic plate is sliding under a continental plate.

==================================================

Question: thermocline

Answer: a layer in a large body of water, such as a lake, that sharply separates regions differing in temperature, so that the temperature gradient across the layer is abrupt.

==================================================

Question: thermosphere

Answer: the outermost shell of the atmosphere, between the mesosphere and outer space, where temperatures increase steadily with altitude.

==================================================

Question: topsoil

Answer: the A layer of soil is often referred to as topsoil and is most important for plant growth.

==================================================

Question: trade winds

Answer: the more or less constant winds blowing in horizontal directions over the Earth's surface, as part of Hadley cells.

==================================================

Question: transform boundary

Answer: also known as transform faults, boundaries at which plates are moving past each other, sideways.

==================================================

Question: tropical storm

Answer: a cyclonic storm having winds ranging from approximately 48 to 121 km (30 to 75 miles) per hour.

==================================================

Question: upwelling

Answer: a process in which cold, often nutrient-rich, waters from the ocean depths rise to the surface.

==================================================

Question: volcanoes

Answer: an opening in the Earth's crust through which molten lava, ash, and gases are ejected.

==================================================

Question: watershed

Answer: the region draining into river system or other body of water.

==================================================

Question: water-scarce

Answer: countries that have a renewable annual water supply of less than 1,000 m3 per person.

==================================================

Question: water-stressed

Answer: countries that have a renewable annual water supply of about 1,000,2,000 m3 per person.

==================================================

Question: weather

Answer: the day-to-day variations in temperature, air pressure, wind, humidity, and precipitation mediated by the atmosphere in a given region.

==================================================

Question: weathering

Answer: the gradual breakdown of rock into smaller and smaller particles, caused by natural chemical, physical, and biological factors.

==================================================

Question: wetlands

Answer: a lowland area, such as a marsh or swamp, that is saturated with moisture, especially when regarded as the natural habitat of wildlife.

==================================================

Question: assimilation

Answer: the process in which plants absorb ammonium (NH3), ammonia ions (NH4+), and nitrate ions (NO3) through their roots.

==================================================

Question: autotroph

Answer: an organism that obtains organic food molecules without eating other organisms or substances derived from other organisms. autotrophs use energy from the sun or from the oxidation of inorganic substances to make organic molecules from inorganic ones.

==================================================

Question: bioaccumulation

Answer: the accumulation of a substance, such as a toxic chemical, in various tissues of a living organism.

==================================================

Question: biomagnifications

Answer: the process by which the concentration of toxic substances increases in each successive link in the food chain.

==================================================

Question: biosphere

Answer: the part of the Earth and its atmosphere in which living organisms exist or that is capable of supporting life.

==================================================

Question: carnivore

Answer: an animal that only consumes other animals.

==================================================

Question: chemotroph (chemoautotroph)

Answer: an organism such as a bacterium or protozoan, that obtains its nourishment through the oxidation of inorganic chemical compounds, as opposed to photosynthesis.

==================================================

Question: climax community

Answer: a stable, mature community in a successive series that has reached equilibrium after having evolved through stages and adapted to its environment.

==================================================

Question: combustion

Answer: the process of burning.

==================================================

Question: community

Answer: formed from populations of different species occupying the same geographic area.

==================================================

Question: competitive exclusion

Answer: the process that occurs when two different species in a region compete and the better adapted species wins.

==================================================

Question: consumer

Answer: an organism that must obtain food energy from secondary sources, for example, by eating plant or animal matter.

==================================================

Question: decomposer

Answer: bacteria or fungi that absorb nutrients from nonliving organic matter like plant material, the wastes of living organisms, and corpses. They convert these materials into inorganic forms.

==================================================

Question: denitrification

Answer: the process by which specialized bacteria (mostly anaerobic bacteria) convert ammonia to NOy NO2, and N2 and release it back to the atmosphere.

==================================================

Question: detritivore

Answer: organisms that derive energy from consuming nonliving organic matter.

==================================================

Question: ecological succession

Answer: transition in species composition of a biological community, often following ecological disturbance of the community; the establishment of a biological community in any area virtually barren of life.

==================================================

Question: edge effect

Answer: the condition in which, at ecosystem boundaries, there is greater species diversity and biological density than there is in the heart of ecological communities.

==================================================

Question: energy pyramid

Answer: the structure obtained if we organize the amount of energy contained in producers and consumers in an ecosystem by kilocalories per square meter, from largest to smallest.

==================================================

Question: evaporation

Answer: to convert or change into a vapor.

==================================================

Question: evolution

Answer: change in the genetic composition of a population during successive generations as a result of natural selection acting on the genetic variation among individuals and resulting in the development of new species.

