Characteristic Of The Endocrine System

Question: What are the characteristics of endocrine glands?
Answer: They secrete hormones into the blood stream
-They are ductless
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Question: What are some characteristics of the endocrine system?
Answer: -Aids in transporting substances through membranes
-Helps regulate water and electrolyte balance
-helps regulate metabolic processes
-regulates reproduction, development, and growth
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Question: Identify that major endocrine glands
Answer: -thymus
-pancreas
-pituitary gland
-testes and ovaries
-thyroid gland and parathyroid glands
-kidneys and adrenal glands
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Question: What are steriod hormones derived from?
Answer: cholesterol
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Question: What paracrine substances are derived from fatty acids in the cell membrane of numerous types of cells; some regulate cellular responses to hormones adn have a short effect?
Answer: prostaglandins
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Question: chemicals called_______ exert their effects by altering metabolic processes. They may change the activity of an enzyme or alter the rate at which chemicals are transported through cell membranes
Answer: hormones
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Question: The hormone sensitivity of a target cell is determined by what factor?
Answer: the presence and number of appropriate receptors
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Question: What is one mechanism for the control of hormone secretion?
Answer: One hormone stimulates the release of another hormone
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Question: The pituitary gland has an anterior lobe called the _____ and a posterior lobe called the _______.
Answer: Adenohypophysis; neurohypophysis
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Question: anterior lobe of pituitary gland secretes:
Answer: luteinizing hormone, growth hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone
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Question: posterior lobe of pituitary secretes:
Answer: antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin
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Question: What is the composition of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
Answer: Glandular tissue
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Question: What allows for communication between the hypothalamus and the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
Answer: hypophyseal portal veins
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Question: What hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary lobe (Adenohypophysis)?
Answer: ACTH, TSH,LH,GH,PRL
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Question: Released by the anterior pituitary the ______hormone stimulates cell division, increases protein synthesis, and causes bone elongation
Answer: growth
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Question: Where is prolactin produced?
Answer: anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
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Question: What pituitary hormone triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland?
Answer: TSH
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Question: What endocrine gland secretes ACTH?
Answer: anterior pituitary
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Question: The target cells of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone are in what organs?
Answer: Ovaries and testes
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Question: What is a function of luteinizing hormone?
Answer: it stimulates the secretion of sex hormones in both sexes
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Question: what structure secretes hormone but is actually composed largely of nervous tissue?
Answer: Posterior lobe of the pituitary
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Question: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (OT) are synthesized in the ______. Nerve impulses cause their release from the _____ (where they are stored) into the bloodstream.
Answer: Hypothalamusl posterior pituitary
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Question: The general term for any substance that increase urine production is
Answer: diuretic
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Question: ADH is an _______ that targets the ______, conserving water.
Answer: antidiuretic; kidneys
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Question: What large-lobed endocrine gland is associated with the larynx in the neck?
Answer: thyroid gland
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Question: The parathyroid gland secretes the hormone ________.
Answer: PTH
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Question: As blood calcium concentration drops, PTH levels _________.
Answer: increases
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Question: Describe the location of the adrenal glands?
Answer: They are superior to the kidneys
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Question: What are the general functions of the adrenal hormones?
Answer: -maintain blood sodium levels
-respond to stress
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Question: Where is the adrenal medulla?
Answer: at the core of the adrenal cortex; superior to the kidney
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Question: In the adrenal gland, the cells of the adrenal _______ are associated with the _____ division of the autonomic nervous system.
Answer: Medulla; sympathetic
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Question: Epinephrine and norepinephrine are synthesized in the portion of the adrenal gland called the adrenal _______.
Answer: medulla
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Question: What hormones are produced in the adrenal cortex?
Answer: aldosterone, cortisol, androgens (sex hromones)
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Question: What hormones causes the kidneys to conserve sodium ions and water, and to excrete potassium ions.
Answer: aldosterone
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Question: What adrenal cortical hormone(s) have various developmental and reproductive functions?
Answer: androgens
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Question: Name the fluid found within the lymphatic pathways
Answer: lympth
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Question: small encapsulated lymphatic organs found along lymphatic vessels that filter the lymph are called lymph
Answer: nodes
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Question: Lymph from lymphatic trunks empties into the one of the two_____.
Answer: collecting ducts
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Question: As lymph is returned to the blood, it enters the _____ circulation.
Answer: venous
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Question: True or False; Within the tissues, the pressure within blood capillaries is responsible for filtering large molecules and blood cells out of the capillaries.
Answer: FALSE
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Question: Define edema
Answer: Accumulation of excess tissue fluid
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Question: List cell types found in lymphatic tissue
Answer: lymphocytes and macrophages
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Question: What are lymphatic nodules?
Answer: compact masses of lymphatic tissue
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Question: What are lymph nodes generally located?
Answer: Along larger lymphatic vessels
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Question: Indicate the two primary functions of lymph nodes.
Answer: -filter lymph
-immune surveillance
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Question: Phagocytic cells in the lymph nodes called macrophages engulf and destroy cellular debris as lymph is being filtered.
Answer: macrophages
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Question: Name the encapsulated bilobed lymphatic organ located anterior to the aorta and posterior to the sternum.
Answer: thymus gland
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Question: Where is the thymus located?
Answer: in the thoracic cavity, above the heart
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Question: What is a pathogen?
Answer: A disease causing agent
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Question: Bacteria, protozoa, viruses, and fungi sometimes cause disease. Therefore, they are classified as _______.
Answer: pathogens
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Question: The ______ defenses protect humans from all types of pathogens. In contrast, the ______ defenses are initiated when a particular pathogen is present, and are different for each pathogen type.
Answer: innate; adaptive
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Question: Two mechanical barriers that prevent entry of pathogens into the body are ____ and _______.
Answer: skin and mucosa
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Question: Which of the following is an example of first line of defense of innate immunity?
Answer: mucous membranes
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Question: Redness, heat, swelling, and pain are signs/symptoms that accompany the process of _________.
Answer: inflammation
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Question: What is the defense function of stomach acid and the gastric enzyme called pepsin?
Answer: Kill pathogens that are swallowed
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Question: Which antimicrobial protein helps to interfere with viral replication in host cells?
Answer: interferon
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Question: Describe phagocytosis
Answer: a process where foreign particles are engulfed by a cell
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Question: When monocytes migrate migrate out of the bloodstream and into the tissues, they become cells called _______.
Answer: macrophages
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Question: An innate defense mechanism called _____ is an abnormal elevation in body temperature.
Answer: fever
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Question: fever is part of the _______ defenses of the body.
Answer: innate
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Question: If the barrier defenses and other nonspecific defenses are penetrated by a pathogen, the third line of defense, _______, will try to eliminate it.
Answer: adaptive, or specific defenses
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Question: The two cell types responsible for adaptive immune responses are _______ and macrophages.
Answer: lymphocytes
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Question: Any large molecule capable of triggering an immune response is called an
Answer: antigens
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Question: What cell type has receptors on their surfaces that enable them to recognize nonself antigens?
Answer: lymphocytes
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Question: Indicate the two statements that describe lymphocyte production.
Answer: -occurs in red bone marrow
-occurs throughout life
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Question: The precursors to lymphocytes mature into T cells in the _______. Those that will become B cells mature in the ______.
Answer: Thymus; bone marrow
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Question: T lymphocytes originate in the red bone marrow, then finish their maturation in the ______.
Answer: thymus
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Question: List two locations where both B and T cells can be found
Answer: spleen and lympth nodes
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Question: Leukocytes called B lymphocytes are produced in red bone marrow where they also complete their maturation.
Answer: B
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Question: T cell activation requires that targeted antigens have been processed (phagocytized and digested) and then attached to the surface of a cell type called _______ cells.
Answer: antigen-presenting
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Question: One branch of the immune system uses antibodies to fight pathogens, while the other branch, called _____ immunity, uses cells for immune attack.
Answer: cellular
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Question: The form of adaptive immunity in which direct interaction occurs between activated T lymphocytes targeted cells is called _________ immunity.
Answer: Cell- mediated
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Question: What event leads to activation of B cells?
Answer: Finding and binding the B cell's targeted antigen
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Question: As a B cell is activated, it ______, forming ________.
Answer: proliferates; a clone
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Question: The antibody-mediated immune response is also known as the _______ immune response.
Answer: humoral
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Question: Proteins that are present in plasma and body fluids that bind to antigens are called _______.
Answer: antibodies
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Question: Which type of immunity is mediated by B cells and the antibodies they secrete?
Answer: humoral immune response
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Question: On an antibody molecule, where is the antigen-binding site?
Answer: at the varibale region
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Question: Indicate three characteristics of the class of immunoglobulins called IgG.
Answer: -can cross the placenta
-effective against bacteria, viruses, and toxins-activates complement proteins
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Question: The class of immunoglobulin called IgE is involved with which of the following?
Answer: allergic reactions
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Question: What immune response leads to opsonization, chemotaxis, agglutination, and lysis of the pathogen?
Answer: activation of complement
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Question: The first exposure to a particular antigen leads to a________ immune response.
Answer: primary
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Question: The functions of ______ include coagulation (blood clotting), body defense (leukocytes and antibodies), and the transport of nutrients, hormones, and wastes.
Answer: blood
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Question: Which root word means "blood"?
Answer: Hema-
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Question: What is meaning of the root word leuko-?
Answer: white
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Question: Which root word means large?
Answer: macro-
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Question: What is the meaning of the root word poly?
Answer: many
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Question: Blood is classified as what type of tissue?
Answer: connective
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Question: List three types of formed elements of the blood
Answer: -platelets
-white blood cells
-red blood cells
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Question: The term ________, or packed cell volume (PCV), refers to the percentage of red blood cells in a volume of blood. The typical value for this is about 45%.
Answer: hematocrit
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Question: White blood cells comprise about ________% of the blood volume.
Answer: 1
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Question: True or false: Plasma accounts for about 75% of the blood volume.
Answer: FALSE
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Question: List three components of plasma
Answer: -water
-electrolytes
-hormones
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Question: Hemocytoblasts divide, giving rise to cells called ______ stem cells and _______ stem cells.
Answer: myeloid; lymphoid
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Question: List three characteristics of erythrocytes (red blood cells).
Answer: -they are specialized for carrying oxygen
-they are biconcave discs
-they lack mitochondria
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Question: Red blood cells, which transport oxygen throughout the body, are also known as _________.
Answer: erythrocytes
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Question: A _______ blood cell is shaped as biconcave disc.
Answer: red
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Question: When hemoglobin combines with oxygen, it forms _______. When hemoglobin releases oxygen, it is called ________.
Answer: oxyhemoglobin; deoxyhemoglobin
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Question: Which of the following lacks a nucleus?
Answer: Red blood cell
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Question: True or False: Red blood cells do not undergo mitosis.
Answer: TRUE
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Question: Abnormal red blood cell counts (RBCCs) have what consequences on health?
Answer: Altered oxygen-carrying capability of blood
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Question: In a fetus, the process of _________ occurs in the yolk sac, liver, and spleen. After birth, this process occurs in the bed bone marrow.
Answer: Erythopoiesis
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Question: Iron is critical for the synthesis of ________, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells.
Answer: hemoglobin
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Question: List two underlying possible causes anemia
Answer: -low blood levels of hemoglobin
-red blood cell deficiency
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Question: Anemia is a class of conditions that have one thing in common: the blood can't carry enough _______.
Answer: oxygen
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Question: Macrophages destroy old red blood cells in the _______ and ________.
Answer: liver; spleen
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Question: The blood protein that is mad up of four globin chains and four heme groups is __________.
Answer: hemoglobin
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Question: The ________ blood cells primary function to protect the body against disease.
Answer: white
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Question: The class of blood cells called _______ include lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, ________ and _________.
Answer: leukpcytes; eosinophils; basophils
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Question: Indicate which two statements describe the development of white blood cells
Answer: - they develop from hematopoletic stem cells
-they develop in the red bond marrow
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Question: Leukocytes circulating in blood are divided into two categories: three cell types are classified as _______ (with markedly granular cytoplasm) and two cell types are classified as ______ (with less obvious cytoplasmic granules).
Answer: Grandulocytes; agranulocytes
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Question: Which statement applies to granulocytes?
Answer: Short life spans averaging about 12 hours
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Question: What distinguishes granulocytes from other types of white blood cells?
Answer: visible granules are present in the cytoplasm
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Question: Leukocytes that lack visible granules in their cytoplasm include __________ and ___________.
Answer: Monocytes and lymphocytes
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Question: White blood cells called _________ migrate into tissues and become macrophages which phagocytize bacteria, dead cells, and other debris.
Answer: monocytes
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Question: The major types of __________ are T-cells and B-cells, both important in immunity.
Answer: lymphocytes
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Question: When does positive chemotaxis occur?
Answer: When damaged cells release chemicals that attract leukocytes
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Question: What is suggested by an increased white blood cell count (WBCC)?
Answer: Presence of infection
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Question: Cell fragments produced from megakaryocytes are called _________.
Answer: platelets
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Question: What is the alternative term for platelets?
Answer: thrombocytes
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Question: What is the primary function of platelets?
Answer: help in repair of damaged blood vessels
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Question: within the circulation, formed elements are suspended in liquid called ________.
Answer: plasma
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Question: The most important blood gases are _________ and carbon dioxide.
Answer: oxygen
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Question: True or false: Urea is a type of nutrient present in the plasma.
Answer: FALSE
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Question: Plasma contains chemicals called ______, which include sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, and sulfate ions.
Answer: electrolytes
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Question: The heart is located in the ______ and is ______ to the diaphragm.
Answer: mediastinum; superior
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Question: Where is the heart located In relation to other structures?
Answer: Posterior to the sternum
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Question: What is the pericardium?
Answer: The covering that encloses the heart
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Question: Which layer of the pericardium directly covers the heart?
Answer: Visceral pericardium
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Question: Which describes the parietal pericardium?
Answer: the inner lining of the fibrous pericardium
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Question: What is the pericardial cavity?
Answer: the space betweem the visceral and parietal pericardium
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Question: layers of the heart wall, listing the deepest layer first to superficial
Answer: 1. Endocardium
2. Myocardium
3. Epicardium
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Question: The layer of the heart that is composed primarily of cardiac muscle is called the ________.
Answer: myocardium
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Question: What is the endocardium
Answer: The inner lining of the heart
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Question: What are the upper, thin walled chambers of the heart?
Answer: Right and left atrium
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Question: What are the ventricles?
Answer: The thicker-walled, inferior chambers of the heart
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Question: The right atrioventricular valve is also called the ______ valve.
Answer: tricuspid
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Question: Blood leaving the right ventricle flows into the _________.
Answer: pulmonary trunk
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Question: Which valve is found between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk?
Answer: pulmonary valve
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Question: What chamber of the heart do the pulmonary veins drain into?
Answer: left atrium
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Question: Blood flows from the left atrium into what chamber of the heart?
Answer: Left ventricle
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Question: Describe the aortic valve?
Answer: three semilunar cusps at the base of the aorta
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Question: A blood cell is traveling in the inferior vena cava and approaches the heart. Rank the following structures in the order in which the cell encounters them.
Answer: 1. Right Atrium
2.Right ventricle
3.Lungs
4.Left atrium
5. Left ventricle
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Question: How do myocardial cells of the heart receive oxygen-rich blood?
Answer: From blood in the coronary arteries
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Question: Relaxation of the heart chamber muscle is known as ______.
Answer: Diastole
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Question: What is systole?
Answer: The contraction of the heart chamber muscle
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Question: How does the heart pump blood?
Answer: The atria contract, than the ventricles, followed by relaxation of all four chambers.
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Question: The sound produced by the closing of the atrioventricular valves closing is the _________ heart sound.
Answer: first
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Question: The second heart sound is associated with the closing of which valves?
