A Mixture That Cannot Be Separated By A Semipermeable Membrane

Question: Solutions
Answer: are homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances
consist of a solvent and one or more solutes
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Question: Solutes
Answer: spread evenly throughout the solution
cannot be separated from the solvent by filtration
can be separated by the solent by evaporation
are not visible but can give a color to the solution
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Question: aqueous
Answer: water like
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Question: solute
Answer: the substance present in the lesser amount
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Question: solvent
Answer: present in the greater amount
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Question: water
Answer: ml =g
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Question: Water
Answer: The most common solvent
A polar molecule
Forms hydrogen bonds
60% to 75% of body is water
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Question: Functions of Water in the Body
Answer: 1. component of _all___ body tissues
2. major component of blood ___plasma________
3. _____solvent_____ for nutrients and body wastes
4. provides ______transportation__ for nutrients and wastes to and from cells by way of the blood
5. essential for ______metabolism____ because it is necessary for the ______hydrolysis_____ of nutrients in the gi tract
6. __lubricant for_______ joints and digestion
7. helps regulate body _____temp__________ through perspiration
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Question: hydrolysis
Answer: a chemical reaction that breaks down large nutrient molecules so they are small enough to be absorbed into the bloodstream
see again in chapter 15, 19, 22
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Question: Dissolving
Answer: is a physical process, not a chemical process because the particles are just redistributing themselves, not forming new substances
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Question: Two Steps in Solution Formation
Answer: Dissociation
Hydration
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Question: Dissociation
Answer: solvent molecules (water) split the ionic compound by pulling apart the + and - ions
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Question: hydration
Answer: the solvent molecules completely surround each ion individually so they cannot recombine
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Question: Equations for Solution Formation
Answer: When NaCl(s) dissolves in water, the reaction can be written as

H2O + is dissociation
NaCl(s) -------> Na+(aq) + Cl- (aq)
(aq)=hydration
solid separation of ions
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Question: oxygen atom
Answer: Solid LiBr is added to water. It dissolves because:
A. The Li+ ions are attracted to the
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Question: hydrogen atom
Answer: Solid LiBr is added to water. It dissolves because:
B. The Br- ions are attracted to the
1) oxygen atom () of water.
2) hydrogen atom ( +) of water
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Question: Two substances form a solution
Answer: when there is an attraction between the particles of the solute and solvent
a polar solvent dissolves polar solutes (such as sugar) and/or ionic solutes (such as NaCl)
a nonpolar solvent such as hexane (C6H14) dissolves nonpolar solutes such as oil or grease
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Question: question
Answer: predict which of these substances will be soluble in water? (which is polar)
1. 02 O-O NP-Insoluable
2. HCL 2.1-3.0 P- Soluable
3. NH3 H bonds(has lone pain electrons P-soluable
4. CH4 tetrahedral, symmetric NP- Insoluable
5. LiF Ionic-polar-Soluable
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Question: electrolytes
Answer: Solutes that produce (break into) ions in solution are called
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Question: distilled water
Answer: contains no dissolved ions. Tap water does
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Question: electricity
Answer: Dissolved ions conduct
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Question: Strong Electrolytes
Answer: Dissociate in water completely and irreversibly.
If dissolve 100 solute molecules, all 100 dissociate.
Solution contains only ions, no molecules.
Arrow in one direction.
H2O 100% ions
NaCl(s) -----------> Na+(aq) + Cl(aq)
H2O
CaBr2(s) -----------> Ca2+(aq) + 2Br(aq)
FORWARD ARROW STRONG ARROWS
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Question: Weak Electrolytes
Answer: Dissociate only slightly and reversibly in water
If dissolve 100 solute molecules, approx 10 dissociate.
Solution contains both ions and molecules.
Reversible arrows.
H2O
HF(g) -----------> H+(aq) + F(aq)
<----------- -
H2O
H2S(l) -----------> H+(aq) + HS-(aq)