==================================================

Question: extinction

Answer: being extinct or the process of becoming extinct.

==================================================

Question: food chain

Answer: a succession of organisms in an ecological community that constitutes a continuation of food energy from one organism to another as each consumes a lower member and, in turn, is preyed upon by a higher member.

==================================================

Question: food web

Answer: a complex of interrelated food chains in an ecological community.

==================================================

Question: Gross Primary Productivity

Answer: the amount of sugar that the plants produce in photosynthesis and subtracting from it the amount of energy the plants need for growth maintenance, repair, and reproduction.

==================================================

Question: habitat

Answer: the area or environment where an organism or ecological community normally lives or occurs.

==================================================

Question: habitat fragmentation

Answer: when the size of an organism's natural habitat is reduced, or when development occurs that isolates a habitat.

==================================================

Question: heterotrophy

Answer: an organism that cannot synthesize its own food and is dependent on complex organic substances for nutrition.

==================================================

Question: indigenous species

Answer: species that originate and live, or occur naturally, in an area or environment.

==================================================

Environmental Public Policy Is Intended To

Question: Regarding the issue of global warming, until the hurricane season of 2005, the federal government's official stance was that the information available from the scientific community was neither conclusive nor persuasive. This governmental position was probably due to ________.

Answer: the private sector's resistance to changing its practices and strategies

==================================================

Question: Environmental public policy is intended to ________.

Answer: improve human welfare and protect the natural world

==================================================

Question: How does the EPA affect environmental policy?

Answer: The EPA develops rules and regulations based on laws passed by Congress.

==================================================

Question: Rachel Carson's book Silent Spring, published in the 1960s, ________.

Answer: focused on chemical pollutants, including industrial chemicals

==================================================

Question: Cap-and-trade is a system that ________.

Answer: permits industries that pollute at levels below the federal cap to sell credits to industries that pollute at levels above the cap

==================================================

Environmental Problems Do Not Necessarily Coincide With

Question: environmental science

Answer: Is the study of scientific and social aspects of human impact on the world

==================================================

Question: environment

Answer: everything that affects an organism during its lifetime

==================================================

Question: science

Answer: a method for gathering and organizing information that involves observation, asking questions about observations, hypothesis formation, testing hypotheses, critically evaluating the results, and publishing information so that others can evaluate the process and the conclusions

==================================================

Question: ecosystems

Answer: a group of interacting species along with their physical environment

==================================================

Question: Why is environmental science more than just science?

Answer: Because humans are organized unto complex societies, environmental science also must deal with politics, social organization, economics, ethics, and philosophy. Thus, environmental science is a mixture of traditional science, individual and societal values, economic factors, and political realities that are important to solving environmental problems.

==================================================

Question: When was Earth Day founded?

Answer: April 22, 1970

==================================================

Question: Why is interrelatedness a core concept in environmental science? Know the example of Yellowstone wolves.

Answer: Interrelatedness is a core concept in environmental science because within an ecosystem there is a complex network of interrelationships. For instance, weather affects plants, plants use minerals in the soil and are food for animals, animals spread plant seeds, plants secure the soil, and plants evaporate water, which affects weather.
The absence of wolves led to an increase inn elk and coyotes but to a decrease in beaver, streamside stands of willow and cottonwood, and habitat for some birds. The return of wolves resulted in a decrease in elk numbers and changes in elk behavior that allowed the vegetation to rebound and for beaver to increase in numbers. However, there is an important human-dominated drama that correlates with bringing the wolves back. Many biologists believed it was important to bring back the wolves for biological reasons, others like ranchers opposed the idea because wolves killed their cattle. After many hearings, it was concluded that wolves will be reintroduced to Yellowstone. Thus, the interrelatedness theme with the wolves applies social, economic, and political activities of humans.

==================================================

Question: Why are some ecosystem boundaries defined and others not?

Answer: The difficulty in defining concrete boundaries of ecosystems is derived from the fact that an ecosystem can encompass any area. An ecosystem can be the entirety of the Amazon forest, or it can be your tongue and all the microorganisms that live on it. Ecosystems do not end abruptly, there are zones in which certain organisms in the system can survive but not others, because of differences in precipitation, temperature, exposure, altitude, and other abiotic factors.

==================================================

Question: Why do environmental problems not coincide with artificial boundaries? Give examples?

Answer: Most social and political decisions are made with respect to political jurisdictions but environmental issues do not necessarily coincide with these artificial political boundaries. For example, Yellowstone National Park is located in the northwest corner of Wyoming. Therefore, the citizens of the bordering states- Montana and Idaho- as well as the citizens of Wyoming were involved in arguing for or against the reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone.