Answer: Semilunar Valves
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Question: Where is the SA node located?
Answer: right atrium near the superior vena cava opening
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Question: In a healthy person at rest, the _________ node normally fires more than 80 times per minute, setting the heart rate.
Answer: sinoatrial
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Question: What is the pacemaker of the heart?
Answer: SA node
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Question: What is the function of the atrioventricular node?
Answer: Provides only conduction pathway between the atria and ventricles
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Question: What type of blood vessels return blood to the heart?
Answer: veins
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Question: As arteries branch or subdivide, they give rise to a smaller vessels called a(n) _________.
Answer: arterioles
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Question: What is the smallest-diameter blood vessel?
Answer: Capillary
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Question: What vessels allow for exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients between the blood and tissue fluid surrounding cells?
Answer: capillaries
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Question: What are venules?
Answer: The smallest veins
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Question: Blood is transported back to the heart in large vessels called ______.
Answer: veins.
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Question: The infolding of the tunic intima in veins forms structures called _______ which prevent backflow of blood.
Answer: Valves
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Question: What is systolic pressure?
Answer: Maximum pressure achieved in the arteries during ventricular systole
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Question: Blood pressure is expressed in what units?
Answer: mm Hg (millimeters of mercury)
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Question: A common area to take a pulse is on the writ using the _______ artery.
Answer: radial
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Question: The pulse is used to determine the _______.
Answer: heart rate
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Question: What factor influences blood pressure?
Answer: Blood volume
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Question: What is stroke volume?
Answer: The volume of blood ejected from the heart with each contraction.
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Question: As blood flows through vessels, it encounters forces, caused by several factors, that impede its movement. This opposition to blood flow is called peripheral _________.
Answer: resistance
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Question: What formula best describes the relationship between the factors that determine blood pressure?
Answer: Cardiac Output x Peripheral Resistance
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Question: The ________ circuit of the cardiovascular system carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange and back to the heart again
Answer: pulmonary
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Question: Steroid hormones diffuse through cell membranes, then bind with receptors, whereas nonsteroid hormones bind receptors on the target cell membrane.
Answer: TRUE
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Question: Nonsteroid hormones include peptides, proteins, glycoproteins, and amines.
Answer: TRUE
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Question: Steroid hormones
Answer: are soluble in lipids
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Question: The sex hormones from the adrenal cortex are primarily androgens.
Answer: TRUE
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Question: As a result of the general stress response, blood concentrations of epinephrine
Answer: and cortisol rise
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Question: A person under stress may have a lowered resistance to infection.
Answer: TRUE
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Question: Exocrine glands differ from endocrine glands in that exocrine glands
Answer: secrete through ducts or tubes to the body's exterior.
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Question: A night-shift worker experiences extreme difficulty falling asleep due to being exposed to bright lights during both night and day. The unusual pattern of light exposure is disturbing their __________, which controls the release of the hormone __________.
Answer: circadian rhythm; melatonin
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Question: A hormone is a __________ and the target cell is __________.
Answer: molecule that has a metabolic effect on another cell; a cell that has receptors for specific hormones
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Question: Maxwell has a very high metabolic rate, is skinny, and has protruding eyes. These are symptoms of
Answer: hyperthyroidism.
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Question: Oxytocin stimulates the kidneys to conserve water.
Answer: FALSE
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Question: Choose the example that does not demonstrate a negative feedback loop of hormonal control
Answer: Pressure receptors sense the movement of a baby against and through the cervix during labor. They stimulate the hypothalamus to release a hormone that causes uterine contractions. This causes more pressure receptor stimulation, leading to larger releases of the hormone and stronger, more frequent contractions. Hormone release ceases after pressure sensations cease.
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Question: Simple goiter is most prevalent where the soil lacks
Answer: iodine
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Question: A hormone is a secreted molecule that is carried in the bloodstream to where it acts on target cells that bear specific receptors for that hormone.
Answer: TRUE
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Question: The hormone that the pineal gland secretes is
Answer: melatonin
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Question: Hormones that the posterior pituitary secretes are synthesized in the
Answer: hypothalamus.
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Question: "Endocrine" means
Answer: internal secretion
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Question: The __________ secretes triiodothyronine
Answer: thyroid gland
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Question: The target cells of releasing hormones are in the anterior pituitary gland.
Answer: TRUE
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Question: A sweat gland is an example of a(n) __________ gland.
Answer: exocrine
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Question: The secretion of parathyroid hormone is controlled primarily by the
Answer: concentration of blood calcium.
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Question: Secretion of insulin causes
Answer: a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose.
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Question: The hormone that stimulates calcium deposition into bone is
Answer: calcitonin
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Question: A female patient is experiencing a hormonal imbalance that is causing her to skip menstrual periods due to low estrogen and miss ovulation. Which of the following is most likely the imbalanced hormone?
Answer: Follicle-stimulating hormone
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Question: The thymus gland secretes hormones called __________ that __________.
Answer: thymosins; control production and differentiation of white blood cells
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Question: What component of blood accounts for the largest proportion of the blood volume?
Answer: Plasma
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Question: A person with type AB blood can successfully receive blood from
Answer: all blood types
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Question: Persons with type AB blood are sometimes called universal donors.
Answer: false
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Question: Cyanosis is caused by an increased blood concentration of
Answer: deoxyhemoglobin
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Question: Which of the following elements is included in hemoglobin molecules?
Answer: Iron
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Question: A blood clot that forms abnormally in a blood vessel is a(n)
Answer: thrombus
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Question: What is the typical life span of a red blood cell?
Answer: 120 days
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Question: An excessive number of white blood cells is classified as
Answer: leukocytosis
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Question: A deficiency in white blood cells is classified as
Answer: leukopenia
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Question: Which of the following usually accounts for the smallest percentage of leukocytes in a blood sample?
Answer: Basophils
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Question: Low blood oxygen levels lead to bluish tint to the skin.
Answer: Cyanosis
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Question: Reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood; leads to paleness of the skin.
Answer: Anemia
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Question: Abnormal hemoglobin; causes hemoglobin to crystallize in low oxygen conditions.
Answer: Sickle-cell disease
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Question: Low platelet count; results in decreased blood clotting and bruising
Answer: Thrombocytopenia
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Question: On a long transcontinental flight, a middle-aged man gets up and exercises in the aisle, moving his hands, feet, arms, and legs as much as he can. He does this every two hours. The flight attendant asks him to sit down, but he explains that he is trying to prevent a very dangerous medical condition. He is talking about the condition called
Answer: deep vein thrombosis
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Question: Define hemostasis.
Answer: Process that stops bleeding
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Question: Stacy has been tired and bruising easily, and she's had three respiratory infections in the past few months. She has also had headaches and a few nosebleeds. A physician should check her for
Answer: leukemia
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Question: Blood Type O
Answer: -Neither A nor B antigens
-Both anti-A and Anti-B antibodies
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Question: Blood Type A
Answer: -Only the A antigen
-Only anti-B antibodies
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Question: Blood type B
Answer: -Only the B antigen
-Onlu the anti-A antibodies
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Question: Blood type AB
Answer: -both A and B antigens
-neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies
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Question: The percentage of red blood cells in a sample of human blood is normally about
Answer: 45%
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Question: The basic event in the formation of a blood clot is the change of
Answer: fibrinogen to fibrin.
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Question: What is a result of reduced red blood cell count and/or reduced hemoglobin content of the blood?
Answer: Diminished oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
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Question: Universal precautions are
Answer: specific measures that health-care workers should take to prevent transmission of bloodborne pathogens in the workplace.
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Question: Persons with __________ blood have neither antigen A nor antigen B on their red blood cells but have antibody anti-A and antibody anti-B in their plasma
Answer: Type O
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Question: While looking at a sample of blood in a microscope, you see a purple-stained cell that is markedly larger than a red blood cell (about two to three times larger). It has a large kidney-shaped nucleus. What type of blood cell is this?
Answer: A monocyte
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Question: A person with type A blood can successfully donate blood to a person with type __________ blood.
Answer: A
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Question: The biconcave cells in blood that lack nuclei when they are mature are the
Answer: red blood cells
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Question: Erythroblastosis fetalis may occur in
Answer: a second Rh-positive fetus developing in an Rh-negative woman.
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Question: What is the name of the condition in which there is a deficiency in red blood cells or in the amount of hemoglobin?
Answer: Anemia
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Question: Platelets are best described as
Answer: cytoplasmic fragments of cells.
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Question: The region of a lymph node through which blood vessels and nerves pass is called the
Answer: hilum
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Question: The thymus is in the mediastinum behind the sternum
Answer: TRUE
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Question: Memory T and B cells function in what type of response?
Answer: Secondary immune responses
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Question: The thymus enlarges after puberty.
Answer: FALSE
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Question: Older red blood cells may be destroyed in the spleen.
Answer: TRUE
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Question: The two collecting ducts that drain the lymphatic trunks are the
Answer: thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct.
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Question: What is not true of the spleen?
Answer: The spaces in the lobes of the spleen are filled with lymph.
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Question: What term is used for disorders resulting from the immune system attacking "self" cells?
Answer: Autoimmune diseases
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Question: What term refers to any molecule that elicits an immune response?
Answer: Antigen
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Question: What is the first component(s) of the immune system to decline with age?
Answer: Thymus
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Question: Allograft
Answer: same species
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Question: isograft
Answer: identical twin
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Question: xenograft
Answer: different species
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Question: autograft
Answer: self
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Question: Lymph eventually is returned to the circulation at what blood vessels?
Answer: Right and left subclavian veins
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Question: The structure of a lymphatic vessel is most similar to that of a(n)
Answer: vein
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Question: Absence or blockage of lymph vessels in a body region leads directly to what condition?
Answer: edema
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Question: What class of immunoglobulin is involved in immediate-reaction allergic reactions?
Answer: IgE
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Question: In order to be fully activated, most __________ cells require interaction with __________ cells.
Answer: B;T
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Question: What is the name of the fluid contained within vessels of the lymphatic system?
Answer: Lymph
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Question: Lymphatic pathways begin at the lymphatic capillaries which empty into lymphatic vessels. From there, fluid flows through lymphatic __________ into lymphatic __________, eventually emptying into veins in the thorax.
Answer: Trunks; Ducts
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Question: What type of immunity will result from receiving a vaccination?
Answer: Artificially acquired active immunity
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Question: When T or B cells are activated, they proliferate, forming a group of genetically identical cells descending from the original activated cell. What is the name of this group of identical cells?
Answer: clone
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Question: Muscle contraction moves lymph through lymphatic vessels.
Answer: TRUE
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Question: Lymph differs from plasma in that
Answer: plasma has more protein than lymph.
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Question: Activation of what group of proteins in the plasma leads to inflammation, attraction of phagocytes, and enhancement of phagocytosis?
Answer: complement
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Question: The inner lining of the heart is the
Answer: endocardium
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Question: The correct sequence of parts that carry cardiac impulses is
Answer: SA node, AV node, AV bundle, Purkinje fibers.
==================================================
Question: When the first heart sound is heard, what is occuring with the heart valves?
Answer: The AV valves are closing.
==================================================
Question: Circulation is vital because it
Answer: supplies oxygen and nutrients to and removes wastes from tissues.
==================================================
Question: What is a mass of cells that act as a unit in the heart called?
Answer: Functional syncytium
==================================================
Question: The right atrium receives blood directly from
Answer: the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus.
==================================================
Question: The left ventricle pushes blood into what vessel(s)?
Answer: Aorta
==================================================
Question: Mr. Smith is admitted to the cardiac unit with a diagnosis of endocarditis. When he asks the nurse where the infection is located, the nurse replies that the infection is in __________.
Answer: the inner lining of the heart
==================================================
Question: A myocardial infarction of the right ventricle could be caused by a blockage in the __________.
Answer: posterior interventricular artery
==================================================
Question: If it was taking longer for an electrical impulse to get through the AV node, what would the ECG look like?
Answer: Time between the P wave and QRS complex would be lengthened.
==================================================
Question: What formula best describes the relationship of the factors that determine blood pressure?
Answer: Blood Pressure = Cardiac Output x Peripheral Resistance
==================================================
Question: What is the function of chordae tendineae?
Answer: Prevent the cusps of the AV valves from moving up into the atria
==================================================
Question: What structure is also known as the pacemaker of the heart?
Answer: SA node
==================================================
Question: When the atria contract during a cardiac cycle, the ventricles are __________. When the ventricles contract, the atria are __________.
Answer: relaxing; relaxing
==================================================
Question: What wave in an ECG tracing depicts ventricular repolarization?
Answer: T wave
==================================================
Question: A cold, pale foot could be a sign of a blockage of blood flow in the __________ artery.
Answer: popliteal
==================================================
Question: When the ventricular walls contract,
Answer: the mitral and tricuspid valves close.
==================================================
Question: What valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle?
Answer: Tricuspid valve
==================================================
Question: An abnormally slow heart rate is termed
Answer: bradycardia
==================================================
Question: Swelling of the hand could be caused by a thrombosis (blood clot) in the __________ vein.
Answer: brachial
==================================================
Question: If all nerves from the central nervous system to the heart were severed, the heart would stop beating.
Answer: FALSE
==================================================
Question: A rise in blood pressure detected by baroreceptors would result in a(n) __________ in heart rate due to __________ stimulation.
Answer: decrease; parasympathetic
==================================================
Question: The systemic circuit
Answer: sends oxygen-rich blood to the tissues.
==================================================
Question: Venules continue from capillaries to form veins, which return blood to the atria.
Answer: TRUE
==================================================
Question: In the arterial disease atherosclerosis,
Answer: risk of a thrombus or embolus forming increases.
==================================================
Question: A pump is attached to the common carotid artery and red ink is pumped in. Which structures of the body will show the red ink?
Answer: the neck and the head
==================================================
Question: When smooth muscles in the walls of the arteries are stimulated to contract,
Answer: blood pressure increases.
==================================================
Question: The structures that contain chemoreceptors that detect blood levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide are the
Answer: aortic bodies
==================================================
Question: When a person's pulse is taken by palpation near the thumb on the wrist, which artery is felt?
Answer: radial artery
==================================================
Question: Water and dissolved substances leave the arteriole end of a capillary due to __________, and enter the venule end of a capillary due to __________.
Answer: hydrostatic pressure being higher than osmotic pressure; osmotic pressure being higher than hydrostatic pressure
==================================================
Question: In the cardiovascular system, what vessels are the site of nutrient, gas, and waste exchange?
Answer: Capillaries
==================================================
Question: A cold, pale foot could be a sign of a blockage of blood flow in the __________ artery.
Answer: popliteal
==================================================
Question: Tim runs 5 to 8 miles a day. He has an enlarged heart and low heart rate and blood pressure. He most likely has
Answer: a very healthy cardiovascular system.
==================================================
Question: The __________ ventricle pumps blood to the pulmonary circuit, while the __________ ventricle pumps blood into the systemic circuit.
Answer: right; left
==================================================
Question: Plasma proteins in capillaries help to
Answer: maintain the osmotic pressure of the blood.
==================================================
Question: The radial and ulnar veins merge to form the __________ vein.
Answer: brachial
==================================================
Question: The external carotid arteries branch to supply structures in the
Answer: neck and face
==================================================
Question: In mitral valve prolapse, the mitral valve
Answer: bulges into the left atrium during ventricular contraction.
==================================================
Question: The coronary sinus drains blood from the wall of the heart into the left atrium.
Answer: FALSE
==================================================
Question: Because net inward pressure in the venular ends of capillaries is less than net outward pressure in the arteriolar ends of capillaries,
Answer: more fluid leaves the capillaries than returns.
==================================================
Question: The aorta is the largest artery in the pulmonary circuit.
Answer: FALSE
==================================================
Question: The pressure in the pulmonary circuit is __________ the pressure in the systemic circuit.