ARROWS GOING BOTH WAYS THEN WEAK
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Question: Nonelectrolytes
Answer: Dissolve as molecules in water
Do not dissociate into ions
Solution contains no ions, only molecules
compound-------->same counpound
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Question: weak electrolytes
Answer: if dissolve in 100 solute molecules only approx 10 dissociate
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Question: hydrogen ions
Answer: when acid dissociates breaks down to
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Question: Molarity (M)
Answer: is a concentration term for solutions
gives the moles of solute in 1 L solution
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Question: Molarity (M)
Answer: =moles of solution/liter of solution
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Question: 2.5 M
Answer: What is the concentration of potassium chloride in a solution that contains 15.0 moles KCl dissolved in 6.1 Liters of solution?
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Question: .3
Answer: Calculate [KCl] of a solution containing 0.67 moles KCl in 2 L of solution.
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Question: MOLARITY
Answer: If chemical is closed in brackets then use molarity equation
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Question: Types of Solute-Solvent Mixtures
Answer: Solutions
Colloids
Suspensions
listed smallest to largest
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Question: Solute particle size
Answer: Homogeneous vs. heterogeneous
Ability to pass through filter (large holes) and semipermeable membrane (spm) (tiny holes)
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Question: homogenous
Answer: solutions and colloids
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Question: heterogenous
Answer: suspensions
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Question: semipermeable membrances
Answer: cell membranes, intestinal lining, dialysis tubing
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Question: Solutions
Answer: small solute particles
homogenous
transparent
solute cannot be separated from solvent by filtration or by passing through semipermeable membrane
Examples: salt water, sugar water, rubbing alcohol
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Question: Colloids
Answer: medium-sized solute particles
homogeneous
not transparent but may appear similar to solutions
solute cannot be separated from solvent by filtration.
but can be separated by passing through semipermeable membranes
Examples: blood plasma, raw egg whites, homogenized milk, hand lotion, jello
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Question: Suspensions
Answer: very large particles
settle out (heterogeneous)
must be stirred to stay suspended
can be separated by filtration
Examples: blood platelets, muddy water, and Pepto Bismol
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Question: colloid
Answer: A mixture that has solute particles that do not settle out but are too large to pass through a semipermeable membrane is called a
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Question: Diffusion
Answer: a movement of molecules from the area of high concentration to the area of low concentration
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Question: dialysis
Answer: Smaller molecules like urea diffuse out of the blood and move into urine in a process known as
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Question: Kidneys
Answer: act to remove water molecules out of blood through diffusion across membranes in the kidneys
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Question: Diffusion
Answer: occurs when there is a concentration gradient(a difference in concentration in one solution)
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Question: diffusion
Answer: the solute moves along the concentration gradient
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Question: dialysis
Answer: solvent and small solute particles pass through an artificial membrane
large particles are retained inside
the use of a semipermeable membrane to separate a solution from a colloid
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Question: Osmosis
Answer: water (solvent) flows from the lower solute concentration into the higher solute concentration
the level of the solution with the higher solute concentration rises
the concentrations of the two solutions become equal with time
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Question: osmosis
Answer: when a concentration gradient exists, osmosis is the movement of water from high concentration to low concentration
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Question: Osmotic Pressure
Answer: is produced by the solute particles dissolved in a solution
increases as the number of dissolved particles in the solution increases
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Question: semipermeable membrane (spm)
Answer: These solutions are separated by a
------------------------------ called the cell membrane
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Question: Isotonic Solutions
Answer: exert the same osmotic pressure as RBCs

two Important isotonic IV fluids:
5% glucose
0.90% NaCl
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Question: isotonic
Answer: 5% glucose (D5W)
.9% Nacl (Normal Saline)
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Question: Hypertonic Solutions
Answer: higher osmotic pressure than RBCs
higher concentration than physiological solutions
causes water to flow out of RBCs (aka crenation)
RBCs shrink in size
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Question: hemolysis
Answer: causes water to flow into rbc's
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Question: crenation
Answer: causes water to flow outside rbc's
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Question: Hypotonic Solutions
Answer: lower osmotic pressure than RBCs
lower solute concentration than physiological solutions
causes water to flow into RBCs (aka hemolysis)
RBCs swell and may burst
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Question: distilled water
Answer: hypotonic
0%nacl
o% glucose
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