==================================================

Question: What is the Brundtland Commission? Why have changes in environmental governance been slow?

Answer: "Humanity has the ability to make development sustainable"

Addresses the links between development and environment, and interrelationships when it comes to solving global problems

Sustainability: using only what you need without compromising future generations

==================================================

Question: Why are human well-being and the environment interrelated? Define the parts of human well-being.

Answer: ¼ of all diseases are caused by environmental exposure = 13 million people

Examples:
Air pollution: urban air pollution a widespread problem - 6 million
Water pollution: not enough clean water - 2 million
Cancer: smoke, radiation, chemicals - 4 million
Malaria: common infectious disease - half million
Accidents: traffic - 1 million
Emerging diseases: since 1980, more than 35 infectious diseases have emerged or taken a new role

==================================================

Question: What are the health concerns related to environmental quality?

Answer: It means having stable and reliable access to resources and the ability to be secure from natural and human disasters. Environmental resources are a critical part of the livelihoods of millions of people, and when these resources are threatened through environmental change, people's security is also threatened making conflict and social instability common.

==================================================

Question: Why is security important in environmental science?

Answer: The Earth Summit, Climate Change and

==================================================

Question: What are examples of international activities related to the Earth's natural systems? Hint: There are 3 examples.

Answer: Global demand for energy keeps growing, placing an ever increasing burden on natural resources and on the environment.

==================================================

Environmental Problems Associated With Large Hydroelectric Dams Include

Question: Energy conservation can reduce energy demands but will require a change in the standard of living.

Answer: False

==================================================

Question: Hydroelectric power plants are most commonly located near

Answer: artificial reservoirs

==================================================

Question: Which of the following best matches the description?
System that traps sunlight energy as heat energy and uses machines to move it.

Answer: Active solar system

==================================================

Question: Which of the following best matches the description?
Resources that are not replaced by natural processes.

Answer: Nonrenewable energy sources

==================================================

Question: Which country has the largest active tidal generating station?

Answer: France

==================================================

Question: Construction of a reservoir for a hydroelectric plant causes very little environmental and social problems.

Answer: False

==================================================

Question: The potential for developing hydroelectric power potential is best in mountainous regions and large river valleys.

Answer: True

==================================================

Question: The term "mining heat" refers to which power source?

Answer: Geothermal

==================================================

Question: Solar, geothermal, and tidal energy are forms of

Answer: renewable resources.

==================================================

Question: Environmental problems associated with large hydroelectric dams include

Answer: loss of fertile farmland, destruction of aquatic communities, and relocation of people.

==================================================

Question: Fuelwood is a major source of wood in many less-developed nations.

Answer: True

==================================================

Question: The best sites for tidal hydroelectric plants are

Answer: bays with narrow openings

==================================================

Question: The world's fastest growing energy resource in the 1990s was

Answer: wind

==================================================

Question: Ethanol is produced through the fermentation of

Answer: All of these are correct. (sugarcane, wheat, sugar beet, corn.)

==================================================

Question: Construction of the Three Gorges Dam in China resulted in the displacement of over 1 million people.

Answer: True

==================================================

Question: Which of the following best matches the description?
Entrapment and transfer of heat from the sun to a building without use of machinery.

Answer: Passive solar system

==================================================

Question: Which of the following best matches the description?
Energy sources that can be replaced by natural processes

Answer: Renewable energy sources

==================================================

Question: Tidal energy development requires that areas be flooded and people be displaced from their homes.

Answer: False

==================================================

Question: Environmental problems associated with wind power are:

Answer: hazardous to birds, vibrations cause structural problems, and noise and visual pollution.

==================================================

Question: One of the most obvious environmental impacts of hydroelectric dams is

Answer: flooding of vast areas of land.

==================================================

Question: Which of the following best matches the description?
Heat energy from the Earth's core.

Answer: Geothermal energy

==================================================

Question: Which of the following best matches the description?
Converts light energy directly into electricity.

Answer: photovoltaic cell

==================================================

Question: Which of the following is NOT a type of biomass?

Answer: Solid waste

==================================================

Question: Environmental problems associated with geothermal energy include

Answer: air pollution, corrosion of pipes, and may be toxic to fish.

==================================================

Environmental Policy Addresses All Of The Following Issues Except

Question: How does monitoring environmental parameters affect policies regarding resource use?

Answer: d

==================================================

Question: What is the main function of environmental policy?

Answer: b

==================================================

Question: Eli Whitney's invention of the cotton gin is an example of scientific advancements negatively affecting society.

Answer: f

==================================================

Question: Which of the following is a way that science has benefited society?