Answer: less than
==================================================
Question: The pulmonary circuit
Answer: sends oxygen-poor blood to the lungs.
==================================================
Question: The blood pressure in the large systemic arteries is greatest during
Answer: ventricular systole.
==================================================

Answer: Gastr-
==================================================
Question: The process of breaking down foods, either mechanically or chemically, and then absorbing them is called
Answer: digestion
==================================================
Question: A series of hydrolysis reactions that break dietary macromolecules into monomers is known as _________ digestion
Answer: chemical
==================================================
Question: The alimentary canal and accessory organs are part of the _________ system
Answer: digestive
==================================================
Question: identify the accessory organs of the digestive system
Answer: pancreas, salivary glands, gallbladder, liver
==================================================
Question: What is the correct order of the layers of the wall of the digestive tract starting with the innermost layer.
Answer: muscosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
==================================================
Question: What are the two basic types of movement in the alimentary canal?
Answer: mixing and propelling
==================================================
Question: The wavelike set of muscular contractions within the digestive tract that helps to propel contents along is called_______.
Answer: peristalsis
==================================================
Question: The alimentary canal of the digestive system(s) is controlled by which nervous system?
Answer: Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
==================================================
Question: What are the effects of parasympathetic impulses on the digestive system?
Answer: -Increases motility
-Increases secretions
==================================================
Question: What are the effects of sympathetic impulses on the digestive system?
Answer: -decreases secretions
-decreases peristalsis
==================================================
Question: What part (cavity) of the digestive system functions in ingestion, speech, and respiration?
Answer: Mouth
==================================================
Question: Mechanically breaking food down into smaller pieces by the mouth is called ________, also known as chewing.
Answer: Mastication
==================================================
Question: The _________ are highly mobile structures that surround the mouth opening. They contain skeletal muscles and sensory receptors useful in judging the temperature and texture of foods.
Answer: lips
==================================================
Question: The large muscular organ that occupies most of the oral cavity proper is called the
Answer: tongue
==================================================
Question: What are the functions of tongue?
Answer: -mix foods with saliva during chewing
-move food toward the pharynx (throat) during swallowing
==================================================
Question: Teeth are the _______ structures in the body and _________ part of the skeletal system
Answer: hardest; are not
==================================================
Question: In the mouth, the _________ begin the mechanical digestion of food by breaking the food into smaller pieces.
Answer: teeth
==================================================
Question: The portion of a tooth that is above the gum is known as the ________ of the tooth.
Answer: crown
==================================================
Question: The portion of the tooth within the alveolus is known as the
Answer: root
==================================================
Question: Dental caries (ie. cavities) are a degeneration of what structure?
Answer: enamel of teeth
==================================================
Question: What are functions of saliva?
Answer: -dissolves molecules so they can be tasted
-aids in swallowing
-cleanses mouth and teeth
==================================================
Question: The three major salivary glands are the ________, ___________, and __________ glands.
Answer: parotid, submandibular, sublingual
==================================================
Question: Where is the pharynx located?
Answer: posterior to the oral cavity
==================================================
Question: What two structures carry food from the mouth to the stomach, but do not digest food?
Answer: esophagus and pharynx
==================================================
Question: The three parts of the pharynx are the __________, __________, and the _________.
Answer: nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
==================================================
Question: Where is the stomach located?
Answer: in the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity
==================================================
Question: What are functions of the stomach?
Answer: -mixes food with gastric juice
-absorbs small amounts of nutrients
-starts the digestion of protein
==================================================
Question: Stomach function is regulated in three phases: the _______ phase, the ________ phase, and the _______ phase.
Answer: Cephalic; gastric; intestinal
==================================================
Question: The pancreas secretes ________ _exocrine mechanisms, and ________ by endocrine mechanisms.
Answer: digestive enzymes; insulin
==================================================
Question: The _______ is a spongy retroperitoneal organ posterior to the stomach and partially attached to the small intestines.
Answer: pancreas
==================================================
Question: The _______ is an organ that consists of a head located within the curvature of the duodenum and a tail that extends to the spleen.
Answer: pancreas
==================================================
Question: The liver is located mainly in the _______ quadrant of the abdominal cavity just _________ to the diaphragm.
Answer: upper right; inferior
==================================================
Question: The liver is partially protected by the _______ on the _______ side of the body.
Answer: Ribs; right
==================================================
Question: What are the 4 lobes of the liver?
Answer: right lobe, left lobe, caudate lobe, quadrate lobe
==================================================
Question: The right and left hepatic ducts converge to form the _______ hepatic duct.
Answer: common
==================================================
Question: When responding to hormones such as insulin and glucagon, liver cells ________ blood glucose levels by polymerizing glucose to glycogen, and _______ blood glucose levels by breaking down glycogen to glucose to by converting noncarbohydrates into glucose.
Answer: lower; raise
==================================================
Question: The _______ is the organ that oxidizes fatty acids, synthesizes lipoproteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol, and also converts portions of carbohydrate and protein molecules into fats.
Answer: liver
==================================================
Question: The storage and concentration of bile between meals is the function of the
Answer: gallbladder
==================================================
Question: The small intestine is a tubular organ that connects what two organs in the digestive tract?
Answer: Stomach and large intestine
==================================================
Question: What are functions of the small intestine?
Answer: Absorbs the digested products and completes digestion of nutrients
==================================================
Question: The correct sequence for the layers in the walls of the alimentary canal from innermost to outermost is the
Answer: mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer, serosa.
==================================================
Question: Stomach cells secrete gastrin which functions to
Answer: increase the secretion by the gastric glands.
==================================================
Question: Over-the-counter antacids usually include
Answer: sodium, aluminum, calcium, or magnesium.
==================================================
Question: The parietal cells of gastric glands secrete
Answer: hydrochloric acid.
==================================================
Question: What is the process of breaking down large molecules into small ones without affecting the chemical composition called?
Answer: Mechanical digestion
==================================================
Question: The greater omentum is composed of
Answer: the peritoneal membrane.
==================================================
Question: From the stomach, food passes into the duodenum, then the jejunum, and then the ileum.
Answer: true
==================================================
Question: One of the functions of the large intestine is to
Answer: absorb ingested water.
==================================================
Question: What is peristalsis?
Answer: A propulsive movement of contents of the lumen from one area to another
==================================================
Question: The tissues turning yellow (jaundice) is due to the accumulation of
Answer: bile pigments
==================================================
Question: The common hepatic duct and the cystic duct unite to form the
Answer: common bile duct
==================================================
Question: The hormone secretin
Answer: stimulates release of pancreatic juice.
==================================================
Question: What is the function of the gallbladder?
Answer: To store bile between meals
==================================================
Question: The main part of the stomach is called the
Answer: body
==================================================
Question: Heartburn is usually caused by the effects of gastric juice on the
Answer: esophagus.
==================================================
Question: Which of the following is needed to digest lipids?
Answer: Lipase
==================================================
Question: What part of a tooth often thins from years of brushing, teeth grinding, and eating acidic foods?
Answer: Enamel
==================================================
Question: The enzyme __________ begins digestion of protein in the stomach.
Answer: pepsin
==================================================
Question: The epiglottis is attached to the
Answer: larynx
==================================================
Question: The alimentary canal extends, in its entirety, from
Answer: the mouth to the anus.
==================================================
Question: In the intestinal lumen, triglycerides are digested to fatty acids and monoglycerides. These two components are absorbed through the intestinal mucosa and enzymatically reunited to re-form triglycerides. These triglycerides, along with other lipids, enter the lacteals as part of particles called __________.
Answer: chylomicrons
==================================================
Question: Which is not a function of the liver?
Answer: Secretion of insulin
==================================================
Question: A ________ is any ingested chemical that is used for growth, repair, or maintenance of the body.
Answer: nutrient
==================================================
Question: Two examples of carbohydrates
Answer: sugars and starches
==================================================
Question: A large molecule made up of many simple sugar molecules is a(n)
Answer: polysaccharide
==================================================
Question: In what form are carbohydrates absorbed into the blood?
Answer: As monosaccharides
==================================================
Question: Glucose, galactose, and fructose are all types of _________, a class of carbohydrates.
Answer: monosaccarides
==================================================
Question: The ________ converts fructose and galactose to glucose.
Answer: liver
==================================================
Question: The carbohydrate called ______ is most commonly oxidized for cellular fuel.
Answer: glucose
==================================================
Question: Organic compounds that include fats and oils are referred to as _______.
Answer: lipids
==================================================
Question: Triglycerides are lipid molecules consisting of three fatty acids bound to one ___________ molecule.
Answer: glycerol
==================================================
Question: The hydrolysis of __________ produces glycerol and fatty acids, which may enter catabolic pathways and provide energy.
Answer: triglycerides
==================================================
Question: A molecule called a ________ is comprised of amino acids.
Answer: protein
==================================================
Question: Which of the following classes of nutrients can supply energy to the body?
Answer: lipids, carbohydrates and proteins
==================================================
Question: Proteins classified as being _________ proteins provide all of the essential amino acids in the necessary proportions for human tissue growth, maintenance, and nitrogen balance.
Answer: complete
==================================================
Question: By definition, one ______ is the amount of energy (heat) required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.
Answer: calorie
==================================================
Question: A large Calorie (spelled with a capital C) and a kilocalorie (kcal) are both equivalent to ______ calories.
Answer: 1000
==================================================
Question: The _________ metabolic rate is the rate of energy expenditure when a person is awake and at rest; after an overnight fast; and in a comfortable, controlled environment.
Answer: basal
==================================================
Question: Energy ________ exists when caloric intake (food ingested) equals caloric output (BMR plus muscle activity).
Answer: balance.
==================================================
Question: When does a negative energy balance occur?
Answer: Caloric expenditure exceeds caloric intake
==================================================
Question: Appetite is regulated by the
Answer: hypothalamus
==================================================
Question: The nutrient group called _______ are organic substances needed for normal metabolism. Since cells cannot synthesize them in adequate amounts, they are essential nutrients.
Answer: vitamins
==================================================
Question: What are the two classifications used for the vitamins?
Answer: Fat-soluble and water-soluble
==================================================
Question: Vitamins A,D,E, and K
Answer: fat soluble vitamins
==================================================
Question: Vitamins B and C
Answer: water soluble vitamins
==================================================
Question: Indicate three characteristics of fat-soluble vitamins
Answer: -bile salts in the intestine promote their absorption
-they are not affected by cooking or food processing
-they can be stored in various tissues, and excess intake can lead to overdose.
==================================================
Question: Vitamin A can be produced from provitamin substances called ______.
Answer: carotenes
==================================================
Question: Vitamin _______ is needed for vision (production of rhodopsin) as well as the health of bones, teeth, and epithelial cells of skin and mucosae.
Answer: A
==================================================
Question: What vitamin, along with its precursor beta carotene, act as antioxidants? They combine with molecules that have unshared electrons that are highly reactive and damaging to cellular structures.
Answer: A
==================================================
Question: With exposure to ultraviolet light, a precursor made from cholesterol can be converted to vitamin _______.
Answer: D
==================================================
Question: Name the hormone involved in the activation of vitamin D and, due to the activity of vitamin D, the absorption of calcium from the diet.
Answer: parathyroid hormone (PTH)
==================================================
Question: Which vitamin promotes calcium absorption and bone mineralization?
Answer: vitamin D
==================================================
Question: The fat-soluble vitamin __________ can be produced by intestinal bacteria.
Answer: K
==================================================
Question: The group of water-soluble vitamins called ___________ vitamins are essential for normal cellular metabolism. They are coenzymes for reactions that oxidize carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins during cellular respiration
Answer: B
==================================================
Question: The vitamin called ________ requires intrinsic factor (produced by cells of the stomach) to be absorbed from the small intestine.
Answer: cyanocobalamin (B12)
==================================================
Question: Nutrients called _________ are important in human metabolism, muscle fiber contraction, blood clotting, and maintaining osmotic pressure.
Answer: minerals
==================================================
Question: The _______ minerals are those that are abundant in the body. They include calcium and phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium.
Answer: major
==================================================
Question: Minerals that the body requires in very small amounts are called ________.
Answer: trace elements
==================================================
Question: The mineral ________ is a component of hemoglobin and myoglobin, allowing them to bind oxygen.
Answer: iron
==================================================
Question: A diet that provides the calories and essential nutrients needed for optimal growth and maintenance is called a(n) "________ diet".
Answer: adequate
==================================================
Question: Poor nutrition that results from a lack of essential nutrients or an inability to utilize them is known as
Answer: malnutrition
==================================================
Question: What type of malnutrition involves self-imposed starvation?
Answer: anorexia nervosa
==================================================
Question: Name of the eating disorder that involves eating normal amounts followed by vomiting or otherwise purging the food afterward.
Answer: bulimia
==================================================
Question: Cholesterol, a type of lipid, is abundant in plant-based foods.
Answer: false
==================================================
Question: What is a complete protein?
Answer: A dietary protein that provides adequate amounts of all essential amino acids to maintain life and support growth
==================================================
Question: Why is dietary fiber beneficial to the diet?
Answer: Fiber provides "bulk" in intestines, allowing better movement of intestinal contents.
==================================================
Question: Name the hormone that regulates sodium levels in the blood by altering kidney reabsorption of sodium.
Answer: Aldosterone
==================================================
Question: What structure regulates appetite?
Answer: Hypothalamus
==================================================
Question: In comparing the classes of macronutrients, name the class that provides the most energy per gram.
Answer: lipids
==================================================
Question: Within the skin, ultraviolet (UV) light striking a provitamin derived from cholesterol results in conversion of the provitamin to vitamin __________.
Answer: D
==================================================
Question: What types of fats are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease?
Answer: Saturated fats
==================================================
Question: After absorption from the digestive tract, all monosaccharides are converted by liver enzymes to what compound?
Answer: glucose
==================================================
Question: Which class of vitamin is more likely to be stored in the tissues of the body?
Answer: Fat-soluble vitamins
==================================================
Question: Medical and socioeconomic conditions of many elderly leads to __________.
Answer: undernutrition
==================================================
Question: The inorganic portion of bone tissue consists of what two minerals?
Answer: Calcium and phosphorus
==================================================
Question: Vitamin __________ functions in the absorption of minerals needed for bone formation.
Answer: D
==================================================
Question: In children, deficiency of this vitamin results in deformity of bones. What is this condition called?
Answer: Rickets
==================================================
Question: Several B vitamins, including __________ and __________ are necessary to produce DNA. Due to their rapid production, RBCs are affected if these vitamins are deficient; anemia can develop.
Answer: folic acid; vitamin B12
==================================================
Question: Production of hemoglobin requires what mineral?
Answer: Iron
==================================================
Question: Long-term deficiency of __________ and/or __________ leads to pernicious anemia, a condition in which nerve damage has already occurred at the time the anemia becomes symptomatic.
Answer: vitamin B12; cobalt
==================================================
Question: Deficiency of __________ leads to megaloblastic anemia, in which abnormal RBCs are very large (megalo-) and nucleated.
Answer: folic acid
==================================================
Question: Deficiency of __________ leads to an anemia in which the RBCs are very pale, due to reduced quantity of hemoglobin.
Answer: iron
==================================================
Question: Cramps and convulsions result from hyperexcitability of neural and muscular tissue. This can be caused by a deficiency in what mineral?
Answer: sodium
==================================================
Question: Tetany (sustained contractions) can result from deficiency of __________. This mineral also is needed for bone formation.
Answer: calcium
==================================================
Question: Deficiency in __________ results in muscular weakness due to hyperpolarization of the cell membranes.
Answer: potassium
==================================================
Question: Isoleucine, leucine, and lysine are three examples of amino acids that the body can not make in sufficient quantity. How are these compounds classified?