Answer: d

==================================================

Question: How can using a combination of policy tools be more efficient than using one exclusively?

Answer: b

==================================================

Question: Environmental degradation is a consequence of previous technological advances.

Answer: t

==================================================

Question: Which of the following is a difficulty associated with environmental protection?

Answer: d

==================================================

Question: The level of environmental protection enacted typically depends on _______.

Answer: a

==================================================

Question: Science has had no negative impacts on society.

Answer: f

==================================================

Question: Waste management is an environmental issue that has been addressed by environmental policy.

Answer: t

==================================================

Question: Environmental policy addresses all of the following issues except _______.

Answer: c

==================================================

Question: Why is it important for environmental policy to address pollution concerns?

Answer: d

==================================================

Question: Why is it important to cooperate with other countries on environmental issues?

Answer: a

==================================================

Environmental Mold Traits Are

Question: trait

Answer: reaction tendencies, derived by the method of factor analysis, that are relatively permanent parts of the personality

==================================================

Question: common traits

Answer: everyone shares common traits to some degree
--ex: level of intelligence

==================================================

Question: unique traits

Answer: each of us has unique traits that distinguish us as individuals
--ex: interest in specific sports, hobbies

==================================================

Question: ability traits

Answer: our skills and abilities determine how well we can work toward our goals

==================================================

Question: temperament traits

Answer: emotions and feelings help determine how we react to the people and situations in our environment

==================================================

Question: dynamic traits

Answer: the forces that underlie our motivations and drive our behavior

==================================================

Question: surface traits

Answer: characteristics composed of any number of source traits or behavioral elements
--may be unstable/impermanent, weakening or strengthening in response to different situations

==================================================

Question: source traits

Answer: single, stable, permanent elements of our behavior

==================================================

Question: constitutional traits

Answer: source traits that have biological origins
--behaviors that arise from drinking

==================================================

Question: environmental-mold traits

Answer: source traits with environmental origins, such as the behaviors that result from the influence of our friends, work environment, etc.

==================================================

Question: ergs

Answer: permanent constitutional source traits that provide energy for goal-directed behavior
--basic innate units of motivation

==================================================

Question: sentiments

Answer: environmental mold source traits that are a pattern of learned attitudes that focuses on important aspects of life
--ex: community, spouse, job, religion

==================================================

Question: infancy

Answer: -birth-6 years old
-weaning, toilet training
-formation of ego, super-ego, and social attitudes

==================================================

Question: childhood

Answer: -6-14
-independence from parents and identification with peers

==================================================

Question: adolescence

Answer: -14-23
-conflicts about independence, self-assertion, and sex

==================================================

Question: maturity

Answer: 23-50
-satisfaction with career, marriage and family

==================================================

Question: late maturity

Answer: 50-65
-personality changes in response to physical and social circumstances

==================================================

Question: old age

Answer: 65+
-adjustment to loss of friends, career, and status

==================================================

Question: life records (l-data)

Answer: technique involving the observers' ratings of specific behaviors exhibited by people in real life settings such as a classroom or office
--good because it's actual behaviors in a naturalistic setting instead of recreated ones in a lab

==================================================

Question: questionnaires (q-data)

Answer: questions about characteristics, attitudes, and interests that we rate about ourselves
--limitations because of superficial self-awareness, denial, falsified responses

==================================================

Question: personality tests (t-data)

Answer: objective test where a person responds w/o knowing which aspect of behavior is being evaluated
--objective bc patients can't fake answers, but it could be subjective because of biases of psychologists

==================================================

Question: 16 personality factor test (16 pf test)

Answer: tests your 16 major source traits
-objectively scored
-traits are assumed to control a person's behavior (A-Q)

==================================================

Question: behavioral genetics

Answer: study of the relationship between genetic and hereditary factors and personality traits

==================================================

Question: dynamic lattice

Answer: organized system of traits w/in human personality

==================================================

Question: subsidiation

Answer: attitudes are dependent on sentiments; sentiments are dependent on ergs

==================================================

Question: econetic model

Answer: study of ecology
-represented cattell's efforts to remedy this deficiency of the role of the environment in predicting behavior

-involves measuring the effects of other people and of the physical, social, and cultural environments on the individual
0each component may be weighted differently and contribute differentially to the modulation of the persons traits and subsequent behavior

==================================================

Question: environmental sphere

Answer: listing of all the terms used in a culture to designate situations
-made by examining every 10th page of encyclopedias of a given culture

==================================================

Question: integration learning

Answer: -type of learning in which people utilize their reasoning abilities and value systems to maximize the attainment of long-range goals

==================================================

Question: neurosis

Answer: disorder in which a person is highly anxious and emotionally unstable

==================================================

Question: psychosis

Answer: very severe disorder where a person often loses contact w/ reality and can become a threat to himself or others

==================================================

Question: beyondism

Answer: new morality based on scientific research and data
--cattell believed new set of ethics would help society progress beyond its current state of instability, confusion, and crisis
--cattell opposed immigration and interbreeding

==================================================

Question: restrictive eugenics

Answer: preventing people w/ "bad genes" from reproducing

==================================================

Question: creative eugenics

Answer: encouraging those with "good genes" to reproduce

==================================================

Question: evaluative comments

Answer: -broad in scope
-precise and testable
-high in parsimony
-empirical support for predictive validity of 16 pt but not for econetic model
-not stimulating enough for real world
-helps in clinical diagnoses of psychopathology and occupational psychology

==================================================

Question: factor analysis

Answer: a highly complicated statistical procedure used to isolate and identify a number of factors that underlie a larger group of observed, interrelated variables

*ex: r tech, and p tech

==================================================

Question: r technique

Answer: usually large group-variety of personality tests
-intercorrelate their scores

==================================================

Question: p technique

Answer: designed to discover the unique trait structure of a single individual repeatedly over time on a number of personality traits

==================================================

Question: cattel's definition of personality

Answer: that which tells what a person will do when placed in a given situation

==================================================

Question: personality formula

Answer: R(response)=f(function) (S: situation, P: personality)

==================================================

Question: fluid intelligence

Answer: abilities which appear most purely in unlearned performances with new data
(innate abilities)

==================================================

Question: crystalized intelligence

Answer: abilities that are distinct from fluid intelligence and considered to be due to investment of fluid intelligence and cultural learning
(product of learning through school and culture)

==================================================

Question: personal sphere

Answer: total domain of personality traits

-suggested that the only practical source for such a listing is language
-primary factors of personality must begin with an adequate inventory of all the personality traits that can be used to describe individuals

==================================================

Question: 16 basic traits

Answer: a: warmth
b: reasoning ability
c: emotional stability
e: dominance
f: liveliness
g: rule consciousness
h: social boldness
i: sensitivity
l: vigilance
m: abstractedness
n: privateness
o: apprehension
q1: openness to change
q2: self reliance
q3: perfectionism
q4: tension

==================================================

Environmental Invaders Portfolio

Question: Climax Organisms

Answer: These organisms may be endemic, native, or invader organisms but what they have in common is the ability to live in a specific environment without any aid to their survival

==================================================

Question: Endemic

Answer: Endemic means the organisms originated there and can only be found in that environment

==================================================

Question: Native

Answer: Native means they developed there naturally over time

==================================================

Environmental Injustice Definition Ap Human Geography

Question: acid rain

Answer: precipitation that has elevated levels of sulfuric or nitric acid

==================================================

Question: air pollution

Answer: the introduction of chemicals, biological matter, or particulates (small solids) into the atmosphere.
Examples: Carbon Monoxide(CO), Nitrogen Oxide(NO), Hydrocarbons

==================================================

Question: aquifer

Answer: an underground area of permeable rock that can contain water or allow water to pass through Natural Rate of Recharge

==================================================

Question: cancer cluster

Answer: a statistically unusual concentration of cancer in a particular area

==================================================

Question: coastal pollution

Answer: destruction or contamination of ecosystems along lakes, rivers, or oceans

==================================================

Question: cognitive factors

Answer: the ways in which a person's personality or attitudes (risk takers) toward nature, risk, or other factors might affect his or her reaction to a hazard

==================================================

Question: cultural ecology

Answer: the study of how human societies adapt to local habitats and how traditional societies engage in farming or other primary activities.

==================================================

Question: cyclone

Answer: a hurricane in the Indian Ocean

==================================================

Question: deforestation

Answer: the process of clearing a forest

==================================================

Question: earthquake

Answer: a violent shaking of the earth caused by tectonic or volcanic activity.

==================================================

Question: environment

Answer: most commonly, the physical or natural conditions of an area. Geographers will use the term physical or natural environment. Environmental Determinism

==================================================

Question: environmental justice

Answer: the concept that environmental laws and regulations should apply to all areas, regardless of the racial or ethnic composition of a location
Industrial Pollution- Minamata Disease (Japan)

==================================================

Question: environmental perception

Answer: how people perceive, feel about, and interact with the environment

==================================================

Question: environmental racism

Answer: The deliberate placement of polluting industries or activities in minority areas because those communities are less able or likely to fight the polluters.
Chester, PA - waste processing facilities

==================================================

Question: fossil fuels

Answer: fuels that are formed when organic matter deposited on the earth's surface is changed by pressure and time over thousands of years to form coal, oil, or natural gas
Major sources: Russia, Middle East, United States, Canada

==================================================

Question: Gilbert White

Answer: the geographer (1911-2006) who pioneered research on natural hazards and human response to flooding.