Answer: Essential amino acids
==================================================
Question: Process of using noncarbohydrates to produce glucose
Answer: Gluconeogenesis
==================================================
Question: Hydrolysis of glucose-storage molecules
Answer: Glycogenolysis
==================================================
Question: Polymerization of excess glucose
Answer: glycogenesis
==================================================
Question: Inorganic elements needed for metabolism
Answer: minerals
==================================================
Question: Organic essential compounds needed in very small amounts; needed for normal metabolism
Answer: vitamins
==================================================
Question: What does body mass index (BMI) measure?
Answer: Weight relative to height
==================================================
Question: Beta-carotene is a precursor for vitamin __________.
Answer: A
==================================================
Question: Recommended percent of daily kilocalories from fat.
Answer: 30%
==================================================
Question: Recommended percent of daily kilocalories from protein.
Answer: 10%
==================================================
Question: Recommended percent of daily kilocalories from carbohydrates
Answer: 60%
==================================================
Question: The B vitamins and vitamin C are fat-soluble vitamins
Answer: false
==================================================
Question: Fats in seeds, nuts, and plant oils.
Answer: unsaturated fats
==================================================
Question: Fats in meats, eggs, milk, and lard.
Answer: saturated fats
==================================================
Question: A person in positive energy balance will __________ weight
Answer: gain
==================================================
Question: A person in energy balance will __________ weight
Answer: maintain
==================================================
Question: A person in negative energy balance will ________ weight.
Answer: lose
==================================================
Question: Number of calories in one gram of fat.
Answer: 9
==================================================
Question: Number of calories in one gram of carbohydrate.
Answer: 6
==================================================
Question: Number of calories in one gram of protein.
Answer: 4
==================================================
Question: BMI values for overweight
Answer: 25-30
==================================================
Question: BMI values for healthy weight
Answer: 18-24
==================================================
Question: BMI values for obesity
Answer: over 30
==================================================
Question: List three functions of the respiratory system
Answer: -Obtain oxygen for the body
-Produce vocal sounds
-Regulate blood pH
==================================================
Question: Breathing brings _________ into the lungs which is needed for cells to undergo celluar respiration and producde adequate ATP for normal functioning.
Answer: oxygen
==================================================
Question: What segment of the respiratory system includes the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and pharynx?
Answer: upper respiratory tract
==================================================
Question: The trachea, primary bronchi, and the alveolar sacs all belong to the ________.
Answer: lower respiratory tract
==================================================
Question: What is the anatomical term for the nostrils of the nose?
Answer: external nares
==================================================
Question: The nasal _______ is a hollow space just behind the nose.
Answer: cavity
==================================================
Question: List three functions of the nasal mucosa.
Answer: -entraps small particles
-warms inhaled air
-moistens inhaled air
==================================================
Question: In which four bones are paranasal sinuses located?
Answer: Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid bones, and the maxillae
==================================================
Question: List three functions of the pharynx
Answer: -conduct food from oral cavity to esophagus
-conduct air from nasal cavity to the larynx
-help in the production of sounds
==================================================
Question: Name the segment of the respiratory tract between the pharynx and the trachea.
Answer: larynx
==================================================
Question: Why might it be problematic to cough while eating or drinking?
Answer: coughing involuntarily moves the epiglottis; food or drink might then enter the larynx
==================================================
Question: Sound is produced as air is forced through the _______, causing vibration of the ____________vocal cords.
Answer: glottis; true
==================================================
Question: The trachea conducts air from the ______ to the primary bronchi.
Answer: larynx
==================================================
Question: Each main (primary) bronchus branches into ____ bronchi.
Answer: secondary
==================================================
Question: What is the effect of bronchodilation on the diameter of the airways?
Answer: increased diameter
==================================================
Question: oxygen diffuses from the ______ to the _______ during external respiration.
Answer: alveolar air; blood
==================================================
Question: The ________ pleura is a serious membrane closely attached to the lung surface. The _______ pleura lines the pleural cavity.
Answer: visceral; parietal
==================================================
Question: They type of fluid called _________ fluid is found in the pleural cavity.
Answer: serous
==================================================
Question: The ______ lung has three lobes and two fissures.
Answer: right
==================================================
Question: Identify the names of the lobes of the human left lung.
Answer: superior and inferior lobes
==================================================
Question: True or false: Ventilation is another term for breathing, describing air movement into and out of the lungs.
Answer: true
==================================================
Question: Which two terms describe the process by which air is moved out of the lungs/
Answer: expiration and exhalation
==================================================
Question: List two terms for the process that moves air into the lungs
Answer: inhalation and inspiration
==================================================
Question: Air will flow from an area of ______ pressure to an area of ______ pressure
Answer: higher; lower
==================================================
Question: When we inhale, the _______ drives air into out lungs.
Answer: atmospheric pressure
==================================================
Question: Describe air pressure at the end of expiration (the pause between breaths).
Answer: air pressures inside and outside the lungs are equal
==================================================
Question: In which situation would air flow into the lungs?
Answer: when intra-alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure
==================================================
Question: what effect does contraction of the diaphragm have on intra-alveolar pressure?
Answer: decreases intra-aveolar pressure
==================================================
Question: What effect does contraction of the diaphragm have on thoracic cavity volume?
Answer: increases thoracic cavity volume
==================================================
Question: What action would cause airflow through the airways into the alveoli?
Answer: contraction of diaphragm
==================================================
Question: What is responsible for the adhesion of the parietal and visceral pleurae?
Answer: attraction between water molecules of the serous (pleural) fluid
==================================================
Question: Air moves out of the lungs when the size of the thoracic cavity _________.
Answer: decreases
==================================================
Question: During quiet breathing, expiration is a(n) ________ process, since it relies on the recoil of elastic tissues to change thoracic cavity volume.
Answer: passive
==================================================
Question: What is tidal volume?
Answer: volume of air moved in and out in a single respiratory cycle
==================================================
Question: The movement of air into and out of the lungs is called?
Answer: ventilation
==================================================
Question: What term describes the amount of pressure each gas in a mixture contributes to the overall gas pressure?
Answer: partial pressure
==================================================
Question: Control of respiration is based on input from ______ that monitor lung inflation and _______ that monitor o2, co2, and pH.
Answer: mechanoreceptors; chemocreceptors
==================================================
Question: considering the factors that influence respiration, the two that are more important in respiratory regulation are _______ and _______.
Answer: hydrogen ions and carbon dioxide
==================================================
Question: the _______ chemoreceptors respond to hydrogen ions, but not to carbon dioxide.
Answer: central
==================================================
Question: Rate and depth of breathing will increase if carbon dioxide levels are _______ in the blood
Answer: increased
==================================================
Question: Of the respiratory air volumes listed, which one has the largest volume?
Answer: Vital capacity
==================================================
Question: Which of the following bones does not house a sinus?
Answer: zygomatic
==================================================
Question: The walls of alveoli are comprised of __________ epithelium.
Answer: simple squamous
==================================================
Question: Where does gas exchange occur within the respiratory system?
Answer: at the alveoli
==================================================
Question: The force responsible for normal expiration is supplied by the
Answer: elastic recoil of tissues and surface tension.
==================================================
Question: Which of the following lists all of the events that occur with respiration?
Answer: Ventilation, external and internal respiration, and cellular respiration
==================================================
Question: Increased blood concentration of carbon dioxide leads to a(n) __________ in levels of hydrogen ions, with both causing similar effects upon the respiratory areas.
Answer: increase
==================================================
Question: Air entering the potential space of the pleural cavity is called
Answer: pneumothorax.
==================================================
Question: The vocal cords are in the
Answer: larynx
==================================================
Question: A sudden inspiration caused by a spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm while the glottis is closed is a
Answer: hiccup
==================================================
Question: The right lung has __________ lobes; the left lung has __________ lobes.
Answer: superior, middle, and inferior; superior and inferior
==================================================
Question: Hyperventilation is usually accompanied by a(n)
Answer: decrease in blood CO2 concentration and a rise in pH
==================================================
Question: Which of the following is not a function of the mucus-lined nasal passages?
Answer: cooling exhaled air
==================================================
Question: The pharynx functions as a __________, whereas the larynx functions as a __________.
Answer: common passageway for air and food; passageway for air only
==================================================
Question: When the peripheral chemoreceptors detect low oxygen levels, they stimulate the respiratory areas of the brain to __________ breathing rate.
Answer: increase
==================================================
Question: Which of the following has an effect on the pH of blood?
Answer: carbon dioxide
==================================================
Question: This epithelium, located in the respiratory tract, is equipped with __________ on its free surface.
Answer: cilia
==================================================
Question: The respiratory control areas are in the
Answer: pons and medulla oblongata.
==================================================
Question: The chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies are most sensitive to changes in blood concentration of
Answer: oxygen
==================================================
Question: Respiratory distress syndrome in newborns is caused by
Answer: lack of surfactant.
==================================================
Question: As the respiratory tube branches become smaller in diameter,
Answer: the epithelial lining changes from pseudostratified ciliated columnar to cuboidal and simple squamous epithelium.
==================================================
Question: Which statement describes the trachea?
Answer: It is comprised of 20 C-shaped cartilage rings.
==================================================
Question: Ordinary air is about 21% oxygen and 0.04% carbon dioxide.
Answer: true
==================================================
Question: What is the name of the volume of air moved in or out of the lungs during a quiet respiratory cycle?
Answer: tidal volume
==================================================
Question: Name the bony processes that curl out from the lateral walls of the nasal cavities, serving to stir up the air as it is inhaled.
Answer: conchae
==================================================
Question: Which prefix means "pertaining to the kidney"?
Answer: nephr-
==================================================

Answer: ren-
nephr-
==================================================
Question: The ________ system removes certain salts and nitrogenous wastes.
Answer: urinary
==================================================
Question: The kidneys, urinary bladder, _________, and __________ are organs of the urinary system
Answer: ureters and urethra
==================================================
Question: The _________ are bean-shaped organs with a smooth surface and are reddish-brown in color.
Answer: kidneys
==================================================
Question: The kidneys are on the ________ wall.
Answer: posterior abdominal
==================================================
Question: The major regions of the kidney are the outer region called the ________ and the inner region called the _______>
Answer: cortex; medulla
==================================================
Question: The renal pyramids are part of the renal _________.
Answer: medulla
==================================================
Question: The layer of the kidney tissue found just deep to the renal capsule, distinct from the innermost layer of the kidney, is the renal ________.
Answer: cortex
==================================================
Question: A blood-filtering, urine-producing unit of the kidney is called a _________. Each kidney contains about 1 million of these units.
Answer: nephron
==================================================
Question: What are the two major components of a nephron?
Answer: renal corpuscle and renal tubule
==================================================
Question: The renal artery brings blood to what structure?
Answer: kidney
==================================================
Question: The _______ arteriole supplies blood to the nephron.
Answer: afferent
==================================================
Question: The small blood vessels that feed into the glomerular capillary beds are called the _________ arterioles.
Answer: afferent
==================================================
Question: Blood flows from the _______ into the efferent arteriole.
Answer: glomerular capillary bed
==================================================
Question: The small artery that receives blood from the glomerulus is the __________ arteriole.
Answer: efferent
==================================================
Question: Identify the three main parts of a renal tubule
Answer: nephron loop, proximal tubule, and distal tubule
==================================================
Question: The segment of the renal tubule that receives filtrate from the glomerular capsule is the ___________ tubule.
Answer: proximal
==================================================
Question: Within the nephron, the tubular fluid flows from the proximal tubule directly into what segment?
Answer: nephron loop
==================================================
Question: Name the tube that collects urine from several nephrons and conveys it down the renal pyramid to the renal papilla.
Answer: collecting duct
==================================================
Question: What is formed as wastes and excess water are removed from the blood and excreted by the kidneys?
Answer: urine
==================================================
Question: In glomerular filtration, substances move from the _______ into the ________.
Answer: glomerulus; nephron
==================================================
Question: True or false: the type of pressure most important to glomerular filtration is capillary (colloid) osmotic pressure.
Answer: false
==================================================
Question: In the kidney, the process by which fluid and solutes are moved from the tubular fluid to the blood is called tubular _________?
Answer: reabsorption
==================================================
Question: Clearing aspirin, penicillin, and other drugs from the blood stream via the kidneys are examples of tubular ________. These substances are moved from the blood into the urine
Answer: secretion
==================================================
Question: Where does glomerular filtration occur?
Answer: renal corpuscle
==================================================
Question: Filtered fluid that leaves the glomerulus and enters the glomerular capsule is called glomerular __________?
Answer: filtrate
==================================================
Question: What is the effect of hydrostatic pressure of blood on filtration?
Answer: favors filtration
==================================================
Question: The rate of 120-125 milliliters per minute of fluid entering the nephrons of both kidneys is called ________?
Answer: glomerular filtration rate
==================================================
Question: True or false: A very small percentage (<10%) of the original glomerular filtrate will be reabsorbed as the fluid flows through the nephron and collecting duct.
Answer: False, A lot is reabsorbed
==================================================
Question: The process of tubular ________ returns substances to the internal environment ( back into the extracellular fluid).
Answer: reabsorption
==================================================
Question: Water is reabsorbed from the proximal tubule by the process of ________.
Answer: osmosis
==================================================
Question: An increase in urine volume is called
Answer: diuresis
==================================================
Question: Almost all of the sodium ions found in the glomerular filtrate are __________ before urine is excreted.
Answer: reabsorbed
==================================================
Question: Water and sodium ions are reabsorbed in the proximal tubule in a relationship that results in a(n)_______ in tubular fluid volume that is ________to plasma.
Answer: decreases; isotonic
==================================================
Question: Tubular _________ is defined by movement of certain substances from the ________ capillaries to the renal tubules.
Answer: secretionl peritubular
==================================================
Question: The first step in urine formation involves what process?
Answer: glomerular filtration
==================================================
Question: Name the posterior pituitary hormone that has the direct effect of increasing water reabsorption from distal tubules and collecting ducts.
Answer: antidiuretic hormone
==================================================
Question: In order to conserve water, the body makes ______ urine by _______ the levels of ADH in the bloodstream, which results in ________ water being reabsorbed in the collecting ducts.
Answer: concentrated; increasing; more
==================================================
Question: If there is excess water in the blood, ADH secretion is _________. As a result _______ water is reabsorbed in the kidneys and the urine becomes more _______.
Answer: Decreased; less; dilute
==================================================
Question: You are dissecting a kidney in class and, after cutting a sagittal section through the kidney, decide to remove some of the lighter-colored inner structures near the superior end of the ureter. You remove a funnel-shaped sac that connects directly into the ureter, along with many tubes that converge to form the funnel-shaped sac. Which structures have you removed?
Answer: The renal pelvis and the calyces
==================================================
Question: What would be the likely outcome if tubular reabsorption in the nephron did not occur?
Answer: Excessive loss of fluids and, eventually, death
==================================================
Question: name the renal process that occurs at the renal corpuscle.
Answer: filtration
==================================================
Question: What is a function of the kidneys?
Answer: Excretion of metabolic wastes
==================================================
Question: The countercurrent mechanism functions primarily in the
Answer: nephron loop
==================================================
Question: The organs of the urinary system are
Answer: paired kidneys, paired ureters, a bladder and a urethra.
==================================================
Question: The reabsorption of glucose occurs primarily through the walls of the
Answer: proximal convoluted tubule.
==================================================
Question: The external urethral sphincter is __________ muscle.
Answer: skeletal
==================================================
Question: List the urine-producing structures in the correct order.
Answer: 1. Glomerular capsule
2. Proximal tubule
3.Nephron loop
4. Distal tubule
5. Collecting duct
==================================================
Question: Name the blood vessel that delivers blood to each glomerulus.
Answer: Afferent arteriole
==================================================
Question: Reabsorption occurs when __________.