==================================================

Question: hazardous waste/ toxic waste

Answer: refuse that poses a risk either to the environment or to humans. Has the potential to kill or cause severe illness.
Example: Yucca Mountain (NV); US nuclear waste storage

==================================================

Question: hurricane

Answer: a strong cyclonic storm system with low pressure, strong thunderstorms, high winds, and rain; also known as a typhoon or cyclone. Storms in the Atlantic Ocean.

==================================================

Question: landfills

Answer: places where waste material is buried and covered with soil

==================================================

Question: Minamata disease

Answer: a type of mercury poisoning that came to prominence in the 1960s after decades of industrial pollution in the city of Minamata, Japan.

==================================================

Question: moment magnitude scale

Answer: a logarithmic scale used for measuring the strength of an earthquake. Richter Scale- outdated, older

==================================================

Question: natural hazards

Answer: environmental events such as floods, hurricanes, earthquakes, tornadoes, tsunami, mudslides, volcanic eruptions, and droughts
Examples: California, Hawaii, and Japan, Mt. Saint Helens (1980)

==================================================

Question: NIMBY

Answer: an acronym for "Not in My Back Yard"; refers to things that communities need and want, such as power plants and landfills, but that nobody wants in close proximity to his or her home

==================================================

Question: nonstructural responses

Answer: actions taken by a society, a political body, or individuals to reduce the risk of a natural hazard

==================================================

Question: recharge

Answer: how quickly groundwater is replenished

==================================================

Question: Ring of Fire

Answer: Large areas of the Pacific Rim that are subject to volcanoes and earthquakes because of tectonic activity and their location along major crustal plate boundaries

==================================================

Question: situation factors

Answer: realities such as where people live, their age, their financial resources, and other truths that might affect a human's actual or perceived ability to deal with a possible hazard

==================================================

Question: smog

Answer: air pollution produced by sunlight reacting with ozone released from cars, factories, and power plants

==================================================

Question: solid waste

Answer: essentially, garbage or trash but it may include solid, semi-solid, or even liquid refuse.

==================================================

Question: storm surges

Answer: walls of wind-driven water caused by a hurricane or tropical storm. They can be meters or tens of meters higher than sea level.

==================================================

Question: structural responses

Answer: the building of physical structures, such as levees, walls or other engineering systems to reduce the impact of potential natural hazard

==================================================

Question: Superfund Program

Answer: a US government program that identifies and attempts to clean up the worst pollution sites in the country.
Example: Valley of Drums (KY); Cancer Clusters; 1300 sites

==================================================

Question: tornados

Answer: violent rotating columns of air that are in touch with the surface of the earth.

==================================================

Question: tsunami

Answer: large waves spawned by a massive displacement of water caused by volcanoes or earthquakes

==================================================

Question: typhoon

Answer: a hurricane in the northwestern Pacific Ocean

==================================================

Question: water diversion

Answer: the human alteration of natural water patterns, such as irrigation channels, aqueducts, reservoirs, and similar structures. Three Gorges Dam Disaster China 1975

==================================================

Question: water pollution

Answer: human contamination of water resources, such as lakes, rivers, and oceans. It often comes from pesticides, fertilizers, and animal/human waste.

==================================================

Question: environmental determinism

Answer: The controversial idea, popular in the early twentieth century and largely discredited today, that climate or other physical qualities of an area dictate the culture of the people who live there

==================================================

Question: Sauer's Morphology of Landscape

Answer: He believed that the physical landscape is modified by culture to create a cultural landscape.

Components:
--Natural landscape
--time
--culture:
--population density
--housing patterns
--economic activity
--cultural landscape

==================================================

Question: Structural failures and natural hazards

Answer: Structural steps taken by societies to protect themselves from natural hazards often fail.

Examples: Levees of New Orleans with Hurricane Katrina (2005); "Earthquake-Proof" structures in Kobe, Japan after the Great Hanshin Quake (1995)

==================================================

Question: nature

Answer: powerful force and often we are caught off guard by the sheer power of the environment

==================================================

Question: natural disaster

Answer: a major adverse event resulting from natural processes or occurrences of the Earth. ~Aftermath of a Hazard~

==================================================

Question: Tornado Alley

Answer: area of the US midsection that stretches from Texas in the South through Wisconsin in the North and Ohio in the East and Nebraska in the West where the greatest tornadic activity is witnessed

==================================================

Question: water

Answer: essential element for human survival. 40% of the world's population lives within 60 miles of a coast.

==================================================

Question: Automobile Engines, Powerplants, Industrial Factories

Answer: What generates most of the pollution that is in the air.

Write as such: _________ _______, __________, ___________ ________

==================================================

Question: Mexico City, LA, India, China

Answer: Places where major pollutants (CO, NO, hydrocarbons) can cause serious respiratory problems for people

Write as such: _________ _________, ___, _______, ______

==================================================

Question: particulates

Answer: small solids

==================================================

Question: flood insurance

Answer: The US government created a program in 1968 to help provide insurance to people living in flood zones.

==================================================

Environmental Impacts On Enzyme Function

Question: Because active sites are finely tuned to help a chemical reaction happen, they can be very sensitive to changes in the enzyme's environment. Factors that may affect the active site and enzyme function include:

Answer: -temperature
-pH
-enzyme concentration
-substrate concentration
-regulatory molecules
-cofactors
-compartmentalization
-feedback inhibition

==================================================

Question: How does temperature affect enzyme activity?

Answer: A higher temperature makes for higher rates of reaction, enzyme-catalyzed or otherwise, because it increases speed the of movement of molecules in a solution, increasing the frequency of collisions between enzymes and substrates.

However, extreme high temperatures can cause an enzyme to lose its shape (denature) and stop working.

==================================================

Question: How does pH affect enzyme activity?

Answer: Environmental pH can alter the efficiency of enzyme activity, including through disruption of hydrogen bonds that provide enzyme structure.

Each enzyme has an optimum pH range. Changing the pH outside of this range will slow enzyme activity. Extreme pH values can cause enzymes to denature.

==================================================

Question: How does enzyme concentration affect enzyme activity?

Answer: Increasing enzyme concentration will speed up the reaction, as long as there is substrate available to bind to. Once all of the substrate is bound, the reaction will no longer speed up, since there will be nothing for additional enzymes to bind to.

==================================================

Question: How does substrate concentration affect enzyme activity?

Answer: Increasing substrate concentration also increases the rate of reaction to a certain point. Once all of the enzymes have bound, any substrate increase will have no effect on the rate of reaction, as the available enzymes will be saturated and working at their maximum rate.

==================================================

Question: How do changes to the structure of an enzyme affect its function?

Answer: Change to the molecular structure of a component in an enzymatic system may result in a change of the function or efficiency of the system—
a. Denaturation of an enzyme occurs when the protein structure is disrupted, eliminating the ability to catalyze reactions.
b. Environmental temperatures and pH outside the optimal range for a given enzyme will cause changes to its structure, altering the efficiency with which it catalyzes reactions.
In some cases, enzyme denaturation in reversible, allowing the enzyme to regain activity

==================================================

Question: pH=-log[H+]

Answer: formula for pH

==================================================

Question: competitive inhibitor molecules

Answer: can bind reversibly or irreversibly to the active site of the enzyme, so new substrates cannot bind there and the enzyme does not catalyze any new reaction from that active site
If an inhibitor is competitive, it will decrease reaction rate when there's not much substrate, but can be "out-competed" by lots of substrate.

==================================================

Question: allosteric competitive inhibition

Answer: can bind reversibly or irreversibly to an allosteric site of the enzyme, so the enzyme cannot catalyze any new reaction; its competitive, if the substrate binds first, then the allosteric competitive inhibitor cannot bind with enzyme. Likewise, if the allosteric competitive inhibitor binds first, then the substrate can't bind

==================================================

Question: allosteric site

Answer: The place on an enzyme where a molecule that is not a substrate may bind, thus changing the shape of the enzyme and influencing its ability to be active.

==================================================

Question: noncompetitive inhibition

Answer: In noncompetitive inhibition, the inhibitor binds with the enzyme at a site other than the active site and inactivates the enzyme by altering its shape. It's not competitive, because the inhibitor and the substrate can both bind to the enzyme.
If an inhibitor is noncompetitive, the enzyme-catalyzed reaction will never reach its normal maximum rate even with a lot of substrate. This is because the enzyme molecules with the noncompetitive inhibitor bound are "poisoned" and can't do their job, regardless of how much substrate is available.

==================================================

Question: How do regulatory molecules affect enzyme activity?

Answer: Inhibitors decrease enzyme activity.
Types include noncompetitive and competitive inhibition and are explained elsewhere
Activators are molecules that increase enzyme activity..