Answer: filtrate passes from the renal tubules to the peritubular capillaries
==================================================
Question: Select the sequence that indicates the parts of a renal tubule in the correct sequence from beginning to end.
Answer: Proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb of nephron loop, ascending limb of nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule
==================================================
Question: Which of the following is a normal constituent of urine?
Answer: creatinine
==================================================
Question: What tube-like structure carries urine from the kidney to the bladder?
Answer: ureter
==================================================
Question: The countercurrent mechanism in the nephron
Answer: creates a highly concentrated interstitial fluid so that urine can be concentrated by the collecting ducts when they are permeable to water.
==================================================
Question: Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole and/or vasodilation of the efferent arteriole will cause a(n) __________ in glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
Answer: decrease
==================================================
Question: The detrusor muscle is in the
Answer: urinary bladder
==================================================
Question: The __________ is the tube that conveys urine outside the body.
Answer: urethra
==================================================
Question: The trigone is
Answer: a triangular area on the floor of the urinary bladder.
==================================================
Question: In order for urination to occur, the ____________ must relax and the ____________ must contract.
Answer: urethral spincters; detrustor muscle
==================================================
Question: Aldosterone from the adrenal cortex causes sodium ions to be
Answer: conserved and potassium ions to be excreted.
==================================================
Question: Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?
Answer: Synthesis of plasma proteins
==================================================
Question: As a person ages, the release of renin __________, hampering the control of __________.
Answer: decreases; blood pressure
==================================================
Question: The kidneys are located retroperitoneally. This means they are __________ the peritoneum.
Answer: behind
==================================================
Question: What hormone is secreted by the kidneys?
Answer: erythropoietin
==================================================
Question: Indicate two mechanisms employed to maintain water and electrolyte balance.
Answer: -Replace lost water and electrolytes
-Excrete any excess water and electrolyte
==================================================
Question: What causes movement of water between the fluid compartments?
Answer: Altering the concentration of electrolytes
==================================================
Question: Indicate the names of the two major fluid compartments of the body.
Answer: -extracellular fluid
-intracellular fluid
==================================================
Question: What term describes all of the water and electrolytes enclosed within cells of the body?
Answer: Intracellular fluid
==================================================
Question: Indicate four fluids that are part of the extracellular fluid compartment.
Answer: -interstitial fluids
-lymph
-transcellular fluid
-plasma
==================================================
Question: What is the importance of osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure in body fluid regulation?
Answer: They contribute to movement between fluid compartments
==================================================
Question: When extracellular sodium concentrations change, water moves across cell membranes by the process of _________.
Answer: osmosis
==================================================
Question: Water _________ occurs when water intake and water output are equal/
Answer: balance
==================================================
Question: Water intake is regulated via _______ and water output is regulated via ________.
Answer: -thirst centers; changes in kidney function
==================================================
Question: What is the largest source of fluid intake?
Answer: Ingestion of fluids
==================================================
Question: What is the primary regulator of water intake?
Answer: thirst
==================================================
Question: The total solute concentration of a body fluid is called its ________.
Answer: osmolarity
==================================================
Question: Indicate three conditions associated with thirst.
Answer: -loss of water by the body
-increased blood osmolatarity
-increased osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid
==================================================
Question: What change in water balance results in an increase in the osmotic pressure of the extracellular fluid?
Answer: Output exceeds intake (water loss)
==================================================
Question: The area of the brain called the ________ is the site of osmoreceptors, providing the sensation of thirst.
Answer: hypothalamus
==================================================
Question: Water loss varies _________ depending on physical activity level and environment conditions.
Answer: greatly
==================================================
Question: Control of urine volume regulates ________.
Answer: water output
==================================================
Question: A patient is inadvertently given a hypotonic (dilute) solution by IV (intravenous injection). What effect would this have on ADH?
Answer: It would inhibit ADH release
==================================================
Question: An abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid is called _______.
Answer: edema
==================================================
Question: List two causes of edema
Answer: -hypoproteinemia
-blocked lymphatic vessels
==================================================
Question: Obstruction of lymphatic vessels results in tissue fluid accumulation called ________.
Answer: edema
==================================================
Question: An inflammation reaction involves the release of a chemical called __________ from damaged cells. This chemical causes capillaries to become leaky, resulting in edema.
Answer: histamine
==================================================
Question: Many patients with an excess of body fluid are prescribed a diuretic, which causes ________.
Answer: Increased urine output
==================================================
Question: The movement of water between compartments following changes in sodium concentration in the extracellular fluid is due to what process?
Answer: osmosis
==================================================
Question: A(n) ___________ in water content of extracellular fluid leads to _________ osmolarity of blood and the sensation of thirst.
Answer: decreased; increased
==================================================
Question: Drinking water decreases plasma osmolarity and _______ the secretion of ADH.
Answer: decreases
==================================================
Question: A class of chemical called __________ function to increase urine output.
Answer: diuretics
==================================================
Question: Sulphuric acid
Answer: Product of oxidation of specific amino acids
==================================================
Question: phosphoric acid
Answer: product of hydrolysis of nucleic acids
==================================================
Question: carbonic acid
Answer: product of carbon dioxide (from aerobic metabolism) interacting with water
==================================================
Question: ketone bodies
Answer: product of incomplete oxidation of fatty acids
==================================================
Question: lactic acid
Answer: product of anaerobic metabolism
==================================================
Question: List three sources of water loss.
Answer: -water in expired air
-water in sweat
-water in urine
==================================================
Question: In the absence of ADH, _______ water is reabsorbed from the renal tubules, and more urine is produced.
Answer: less
==================================================
Question: List three symptoms of dehydration
Answer: -loss of body weight
-decreased sweating
-decreased urination
==================================================
Question: If plasma protein concentration decreases, interstitial fluid movement into the venular end of capillaries will ________ due to a _______ in colloid osmotic pressure.
Answer: decrease; decrease
==================================================
Question: The body can acquire sufficient electrolytes by responding to ________ and thirst.
Answer: hunger
==================================================
Question: One way electrolytes are lost from the body is in _______.
Answer: sweat
==================================================
Question: Indicate three major cations that are required for nerve conduction, muscle contraction, maintenance of cell membrane potential.
Answer: Potassium ion
calcium ion
sodium ion
==================================================
Question: The hormone called ________ increases sodium reabsorption from the kidney tubules.
Answer: aldosterone
==================================================
Question: acids are electrolytes that, when dissolved in water, release ______ ions.
Answer: hydrogen
==================================================
Question: What is a base?
Answer: substances that removes hydrogren ions from solution
==================================================
Question: True or false; Even small changes in the quantities of hydrogen ions in body fluids can be devastating.
Answer: true
==================================================
Question: weak acids release fewer_________ ions than strong acids.
Answer: hydrogen
==================================================
Question: Equal quantities of base "A" and base "B" are added to separate containers that each hold an acid with pH 4. In A's container, the pH raises to 5. In B's container, the pH raises to 7. Which base is stronger?
Answer: B
==================================================
Question: A chemical that combines with excess acids or bases is called a ________.
Answer: buffer
==================================================
Question: Indicate the three major chemical buffer systems in the body.
Answer: -protein buffer system
-bicarbonate buffer system
-phosphate buffer system
==================================================
Question: Depending on the change in pH, an acid-base buffer system either binds excess H+ or releases H+ to stabilize the _________ of a solution.
Answer: pH
==================================================
Question: The two types of physiological buffer systems are the _______ system and the _______ system.
Answer: respiratory; renal
==================================================
Question: Hyperventilation leads to respiratory __________.
Answer: alkalosis
==================================================
Question: What is the name of the fluid found in tissue spaces?
Answer: interstitial fluid
==================================================
Question: Name the enzyme that converts HC2O3 to HCO3- and H+.
Answer: Carbonic anhydrase
==================================================
Question: Acidosis is a condition in which the pH of arterial blood is
Answer: below 7.35.
==================================================
Question: A person in a moderate environment would lose the greatest volume of water in
Answer: urine
==================================================
Question: The hormone aldosterone promotes the
Answer: reabsorption of sodium ions
==================================================
Question: In red blood cells, carbonic anhydrase converts carbon dioxide and water to __________, which then dissociates into hydrogen ions and __________.
Answer: carbonic acid; bicarbonate ion
==================================================
Question: The movement of water between fluid compartments is regulated primarily by
Answer: hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure.
==================================================
Question: Which of the following body compartments is correctly matched with its location in the body?
Answer: Extracellular:fluid in tissue spaces, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels
==================================================
Question: What clinical condition can result from excessive vomiting in which stomach contents are emptied?
Answer: Metabolic alkalosis
==================================================
Question: What is edema?
Answer: Abnormal accumulation of extracellular fluid
==================================================
Question: Acid-base buffer systems minimize pH changes by
Answer: converting strong acids to weak acids.
==================================================
Question: Alkalosis is a condition in which the pH of arterial blood is
Answer: above 7.45
==================================================
Question: Where is the thirst center located?
Answer: hypothalamus
==================================================
Question: Hyperventilation leads to
Answer: respiratory alkalosis
==================================================
Question: When sodium ions are reabsorbed in response to the action of aldosterone, potassium ions are
Answer: secreted
==================================================
Question: Diabetes mellitus, in which fatty acids react to produce ketone bodies, leads to
Answer: metabolic acidosis.
==================================================
Question: Which acid-base imbalance can result from pneumonia, hypoventilation, or obstruction of airways?
Answer: Respiratory acidosis
==================================================
Question: The first effect of dehydration is __________ osmolarity of the extracellular fluid.
Answer: increased
==================================================
Question: This change in osmolarity means that the __________ is now more concentrated than the __________.
Answer: extracellular fluid; intracellular fluid
==================================================
Question: Therefore, fluid movement will occur, with water moving from the __________ to the __________.
Answer: intracellular fluid; extracellular fluid
==================================================
Question: What results when this change in fluid distribution occurs at the osmoreceptors?
Answer: Thirst is stimulated
==================================================
Question: What blood pH suggests alkalosis?
Answer: 7.5
==================================================
Question: Symptoms of respiratory alkalosis include
Answer: Light headedness, agitation, tingling sensations
==================================================
Question: What ion is at a higher concentration in the extracellular fluid than in the intracellular fluid?
Answer: sodium
==================================================
Question: Drugs called diuretics cause the body to retain water and reduce urine output.
Answer: False
==================================================
Question: Which of the following provides the largest percentage of daily water intake?
Answer: beverages
==================================================
Question: What are electrolytes?
Answer: Molecules that release ions in water
==================================================
Question: What two terms means breast?
Answer: -Mast
-Mamm
==================================================
Question: The meaning of the prefix "oo-" is a(n)_________.
Answer: egg
==================================================
Question: The male reproductive structures function to produce__________ cells and introduce them into the vagina.
Answer: sperm
==================================================
Question: The _______ sex orgnas in males are the two testes, in which sperm cells and the male sex hormones are formed. The _________ sex ograns are the internal and external reproductive organs.
Answer: Primary; Accessory
==================================================
Question: Where are seminiferous tubules located?
Answer: within the testes
==================================================
Question: Name the undifferentiated spermatogenic cells with 23 pairs of chromosomes, found in the periphery of the seminiferous tubules.
Answer: spermatogonia
==================================================
Question: What is spermatogenesis?
Answer: Formation of sperm cells
==================================================
Question: What is found inside the head of a sperm cell?
Answer: DNA
==================================================
Question: What is the function of the tail of a sperm?
Answer: propels sperm forward
==================================================
Question: In males, what gland is located inferior to the urinary bladder, surround the superior portion of the urethra?
Answer: Prostate gland
==================================================
Question: Indicate the characteristics of semen
Answer: -it contains secretions from the prostate gland
-it is analkalkine fluid containing nutrients
==================================================
Question: Indicate with of the following structures are male external reproductive organs.
Answer: -scrotum
-penis
==================================================
Question: The _______ is a pouch of skin, muscle, and fibrous connective tissue that contains the testes.
Answer: scrotum
==================================================
Question: The penis serves to deposit _________ into the vagina.
Answer: semen
==================================================
Question: Which three statements are true about erection of the penis?
Answer: -nitric oxide increases blood flow into erectile tissue
-the increasing pressure of arterioal blood in erectile tissue compresses the veins
-the penis swells and elongates
==================================================
Question: The culmination of sexual stimulation is called a(n) ___________, a pleasurable feeling of physiological and psychological release that is accompanied by emission and ejaculation in males.
Answer: orgasm
==================================================
Question: Semen is expelled from the urethra to the outside of the body in a process called ___________
Answer: ejaculation
==================================================
Question: Two endocrine glands (hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland) and a male reproductive organ (________), secrete hormones that maintain sperm cell production and oversee the development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics.
Answer: testes
==================================================
Question: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) induces the anterior pituitary to secrete the two gonadotropins: _________ and ___________.
Answer: LH and FSH
==================================================
Question: What is the most important androgen in males?
Answer: testosterone
==================================================
Question: List three effects of testosterone
Answer: -spermatogensis
-bodily changes at puberty
-development of male anatomy in the fetus and adolescent
==================================================
Question: Increased growth of body hair, lowering of the pitch of the voice, thickening and strengthening of the bones are examples of male __________ sex characteristics when _______ levels increase at ___________.
Answer: secondary; testosterone; puberty
==================================================
Question: What paired oval shaped female reproductive organs lie in shallow depressions in the lateral walls of the pelvic cavity?
Answer: ovaries
==================================================
Question: What is the suspensory ligament?
Answer: attaches ovary to pelvic wall
==================================================
Question: The process called _______ is the process in which egg cells (oocytes) are developed.
Answer: oogenesis
==================================================
Question: A single-celled, fertilized ovum is called a(n) ___________.
Answer: zygote
==================================================
Question: What is ovulation?
Answer: process of releasing cells from the follicles
==================================================
Question: Sperm need to reach the _______ in order to fertilize the oocyte.
Answer: uterine tube
==================================================
Question: Describe the uterus
Answer: muscular pear-shaped organ
==================================================
Question: What is the name for the most inferior part of the uterus, expanding into the upper vagina?
Answer: cervix
==================================================
Question: The inner mucosal layer of the uterus is called the ____________.
Answer: endometrium
==================================================
Question: The ________ is a tube that allows discharge of menstrual fluid, receipt of the penis and semen during intercourse and passageway for the fetus to pass during birth.
Answer: vagina
==================================================
Question: Select the external accessory organs of the female reproductive system
Answer: -Vestibular gland
-clitoris
-labia majora, labia minora
==================================================
Question: List three components of the vulva.
Answer: -clitoris
-labia majora
-labia minora
==================================================
Question: What are the two large skin folds that usually come together to protect the other external reproductive organs?
Answer: labia majora
==================================================
Question: labia majora
Answer: thick folds of skin and adipose tissue, hair
==================================================
Question: labia minora
Answer: the smaller inner folds of the vulva, thin, hairless
==================================================
Question: The labia _______ are flattened longitudinal folds that converge anteriorly to form a hood-like covering around the clitoris.
Answer: minora
==================================================
Question: The small erectile structure at the anterior part of the vulva is called the _______.
Answer: clitoris
==================================================
Question: The _______ is composed of two columns of erectile tissue called corpora cavernosa. One end is attached to the pubic arch and the other end is richly supplied with sensory nerve fibers.
Answer: clitoris
==================================================
Question: What organs control maturation of female gametes, development of secondary sex characteristics, and changes in the monthly reproductive cycle?
Answer: hypothalamus; anterior pituitary gland; ovaries
==================================================
Question: What is the process of egg formation called?
Answer: oogenesis
==================================================
Question: The number of sperm cells that form from a primary spermatocyte is
Answer: 4
==================================================
Question: What cells produce androgens (including testosterone)?
Answer: Interstitial cells of the testes
==================================================
Question: During the female reproductive cycle, what triggers menstruation?
Answer: A decrease in blood levels of estrogens and progesterone
==================================================
Question: LH stimulates a primordial follicle to start maturing.
Answer: false
==================================================
Question: The gubernaculum guides the testis through the __________ canal.
Answer: inguinal
==================================================
Question: A Pap smear is used to detect abnormal cells in the
Answer: cervix
==================================================
Question: The egg, or ovum, is more correctly called
Answer: secondary oocyte
==================================================
Question: In the reproductive cycle, estrogen __________, whereas progesterone __________.
Answer: wall development; stimulates the uterine lining to become more glandular
==================================================
Question: The formation of sperm cells (spermatogenesis) occurs in the __________. The resulting cells mature into sperm cells in the __________.
Answer: seminiferous tubule; epididymis
==================================================
Question: Male reproductive functions are controlled mainly by hormones from the hypothalamus and
Answer: anterior pituitary gland and testes.
==================================================
Question: During the female reproductive cycle, what triggers ovulation?
Answer: Surge in blood levels of luteinizing hormone
==================================================
Question: Within the mammary glands, milk is produced by __________ glands.
Answer: alveolar
==================================================
Question: What period of time is defined by the cessation of the reproductive cycle?
Answer: menopause
==================================================
Question: The primary organs of the female reproductive system are the uterus and vagina.
Answer: false
==================================================
Question: In endometriosis,
Answer: tissue resembling the inner uterine lining grows in the abdominal cavity.
==================================================
Question: About the time of ovulation, the anterior pituitary gland releases a surge of
Answer: LH
==================================================
Question: What are the primary sex organs?
Answer: testes and ovaries
==================================================
Question: Beginning at puberty, primary oocytes continue meiosis. The resulting cells are secondary oocytes (future egg cells) in which the original chromosome number is __________.
Answer: halved
==================================================
Question: A man chooses to become sterilized via vasectomy. How will this affect interstitial cells?
Answer: The procedure of a vasectomy only blocks the movement of sperm through the ductus deferens and won't affect interstitial cells.
==================================================
Question: What are gametes?
Answer: Sex cells produced by the reproductive organs
==================================================
Question: Undescended testes cause infertility because
Answer: sperm development is impeded by the higher internal body temperature.
==================================================
Question: Ciliary action aids movement of an egg through a uterine tube.
Answer: True
==================================================
Question: A diaphragm or a condom used with spermicide are examples of __________ methods of birth control.
Answer: barrier
==================================================
Question: Where does a corpus luteum form?
Answer: From a follicle that ovulated an oocyte
==================================================
Question: What is fertilization?
Answer: union of sperm and a secondary oocyte (egg)
==================================================
Question: What is the path of sperm cells, from ejaculation to the location of the secondary oocyte?
Answer: Vagina-cervix-uterus-uterine tube
==================================================
Question: How many sperm cells can fertilize an oocyte (egg)?
Answer: one
==================================================
Question: How many chromosomes are found in a zygote?
Answer: 46
==================================================
Question: A single-celled, fertilized egg is known as _____.
Answer: zygote
==================================================
Question: Pregnancy can best be described as the condition in which _______.
Answer: a woman is carrying an offsrping in her uterus
==================================================
Question: A pregnancy is divided into three 3-month periods, each called a
Answer: trimester
==================================================
Question: Name the developmental phase that begins with fertilization of the egg and ends at birth.
Answer: prenatal period
==================================================
Question: The ________ stage of development extends from fertilization to the 8th week of prenatal development.
Answer: embryonic
==================================================
Question: Which 3 statements apply to the embryonic stage of development?
Answer: -extends from fertillization through the 8th week of development
-the main internal organs develop
-the placenta forms
==================================================
Question: How is a zygote formed?
Answer: The zygote is formed when the pronuciel of the sperm and secondary oocyte unite
==================================================
Question: What is another term for the cell divisions that occur during the earliest stages of prenatal development?
Answer: cleavage
==================================================
Question: What is a morula?
Answer: stage of prenatal development consitingof a solid ball of cells
==================================================
Question: What is implantation?
Answer: Embedding of the blastocyst into the endometrium - begins around day 5 or 6
==================================================
Question: At about seven days after fertilization, the _______ attaches to the lining of the uterus.
Answer: blastocyst
==================================================
Question: The _______ is a vascular tissue produced by embryonic and maternal tissues that attaches the embryo to the uterine wall.
Answer: placenta
==================================================
Question: The placenta arises from with extraembryonic membrane?
Answer: chorion
==================================================
Question: Describe the amniotic cavity
Answer: The space between the amnion and embryonic disc
==================================================
Question: The _______ is a fluid-filled sac that holds the developing embryo.
Answer: amnion
==================================================
Question: The umbilical cord arises from what structure?
Answer: connecting stalk
==================================================
Question: What is a function of the yolk sac?
Answer: forms blood cells for the embryo
==================================================
Question: Describe the interaction of fetal and maternal blood systems?
Answer: Fetal and maternal blood are separated by a placental membrane
==================================================
Question: The process of ________ involves the movement of embryonic cells to form a mesoderm between the ectoderm and endoderm layers of cells.
Answer: gastrulation
==================================================
Question: During which stage of development do the primary germ layers form?
Answer: gastrula
==================================================
Question: What is the role of the primary germ layers?
Answer: give rise to all organs
==================================================
Question: When does the fetal stage begin?
Answer: at the end of the eighth week of development and lasts until birth
==================================================
Question: True or false: Fetal hemoglobin and adult hemoglobin although slightly different in composition have the same affinity for oxygen.
Answer: false
==================================================
Question: within the umbilical cord, the umbilical ___ carries oxygen-rich blood from the placenta to the fetus
Answer: vein
==================================================
Question: During fetal development, blood from the umbilical cord flows directly into the vena cava bypassing the liver via a vessel called the
Answer: ductus venosus
==================================================
Question: Oxygen-rich blood flows from the placenta to the fetus through the umbilical _______. Deoxygenated blood returns to the placenta through the umbilical ________.
Answer: vein; arteries
==================================================
Question: During what period is the corpus luteum an important source of pregnancy hormones?
Answer: first trimester
==================================================
Question: Rhythmic contractions of the uterus that lead to the delivery of the fetus are part of the process called______.
Answer: labor
==================================================
Question: Prolactin, which stimulates milk production, is produced from about the 5th week of pregnancy. Why, then, is milk not produced until after birth?
Answer: Placental progesterone and lactogen block the effects of prolactin during pregnancy.
==================================================
Question: Human milk is rich in the lipids required for rapid brain growth, and _______ in protein.
Answer: low
==================================================
Question: What is the first division/ stage of the postnatal period?
Answer: neonatal period
==================================================
Question: The period between birth and death is called the
Answer: postnatal period
==================================================
Question: Dramatic changes take place in the newborn soon after birth in which three body systems?
Answer: cardiovascular, digestive, respiratory
==================================================
Question: What is the function of surfactant?
Answer: it reduces surface tension in the lungs
==================================================
Question: Which three fetal structures are no longer needed once the baby is born and breathing?
Answer: -ductus venosus
-foramen ovale
-ductus arteriosus
==================================================
Question: What time period is considered childhood?
Answer: between one year of age and puberty
==================================================
Question: The period between adolescence and death is called
Answer: adulthood
==================================================
Question: What is the term for the study of inherited characteristics?
Answer: genetics
==================================================
Question: Define the term gene
Answer: Segment of DNA that codes for a protein
==================================================
Question: How many chromosomes are found in a normal somactic (body) cell
Answer: 46
==================================================
Question: What is the descriptive term for a cell that has two copies of each chromosome?
Answer: Diploid cell
==================================================
Question: Human pserm cells contain 23 chromosomes. Therefore, they are ______ cells.
Answer: haploid
==================================================
Question: True or false: Gene expression can be affected by the environment.
Answer: TRUE
==================================================
Question: What is the term for the 22 pairs of chromosomes that do not determine an individuals sex?
Answer: autosomes
==================================================
Question: The X and Y chromosomes, which determine the gender of an individual, are known as the ________ chromosomes.
Answer: Sex
==================================================
Question: Each human somatic cell contains ________ of each type of autosome, and therefore has ________ copies of each gene.
Answer: 2;2
==================================================
Question: Alternative forms of a gene are known as _______.
Answer: alleles
==================================================
Question: Individuals are homozygous if they have ________.
Answer: two identical alleles for a particular gene
==================================================
Question: If homologous chromosomes have different alleles for a gene, the individual is said to be ______ for that trait.
Answer: heterozygous
==================================================
Question: In a normal condition, a person will have _____ alleles for any one gene.
Answer: 2
==================================================
Question: The ______ for an individual is the appearance or other characteristic resulting from the alleles that were inherited.
Answer: phenotypes
==================================================
Question: By definition, a change from the wild type of a gene will lead to a _____ phenotype.
Answer: mutant
==================================================
Question: Brown hair is dominant over blonde hair. A heterozygote (Bb) for the gene determining hair color will have ______ hair.
Answer: brown
==================================================
Question: Alleles that are expressed only when present on both homologous chromosomes are said to be
Answer: recessive
==================================================
Question: A non-albino (AA) female has children with an albino (aa) male. What is the probability that their children will be albino?
Answer: 0%
==================================================
Question: What is the tool used to describe the possible outcomes of genetic cross?
Answer: punnett square
==================================================
Question: Hepatocytes, splenocytes, and epithelial cells are all classified as ______ cell.s
Answer: somatic
==================================================
Question: Oocytes carry which of the sex chromosomes?
Answer: One X chromosome
==================================================
Question: A sperm carrying a Y chromosome fertilizes an oocyte. What is the sex of the offspring?
Answer: Male
==================================================
Question: The larger of the two sex chromosomes is the _______ chromosome.
Answer: X
==================================================
Question: The _____ chromosome is the smaller of the two sex chromosomes, and is found only in males.
Answer: y
==================================================
Question: Genes on the _______ chromosome are passed from father to son.
Answer: Y
==================================================
Question: The condition where an individual inherits an extra chromosome is called
Answer: trisomy
==================================================
Question: What is the condition called when an individual only has one copy of one chromosome?
Answer: monosomy
==================================================
Question: A segment of DNA that codes for a protein is called a
Answer: gene
==================================================
Question: What is meant when a cell is said to be diploid?
Answer: it has two copies of each chromosome
==================================================
Question: List two factors that influence out traits.
Answer: -genetic makeup
-environment
==================================================
Question: A sperm carrying an X chromosome fertilizes an oocyte. What is the sex of the offspring.
Answer: Female
==================================================
Question: Susie is not color-blind, but she transmitted a color-blindness gene to her son. She is said to be a ______ of the color blindness gene.
Answer: carrier
==================================================
Question: Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive trait. How is it inherited?
Answer: An affected indivual must inherit 2 recessive copies of the gene
==================================================
Question: A heterozygous trait in which the phenotype is intermediate between the traits that each allele would produce alone is a condition known as _________ dominance.
Answer: incomplete
==================================================
Question: How is a codominant trait expressed?
Answer: Both alleles are expressed in the phenotype
==================================================
Question: ABO blood typing is an example of which type of inheritance?
Answer: codominance
==================================================
Question: Having a normal chromosome number is known as
Answer: euploid
==================================================
Question: Cells that have one more or one less chromosome than the normal number are called
Answer: aneuploid
==================================================
Question: What is nondisjunction?
Answer: Failure for chromosomes to separate properly.
==================================================
Question: The two general types of chromosomes are
Answer: sex chromosomes and autosomes
==================================================
Question: A human cell with 46 chromosomes is
Answer: euploid
==================================================
Question: The origin of the 46 chromosomes in a human zygote is
Answer: half from the sperm and half from the egg.
==================================================
Question: Dizygotic twins result from
Answer: two egg cells and two sperm cells.
==================================================
Question: What fetal structure shunts blood between the pulmonary artery and aorta?
Answer: Ductus arteriosus
==================================================
Question: The primary function of surfactant is to increase surface tension in the newborn's lungs.
Answer: false
==================================================
Question: What term refers to the continuous process of change during the life of an individual?
Answer: development
==================================================
Question: Fertilization usually occurs in the
Answer: uterine (fallopian) tubes
==================================================
Question: Whole genome sequencing generates a list of __________.
Answer: all base pairs in a person's DNA
==================================================
Question: Fetal hemoglobin has greater attraction (affinity) for oxygen than does adult hemoglobin.
Answer: true
==================================================
Question: The product of fertilization is called a(n) __________.
Answer: zygote
==================================================
Question: What term describes an increase in the size of a structure due to increase in the number and size of cells?
Answer: growth
==================================================
Question: Two or more versions of a gene are called __________.
Answer: alleles
==================================================
Question: A gene is
Answer: a DNA sequence that contains the information for producing one type of protein.
==================================================
Question: What condition is the result of trisomy 21?
Answer: Down syndrome
==================================================
Question: What term describes the union of a sperm cell with a secondary oocyte?
Answer: fertilization
==================================================
Question: What is the correct sequence of stages during the cleavage period?
Answer: Zygote, morula, bastocyst, embryo
==================================================
Question: Oxytocin is a hormone involved in labor and delivery and the functioning of the mammary glands. What endocrine gland secretes oxytocin?
Answer: Posterior pituitary
==================================================
Question: An allele that masks the effect of another is
Answer: dominant
==================================================
Question: Teratogens are substances that
Answer: cause congenital malformations
==================================================
Question: As a result of the foramen ovale, blood is allowed to bypass the
Answer: lungs
==================================================
Question: How many chromosomes are contained in a secondary oocyte prior to fertilization?
Answer: 23
==================================================
Question: Sequence of DNA that codes for a particular protein.
Answer: gene
==================================================
Question: Complete set of genetic instructions.
Answer: genome
==================================================
Question: Threadlike strand of nucleic acid.
Answer: chromosome
==================================================
Question: The fetus is protected from certain infections, to which the mother is immune, by
Answer: antibodies from the mother's immune system.
==================================================
Question: Genetics is the study of
Answer: inheritance of characteristics.