==================================================

Question: allosteric regulation of enzymes

Answer: may either inhibit or stimulate an enzyme's activity; occurs when a regulatory molecule binds to a protein at one site and affects the protein's function at another site

==================================================

Question: allosteric enzymes

Answer: -enzymes that are allosterically regulated
-typically have multiple active sites located on different protein subunits
-when an allosteric inhibitor binds to an enzyme, all active sites on the protein subunits are changed slightly so that they work less well
-when an allosteric activator binds to locations on an enzyme other than the active site, it causes an increase in the function of the active site
-in cooperativity, the substrate itself can serve as an allosteric activator: when it binds to one active site, the activity of the other active sites goes up. This is considered allosteric regulation because the substrate affects active sites far from its binding site.

==================================================

Question: cooperativity (regarding enzymes)

Answer: the substrate itself serves as an allosteric activator: when it binds to one active site, the activity of the other active sites goes up. This is considered allosteric regulation because the substrate affects active sites far from its binding site.

==================================================

Question: Cofactors

Answer: Any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme. Cofactors can be permanently bound to the active site or may bind loosely with the substrate during catalysis. For example, the enzyme that builds DNA molecules, DNA polymerase, requires magnesium ions to function.

==================================================

Question: Coenzymes

Answer: An organic molecule that is a necessary participant in some enzymatic reactions; helps catalysis by donating or accepting electrons or functional groups; e.g., a vitamin, ATP, NAD+.

==================================================

Question: Enzyme compartmentalization

Answer: the storing of enzymes in specific parts of cells, (like lysosomes), because it
-prevents competing reactions from interfering
-allows for simultaneous pathways
-allows for precise regulation

==================================================

Question: feedback inhibition

Answer: A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway.

==================================================

Question: How does ATP work as a feedback inhibitor, while ADP acts as an activator?

Answer: ATP is an allosteric inhibitor of some of the enzymes involved in cellular respiration. When there is lots of ATP, this feedback inhibition stops more from being created.
ADP, on the other hand, serves as a positive allosteric regulator (an allosteric activator) for some of the same enzymes that are inhibited by ATP. For instance, ADP may act by binding to an enzyme and changing its shape so that it becomes more active.
Thanks to this pattern of regulation, when ADP levels are high compared to ATP levels, cellular respiration enzymes become very active and will make more ATP through cellular respiration.

==================================================

Question: enzyme kinetics

Answer: the study of the rate of formation of products from substrates in the presence of an enzyme

==================================================

Question: initial velocity (V0)

Answer: The initial rate of an enzymatic or chemical reaction at the very beginning of the reaction.

==================================================

Question: Enzyme saturation

Answer: occurs when substrate levels are so high that all enzyme molecules are actively engaged in the chemical reaction, and so further increases in substrate concentration do not increase reaction rate.

==================================================

Question: maximum velocity (Vmax)

Answer: the highest rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction , occurring when the enzyme is saturated with substrate

==================================================

Question: The substrate concentration that gives you a rate that is halfway to Vmax is called Km and is a useful measure of

Answer: how quickly reaction rate increases with substrate concentration. Km is also a measure of an enzyme's affinity for (tendency to bind to) its substrate. A lower Km corresponds to a higher affinity for the substrate, while a higher Km corresponds to a lower affinity. Although Vmax depends on enzyme concentration, Km always the same for a particular enzyme characterizing a given reaction (although it can be altered by inhibitors)

==================================================

Question: With a competitive inhibitor, the reaction can eventually reach its normal Vmax, but it takes a higher concentration of substrate to get it there. In other words, Vmax is unchanged, but the apparent Km is higher. Why must more substrate be added in order to reach Vmax?

Answer: The extra substrate makes the substrate molecules abundant enough to consistently "beat" the inhibitor molecules to the enzyme.

==================================================

Question: Why can a reaction never reach its normal Vmax with a noncompetitive inhibitor, regardless of how much substrate is added?

Answer: A subset of the enzyme molecules will always be "poisoned" by the inhibitor, so the effective concentration of enzyme (which determines Vmax) is reduced. However, the reaction reaches half of its new Vmax at the same substrate concentration, so Km is unchanged, which reflects that inhibitor doesn't affect binding of enzyme to substrate, just lowers the concentration of usable enzyme.

==================================================

Question: Michaelis-Menten equation

Answer: Describes the kinetics of simple one-substrate reactions.

==================================================

Question: switch-like response enzyme kinetics

Answer: Allosteric enzymes typically have multiple active sites and often display cooperativity, meaning that the binding of a substrate at one active site increases the ability of the other active sites to bind and process substrates. This results in a "switch-like" transition low to high reaction rate as substrate concentration increases. This corresponds to a velocity vs. substrate curve that is S-shaped.

==================================================