==================================================
Question: What are the characteristics of endocrine glands? Ans”Question: What are the characteristics of endocrine glands? Answer:”Question: What are the characteristics of endocrine glands? Answer: They secrete hormones into the blood stream -They are ductless ================================================== Question: What are some characteristics of the endocrine system? Answer: -Aids in transporting substances through membranes -Helps regulate water and electrolyte balance -helps regulate metabolic processes -regulates reproduction, development, and growth ================================================== Question: Identify that major endocrine glands Answer: -thymus -pancreas -pituitary gland -testes and ovaries -thyroid gland and parathyroid glands -kidneys and adrenal glands ================================================== Question: What are steriod hormones derived from? Answer: cholesterol ================================================== Question: What paracrine substances are derived from fatty acids in the cell membrane of numerous types of cells; some regulate cellular responses to hormones adn have a short effect? Answer: prostaglandins ================================================== Question: chemicals called_______ exert their effects by altering metabolic processes. They may change the activity of an enzyme or alter the rate at which chemicals are transported through cell membranes Answer: hormones ================================================== Question: The hormone sensitivity of a target cell is determined by what factor? Answer: the presence and number of appropriate receptors ================================================== Question: What is one mechanism for the control of hormone secretion? Answer: One hormone stimulates the release of another hormone ================================================== Question: The pituitary gland has an anterior lobe called the _____ and a posterior lobe called the _______. Answer: Adenohypophysis; neurohypophysis ================================================== Question: anterior lobe of pituitary gland secretes: Answer: luteinizing hormone, growth hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone ================================================== Question: posterior lobe of pituitary secretes: Answer: antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin ================================================== Question: What is the composition of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland? Answer: Glandular tissue ================================================== Question: What allows for communication between the hypothalamus and the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland? Answer: hypophyseal portal veins ================================================== Question: What hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary lobe (Adenohypophysis)? Answer: ACTH, TSH,LH,GH,PRL ================================================== Question: Released by the anterior pituitary the ______hormone stimulates cell division, increases protein synthesis, and causes bone elongation Answer: growth ================================================== Question: Where is prolactin produced? Answer: anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) ================================================== Question: What pituitary hormone triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland? Answer: TSH ================================================== Question: What endocrine gland secretes ACTH? Answer: anterior pituitary ================================================== Question: The target cells of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone are in what organs? Answer: Ovaries and testes ================================================== Question: What is a function of luteinizing hormone? Answer: it stimulates the secretion of sex hormones in both sexes ================================================== Question: what structure secretes hormone but is actually composed largely of nervous tissue? Answer: Posterior lobe of the pituitary ================================================== Question: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (OT) are synthesized in the ______. Nerve impulses cause their release from the _____ (where they are stored) into the bloodstream. Answer: Hypothalamusl posterior pituitary ================================================== Question: The general term for any substance that increase urine production is Answer: diuretic ================================================== Question: ADH is an _______ that targets the ______, conserving water. Answer: antidiuretic; kidneys ================================================== Question: What large-lobed endocrine gland is associated with the larynx in the neck? Answer: thyroid gland ================================================== Question: The parathyroid gland secretes the hormone ________. Answer: PTH ================================================== Question: As blood calcium concentration drops, PTH levels _________. Answer: increases ================================================== Question: Describe the location of the adrenal glands? Answer: They are superior to the kidneys ================================================== Question: What are the general functions of the adrenal hormones? Answer: -maintain blood sodium levels -respond to stress ================================================== Question: Where is the adrenal medulla? Answer: at the core of the adrenal cortex; superior to the kidney ================================================== Question: In the adrenal gland, the cells of the adrenal _______ are associated with the _____ division of the autonomic nervous system. Answer: Medulla; sympathetic ================================================== Question: Epinephrine and norepinephrine are synthesized in the portion of the adrenal gland called the adrenal _______. Answer: medulla ================================================== Question: What hormones are produced in the adrenal cortex? Answer: aldosterone, cortisol, androgens (sex hromones) ================================================== Question: What hormones causes the kidneys to conserve sodium ions and water, and to excrete potassium ions. Answer: aldosterone ================================================== Question: What adrenal cortical hormone(s) have various developmental and reproductive functions? Answer: androgens ================================================== Question: Name the fluid found within the lymphatic pathways Answer: lympth ================================================== Question: small encapsulated lymphatic organs found along lymphatic vessels that filter the lymph are called lymph Answer: nodes ================================================== Question: Lymph from lymphatic trunks empties into the one of the two_____. Answer: collecting ducts ================================================== Question: As lymph is returned to the blood, it enters the _____ circulation. Answer: venous ================================================== Question: True or False; Within the tissues, the pressure within blood capillaries is responsible for filtering large molecules and blood cells out of the capillaries. Answer: FALSE ================================================== Question: Define edema Answer: Accumulation of excess tissue fluid ================================================== Question: List cell types found in lymphatic tissue Answer: lymphocytes and macrophages ================================================== Question: What are lymphatic nodules? Answer: compact masses of lymphatic tissue ================================================== Question: What are lymph nodes generally located? Answer: Along larger lymphatic vessels ================================================== Question: Indicate the two primary functions of lymph nodes. Answer: -filter lymph -immune surveillance ================================================== Question: Phagocytic cells in the lymph nodes called macrophages engulf and destroy cellular debris as lymph is being filtered. Answer: macrophages ================================================== Question: Name the encapsulated bilobed lymphatic organ located anterior to the aorta and posterior to the sternum. Answer: thymus gland ================================================== Question: Where is the thymus located? Answer: in the thoracic cavity, above the heart ================================================== Question: What is a pathogen? Answer: A disease causing agent ================================================== Question: Bacteria, protozoa, viruses, and fungi sometimes cause disease. Therefore, they are classified as _______. Answer: pathogens ================================================== Question: The ______ defenses protect humans from all types of pathogens. In contrast, the ______ defenses are initiated when a particular pathogen is present, and are different for each pathogen type. Answer: innate; adaptive ================================================== Question: Two mechanical barriers that prevent entry of pathogens into the body are ____ and _______. Answer: skin and mucosa ================================================== Question: Which of the following is an example of first line of defense of innate immunity? Answer: mucous membranes ================================================== Question: Redness, heat, swelling, and pain are signs/symptoms that accompany the process of _________. Answer: inflammation ================================================== Question: What is the defense function of stomach acid and the gastric enzyme called pepsin? Answer: Kill pathogens that are swallowed ================================================== Question: Which antimicrobial protein helps to interfere with viral replication in host cells? Answer: interferon ================================================== Question: Describe phagocytosis Answer: a process where foreign particles are engulfed by a cell ================================================== Question: When monocytes migrate migrate out of the bloodstream and into the tissues, they become cells called _______. Answer: macrophages ================================================== Question: An innate defense mechanism called _____ is an abnormal elevation in body temperature. Answer: fever ================================================== Question: fever is part of the _______ defenses of the body. Answer: innate ================================================== Question: If the barrier defenses and other nonspecific defenses are penetrated by a pathogen, the third line of defense, _______, will try to eliminate it. Answer: adaptive, or specific defenses ================================================== Question: The two cell types responsible for adaptive immune responses are _______ and macrophages. Answer: lymphocytes ================================================== Question: Any large molecule capable of triggering an immune response is called an Answer: antigens ================================================== Question: What cell type has receptors on their surfaces that enable them to recognize nonself antigens? Answer: lymphocytes ================================================== Question: Indicate the two statements that describe lymphocyte production. Answer: -occurs in red bone marrow -occurs throughout life ================================================== Question: The precursors to lymphocytes mature into T cells in the _______. Those that will become B cells mature in the ______. Answer: Thymus; bone marrow ================================================== Question: T lymphocytes originate in the red bone marrow, then finish their maturation in the ______. Answer: thymus ================================================== Question: List two locations where both B and T cells can be found Answer: spleen and lympth nodes ================================================== Question: Leukocytes called B lymphocytes are produced in red bone marrow where they also complete their maturation. Answer: B ================================================== Question: T cell activation requires that targeted antigens have been processed (phagocytized and digested) and then attached to the surface of a cell type called _______ cells. Answer: antigen-presenting ================================================== Question: One branch of the immune system uses antibodies to fight pathogens, while the other branch, called _____ immunity, uses cells for immune attack. Answer: cellular ================================================== Question: The form of adaptive immunity in which direct interaction occurs between activated T lymphocytes targeted cells is called _________ immunity. Answer: Cell- mediated ================================================== Question: What event leads to activation of B cells? Answer: Finding and binding the B cell's targeted antigen ================================================== Question: As a B cell is activated, it ______, forming ________. Answer: proliferates; a clone ================================================== Question: The antibody-mediated immune response is also known as the _______ immune response. Answer: humoral ================================================== Question: Proteins that are present in plasma and body fluids that bind to antigens are called _______. Answer: antibodies ================================================== Question: Which type of immunity is mediated by B cells and the antibodies they secrete? Answer: humoral immune response ================================================== Question: On an antibody molecule, where is the antigen-binding site? Answer: at the varibale region ================================================== Question: Indicate three characteristics of the class of immunoglobulins called IgG. Answer: -can cross the placenta -effective against bacteria, viruses, and toxins-activates complement proteins ================================================== Question: The class of immunoglobulin called IgE is involved with which of the following? Answer: allergic reactions ================================================== Question: What immune response leads to opsonization, chemotaxis, agglutination, and lysis of the pathogen? Answer: activation of complement ================================================== Question: The first exposure to a particular antigen leads to a________ immune response. Answer: primary ================================================== Question: The functions of ______ include coagulation (blood clotting), body defense (leukocytes and antibodies), and the transport of nutrients, hormones, and wastes. Answer: blood ================================================== Question: Which root word means "blood"? Answer: Hema- ================================================== Question: What is meaning of the root word leuko-? Answer: white ================================================== Question: Which root word means large? Answer: macro- ================================================== Question: What is the meaning of the root word poly? Answer: many ================================================== Question: Blood is classified as what type of tissue? Answer: connective ================================================== Question: List three types of formed elements of the blood Answer: -platelets -white blood cells -red blood cells ================================================== Question: The term ________, or packed cell volume (PCV), refers to the percentage of red blood cells in a volume of blood. The typical value for this is about 45%. Answer: hematocrit ================================================== Question: White blood cells comprise about ________% of the blood volume. Answer: 1 ================================================== Question: True or false: Plasma accounts for about 75% of the blood volume. Answer: FALSE ================================================== Question: List three components of plasma Answer: -water -electrolytes -hormones ================================================== Question: Hemocytoblasts divide, giving rise to cells called ______ stem cells and _______ stem cells. Answer: myeloid; lymphoid ================================================== Question: List three characteristics of erythrocytes (red blood cells). Answer: -they are specialized for carrying oxygen -they are biconcave discs -they lack mitochondria ================================================== Question: Red blood cells, which transport oxygen throughout the body, are also known as _________. Answer: erythrocytes ================================================== Question: A _______ blood cell is shaped as biconcave disc. Answer: red ================================================== Question: When hemoglobin combines with oxygen, it forms _______. When hemoglobin releases oxygen, it is called ________. Answer: oxyhemoglobin; deoxyhemoglobin ================================================== Question: Which of the following lacks a nucleus? Answer: Red blood cell ================================================== Question: True or False: Red blood cells do not undergo mitosis. Answer: TRUE ================================================== Question: Abnormal red blood cell counts (RBCCs) have what consequences on health? Answer: Altered oxygen-carrying capability of blood ================================================== Question: In a fetus, the process of _________ occurs in the yolk sac, liver, and spleen. After birth, this process occurs in the bed bone marrow. Answer: Erythopoiesis ================================================== Question: Iron is critical for the synthesis of ________, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells. Answer: hemoglobin ================================================== Question: List two underlying possible causes anemia Answer: -low blood levels of hemoglobin -red blood cell deficiency ================================================== Question: Anemia is a class of conditions that have one thing in common: the blood can't carry enough _______. Answer: oxygen ================================================== Question: Macrophages destroy old red blood cells in the _______ and ________. Answer: liver; spleen ================================================== Question: The blood protein that is mad up of four globin chains and four heme groups is __________. Answer: hemoglobin ================================================== Question: The ________ blood cells primary function to protect the body against disease. Answer: white ================================================== Question: The class of blood cells called _______ include lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, ________ and _________. Answer: leukpcytes; eosinophils; basophils ================================================== Question: Indicate which two statements describe the development of white blood cells Answer: - they develop from hematopoletic stem cells -they develop in the red bond marrow ================================================== Question: Leukocytes circulating in blood are divided into two categories: three cell types are classified as _______ (with markedly granular cytoplasm) and two cell types are classified as ______ (with less obvious cytoplasmic granules). Answer: Grandulocytes; agranulocytes ================================================== Question: Which statement applies to granulocytes? Answer: Short life spans averaging about 12 hours ================================================== Question: What distinguishes granulocytes from other types of white blood cells? Answer: visible granules are present in the cytoplasm ================================================== Question: Leukocytes that lack visible granules in their cytoplasm include __________ and ___________. Answer: Monocytes and lymphocytes ================================================== Question: White blood cells called _________ migrate into tissues and become macrophages which phagocytize bacteria, dead cells, and other debris. Answer: monocytes ================================================== Question: The major types of __________ are T-cells and B-cells, both important in immunity. Answer: lymphocytes ================================================== Question: When does positive chemotaxis occur? Answer: When damaged cells release chemicals that attract leukocytes ================================================== Question: What is suggested by an increased white blood cell count (WBCC)? Answer: Presence of infection ================================================== Question: Cell fragments produced from megakaryocytes are called _________. Answer: platelets ================================================== Question: What is the alternative term for platelets? Answer: thrombocytes ================================================== Question: What is the primary function of platelets? Answer: help in repair of damaged blood vessels ================================================== Question: within the circulation, formed elements are suspended in liquid called ________. Answer: plasma ================================================== Question: The most important blood gases are _________ and carbon dioxide. Answer: oxygen ================================================== Question: True or false: Urea is a type of nutrient present in the plasma. Answer: FALSE ================================================== Question: Plasma contains chemicals called ______, which include sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, and sulfate ions. Answer: electrolytes ================================================== Question: The heart is located in the ______ and is ______ to the diaphragm. Answer: mediastinum; superior ================================================== Question: Where is the heart located In relation to other structures? Answer: Posterior to the sternum ================================================== Question: What is the pericardium? Answer: The covering that encloses the heart ================================================== Question: Which layer of the pericardium directly covers the heart? Answer: Visceral pericardium ================================================== Question: Which describes the parietal pericardium? Answer: the inner lining of the fibrous pericardium ================================================== Question: What is the pericardial cavity? Answer: the space betweem the visceral and parietal pericardium ================================================== Question: layers of the heart wall, listing the deepest layer first to superficial Answer: 1. Endocardium 2. Myocardium 3. Epicardium ================================================== Question: The layer of the heart that is composed primarily of cardiac muscle is called the ________. Answer: myocardium ================================================== Question: What is the endocardium Answer: The inner lining of the heart ================================================== Question: What are the upper, thin walled chambers of the heart? Answer: Right and left atrium ================================================== Question: What are the ventricles? Answer: The thicker-walled, inferior chambers of the heart ================================================== Question: The right atrioventricular valve is also called the ______ valve. Answer: tricuspid ================================================== Question: Blood leaving the right ventricle flows into the _________. Answer: pulmonary trunk ================================================== Question: Which valve is found between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk? Answer: pulmonary valve ================================================== Question: What chamber of the heart do the pulmonary veins drain into? Answer: left atrium ================================================== Question: Blood flows from the left atrium into what chamber of the heart? Answer: Left ventricle ================================================== Question: Describe the aortic valve? Answer: three semilunar cusps at the base of the aorta ================================================== Question: A blood cell is traveling in the inferior vena cava and approaches the heart. Rank the following structures in the order in which the cell encounters them. Answer: 1. Right Atrium 2.Right ventricle 3.Lungs 4.Left atrium 5. Left ventricle ================================================== Question: How do myocardial cells of the heart receive oxygen-rich blood? Answer: From blood in the coronary arteries ================================================== Question: Relaxation of the heart chamber muscle is known as ______. Answer: Diastole ================================================== Question: What is systole? Answer: The contraction of the heart chamber muscle ================================================== Question: How does the heart pump blood? Answer: The atria contract, than the ventricles, followed by relaxation of all four chambers. ================================================== Question: The sound produced by the closing of the atrioventricular valves closing is the _________ heart sound. Answer: first ================================================== Question: The second heart sound is associated with the closing of which valves? Answer: Semilunar Valves ================================================== Question: Where is the SA node located? Answer: right atrium near the superior vena cava opening ================================================== Question: In a healthy person at rest, the _________ node normally fires more than 80 times per minute, setting the heart rate. Answer: sinoatrial ================================================== Question: What is the pacemaker of the heart? Answer: SA node ================================================== Question: What is the function of the atrioventricular node? Answer: Provides only conduction pathway between the atria and ventricles ================================================== Question: What type of blood vessels return blood to the heart? Answer: veins ================================================== Question: As arteries branch or subdivide, they give rise to a smaller vessels called a(n) _________. Answer: arterioles ================================================== Question: What is the smallest-diameter blood vessel? Answer: Capillary ================================================== Question: What vessels allow for exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients between the blood and tissue fluid surrounding cells? Answer: capillaries ================================================== Question: What are venules? Answer: The smallest veins ================================================== Question: Blood is transported back to the heart in large vessels called ______. Answer: veins. ================================================== Question: The infolding of the tunic intima in veins forms structures called _______ which prevent backflow of blood. Answer: Valves ================================================== Question: What is systolic pressure? Answer: Maximum pressure achieved in the arteries during ventricular systole ================================================== Question: Blood pressure is expressed in what units? Answer: mm Hg (millimeters of mercury) ================================================== Question: A common area to take a pulse is on the writ using the _______ artery. Answer: radial ================================================== Question: The pulse is used to determine the _______. Answer: heart rate ================================================== Question: What factor influences blood pressure? Answer: Blood volume ================================================== Question: What is stroke volume? Answer: The volume of blood ejected from the heart with each contraction. ================================================== Question: As blood flows through vessels, it encounters forces, caused by several factors, that impede its movement. This opposition to blood flow is called peripheral _________. Answer: resistance ================================================== Question: What formula best describes the relationship between the factors that determine blood pressure? Answer: Cardiac Output x Peripheral Resistance ================================================== Question: The ________ circuit of the cardiovascular system carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange and back to the heart again Answer: pulmonary ================================================== Question: Steroid hormones diffuse through cell membranes, then bind with receptors, whereas nonsteroid hormones bind receptors on the target cell membrane. Answer: TRUE ================================================== Question: Nonsteroid hormones include peptides, proteins, glycoproteins, and amines. Answer: TRUE ================================================== Question: Steroid hormones Answer: are soluble in lipids ================================================== Question: The sex hormones from the adrenal cortex are primarily androgens. Answer: TRUE ================================================== Question: As a result of the general stress response, blood concentrations of epinephrine Answer: and cortisol rise ================================================== Question: A person under stress may have a lowered resistance to infection. Answer: TRUE ================================================== Question: Exocrine glands differ from endocrine glands in that exocrine glands Answer: secrete through ducts or tubes to the body's exterior. ================================================== Question: A night-shift worker experiences extreme difficulty falling asleep due to being exposed to bright lights during both night and day. The unusual pattern of light exposure is disturbing their __________, which controls the release of the hormone __________. Answer: circadian rhythm; melatonin ================================================== Question: A hormone is a __________ and the target cell is __________. Answer: molecule that has a metabolic effect on another cell; a cell that has receptors for specific hormones ================================================== Question: Maxwell has a very high metabolic rate, is skinny, and has protruding eyes. These are symptoms of Answer: hyperthyroidism. ================================================== Question: Oxytocin stimulates the kidneys to conserve water. Answer: FALSE ================================================== Question: Choose the example that does not demonstrate a negative feedback loop of hormonal control Answer: Pressure receptors sense the movement of a baby against and through the cervix during labor. They stimulate the hypothalamus to release a hormone that causes uterine contractions. This causes more pressure receptor stimulation, leading to larger releases of the hormone and stronger, more frequent contractions. Hormone release ceases after pressure sensations cease. ================================================== Question: Simple goiter is most prevalent where the soil lacks Answer: iodine ================================================== Question: A hormone is a secreted molecule that is carried in the bloodstream to where it acts on target cells that bear specific receptors for that hormone. Answer: TRUE ================================================== Question: The hormone that the pineal gland secretes is Answer: melatonin ================================================== Question: Hormones that the posterior pituitary secretes are synthesized in the Answer: hypothalamus. ================================================== Question: "Endocrine" means Answer: internal secretion ================================================== Question: The __________ secretes triiodothyronine Answer: thyroid gland ================================================== Question: The target cells of releasing hormones are in the anterior pituitary gland. Answer: TRUE ================================================== Question: A sweat gland is an example of a(n) __________ gland. Answer: exocrine ================================================== Question: The secretion of parathyroid hormone is controlled primarily by the Answer: concentration of blood calcium. ================================================== Question: Secretion of insulin causes Answer: a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose. ================================================== Question: The hormone that stimulates calcium deposition into bone is Answer: calcitonin ================================================== Question: A female patient is experiencing a hormonal imbalance that is causing her to skip menstrual periods due to low estrogen and miss ovulation. Which of the following is most likely the imbalanced hormone? Answer: Follicle-stimulating hormone ================================================== Question: The thymus gland secretes hormones called __________ that __________. Answer: thymosins; control production and differentiation of white blood cells ================================================== Question: What component of blood accounts for the largest proportion of the blood volume? Answer: Plasma ================================================== Question: A person with type AB blood can successfully receive blood from Answer: all blood types ================================================== Question: Persons with type AB blood are sometimes called universal donors. Answer: false ================================================== Question: Cyanosis is caused by an increased blood concentration of Answer: deoxyhemoglobin ================================================== Question: Which of the following elements is included in hemoglobin molecules? Answer: Iron ================================================== Question: A blood clot that forms abnormally in a blood vessel is a(n) Answer: thrombus ================================================== Question: What is the typical life span of a red blood cell? Answer: 120 days ================================================== Question: An excessive number of white blood cells is classified as Answer: leukocytosis ================================================== Question: A deficiency in white blood cells is classified as Answer: leukopenia ================================================== Question: Which of the following usually accounts for the smallest percentage of leukocytes in a blood sample? Answer: Basophils ================================================== Question: Low blood oxygen levels lead to bluish tint to the skin. Answer: Cyanosis ================================================== Question: Reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood; leads to paleness of the skin. Answer: Anemia ================================================== Question: Abnormal hemoglobin; causes hemoglobin to crystallize in low oxygen conditions. Answer: Sickle-cell disease ================================================== Question: Low platelet count; results in decreased blood clotting and bruising Answer: Thrombocytopenia ================================================== Question: On a long transcontinental flight, a middle-aged man gets up and exercises in the aisle, moving his hands, feet, arms, and legs as much as he can. He does this every two hours. The flight attendant asks him to sit down, but he explains that he is trying to prevent a very dangerous medical condition. He is talking about the condition called Answer: deep vein thrombosis ================================================== Question: Define hemostasis. Answer: Process that stops bleeding ================================================== Question: Stacy has been tired and bruising easily, and she's had three respiratory infections in the past few months. She has also had headaches and a few nosebleeds. A physician should check her for Answer: leukemia ================================================== Question: Blood Type O Answer: -Neither A nor B antigens -Both anti-A and Anti-B antibodies ================================================== Question: Blood Type A Answer: -Only the A antigen -Only anti-B antibodies ================================================== Question: Blood type B Answer: -Only the B antigen -Onlu the anti-A antibodies ================================================== Question: Blood type AB Answer: -both A and B antigens -neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies ================================================== Question: The percentage of red blood cells in a sample of human blood is normally about Answer: 45% ================================================== Question: The basic event in the formation of a blood clot is the change of Answer: fibrinogen to fibrin. ================================================== Question: What is a result of reduced red blood cell count and/or reduced hemoglobin content of the blood? Answer: Diminished oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood ================================================== Question: Universal precautions are Answer: specific measures that health-care workers should take to prevent transmission of bloodborne pathogens in the workplace. ================================================== Question: Persons with __________ blood have neither antigen A nor antigen B on their red blood cells but have antibody anti-A and antibody anti-B in their plasma Answer: Type O ================================================== Question: While looking at a sample of blood in a microscope, you see a purple-stained cell that is markedly larger than a red blood cell (about two to three times larger). It has a large kidney-shaped nucleus. What type of blood cell is this? Answer: A monocyte ================================================== Question: A person with type A blood can successfully donate blood to a person with type __________ blood. Answer: A ================================================== Question: The biconcave cells in blood that lack nuclei when they are mature are the Answer: red blood cells ================================================== Question: Erythroblastosis fetalis may occur in Answer: a second Rh-positive fetus developing in an Rh-negative woman. ================================================== Question: What is the name of the condition in which there is a deficiency in red blood cells or in the amount of hemoglobin? Answer: Anemia ================================================== Question: Platelets are best described as Answer: cytoplasmic fragments of cells. ================================================== Question: The region of a lymph node through which blood vessels and nerves pass is called the Answer: hilum ================================================== Question: The thymus is in the mediastinum behind the sternum Answer: TRUE ================================================== Question: Memory T and B cells function in what type of response? Answer: Secondary immune responses ================================================== Question: The thymus enlarges after puberty. Answer: FALSE ================================================== Question: Older red blood cells may be destroyed in the spleen. Answer: TRUE ================================================== Question: The two collecting ducts that drain the lymphatic trunks are the Answer: thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct. ================================================== Question: What is not true of the spleen? Answer: The spaces in the lobes of the spleen are filled with lymph. ================================================== Question: What term is used for disorders resulting from the immune system attacking "self" cells? Answer: Autoimmune diseases ================================================== Question: What term refers to any molecule that elicits an immune response? Answer: Antigen ================================================== Question: What is the first component(s) of the immune system to decline with age? Answer: Thymus ================================================== Question: Allograft Answer: same species ================================================== Question: isograft Answer: identical twin ================================================== Question: xenograft Answer: different species ================================================== Question: autograft Answer: self ================================================== Question: Lymph eventually is returned to the circulation at what blood vessels? Answer: Right and left subclavian veins ================================================== Question: The structure of a lymphatic vessel is most similar to that of a(n) Answer: vein ================================================== Question: Absence or blockage of lymph vessels in a body region leads directly to what condition? Answer: edema ================================================== Question: What class of immunoglobulin is involved in immediate-reaction allergic reactions? Answer: IgE ================================================== Question: In order to be fully activated, most __________ cells require interaction with __________ cells. Answer: B;T ================================================== Question: What is the name of the fluid contained within vessels of the lymphatic system? Answer: Lymph ================================================== Question: Lymphatic pathways begin at the lymphatic capillaries which empty into lymphatic vessels. From there, fluid flows through lymphatic __________ into lymphatic __________, eventually emptying into veins in the thorax. Answer: Trunks; Ducts ================================================== Question: What type of immunity will result from receiving a vaccination? Answer: Artificially acquired active immunity ================================================== Question: When T or B cells are activated, they proliferate, forming a group of genetically identical cells descending from the original activated cell. What is the name of this group of identical cells? Answer: clone ================================================== Question: Muscle contraction moves lymph through lymphatic vessels. Answer: TRUE ================================================== Question: Lymph differs from plasma in that Answer: plasma has more protein than lymph. ================================================== Question: Activation of what group of proteins in the plasma leads to inflammation, attraction of phagocytes, and enhancement of phagocytosis? Answer: complement ================================================== Question: The inner lining of the heart is the Answer: endocardium ================================================== Question: The correct sequence of parts that carry cardiac impulses is Answer: SA node, AV node, AV bundle, Purkinje fibers. ================================================== Question: When the first heart sound is heard, what is occuring with the heart valves? Answer: The AV valves are closing. ================================================== Question: Circulation is vital because it Answer: supplies oxygen and nutrients to and removes wastes from tissues. ================================================== Question: What is a mass of cells that act as a unit in the heart called? Answer: Functional syncytium ================================================== Question: The right atrium receives blood directly from Answer: the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus. ================================================== Question: The left ventricle pushes blood into what vessel(s)? Answer: Aorta ================================================== Question: Mr. Smith is admitted to the cardiac unit with a diagnosis of endocarditis. When he asks the nurse where the infection is located, the nurse replies that the infection is in __________. Answer: the inner lining of the heart ================================================== Question: A myocardial infarction of the right ventricle could be caused by a blockage in the __________. Answer: posterior interventricular artery ================================================== Question: If it was taking longer for an electrical impulse to get through the AV node, what would the ECG look like? Answer: Time between the P wave and QRS complex would be lengthened. ================================================== Question: What formula best describes the relationship of the factors that determine blood pressure? Answer: Blood Pressure = Cardiac Output x Peripheral Resistance ================================================== Question: What is the function of chordae tendineae? Answer: Prevent the cusps of the AV valves from moving up into the atria ================================================== Question: What structure is also known as the pacemaker of the heart? Answer: SA node ================================================== Question: When the atria contract during a cardiac cycle, the ventricles are __________. When the ventricles contract, the atria are __________. Answer: relaxing; relaxing ================================================== Question: What wave in an ECG tracing depicts ventricular repolarization? Answer: T wave ================================================== Question: A cold, pale foot could be a sign of a blockage of blood flow in the __________ artery. Answer: popliteal ================================================== Question: When the ventricular walls contract, Answer: the mitral and tricuspid valves close. ================================================== Question: What valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle? Answer: Tricuspid valve ================================================== Question: An abnormally slow heart rate is termed Answer: bradycardia ================================================== Question: Swelling of the hand could be caused by a thrombosis (blood clot) in the __________ vein. Answer: brachial ================================================== Question: If all nerves from the central nervous system to the heart were severed, the heart would stop beating. Answer: FALSE ================================================== Question: A rise in blood pressure detected by baroreceptors would result in a(n) __________ in heart rate due to __________ stimulation. Answer: decrease; parasympathetic ================================================== Question: The systemic circuit Answer: sends oxygen-rich blood to the tissues. ================================================== Question: Venules continue from capillaries to form veins, which return blood to the atria. Answer: TRUE ================================================== Question: In the arterial disease atherosclerosis, Answer: risk of a thrombus or embolus forming increases. ================================================== Question: A pump is attached to the common carotid artery and red ink is pumped in. Which structures of the body will show the red ink? Answer: the neck and the head ================================================== Question: When smooth muscles in the walls of the arteries are stimulated to contract, Answer: blood pressure increases. ================================================== Question: The structures that contain chemoreceptors that detect blood levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide are the Answer: aortic bodies ================================================== Question: When a person's pulse is taken by palpation near the thumb on the wrist, which artery is felt? Answer: radial artery ================================================== Question: Water and dissolved substances leave the arteriole end of a capillary due to __________, and enter the venule end of a capillary due to __________. Answer: hydrostatic pressure being higher than osmotic pressure; osmotic pressure being higher than hydrostatic pressure ================================================== Question: In the cardiovascular system, what vessels are the site of nutrient, gas, and waste exchange? Answer: Capillaries ================================================== Question: A cold, pale foot could be a sign of a blockage of blood flow in the __________ artery. Answer: popliteal ================================================== Question: Tim runs 5 to 8 miles a day. He has an enlarged heart and low heart rate and blood pressure. He most likely has Answer: a very healthy cardiovascular system. ================================================== Question: The __________ ventricle pumps blood to the pulmonary circuit, while the __________ ventricle pumps blood into the systemic circuit. Answer: right; left ================================================== Question: Plasma proteins in capillaries help to Answer: maintain the osmotic pressure of the blood. ================================================== Question: The radial and ulnar veins merge to form the __________ vein. Answer: brachial ================================================== Question: The external carotid arteries branch to supply structures in the Answer: neck and face ================================================== Question: In mitral valve prolapse, the mitral valve Answer: bulges into the left atrium during ventricular contraction. ================================================== Question: The coronary sinus drains blood from the wall of the heart into the left atrium. Answer: FALSE ================================================== Question: Because net inward pressure in the venular ends of capillaries is less than net outward pressure in the arteriolar ends of capillaries, Answer: more fluid leaves the capillaries than returns. ================================================== Question: The aorta is the largest artery in the pulmonary circuit. Answer: FALSE ================================================== Question: The pressure in the pulmonary circuit is __________ the pressure in the systemic circuit. Answer: less than ================================================== Question: The pulmonary circuit Answer: sends oxygen-poor blood to the lungs. ================================================== Question: The blood pressure in the large systemic arteries is greatest during Answer: ventricular systole. ================================================== Question: Indicate which of the following root words means "stomach" Answer: Gastr- ================================================== Question: The process of breaking down foods, either mechanically or chemically, and then absorbing them is called Answer: digestion ================================================== Question: A series of hydrolysis reactions that break dietary macromolecules into monomers is known as _________ digestion Answer: chemical ================================================== Question: The alimentary canal and accessory organs are part of the _________ system Answer: digestive ================================================== Question: identify the accessory organs of the digestive system Answer: pancreas, salivary glands, gallbladder, liver ================================================== Question: What is the correct order of the layers of the wall of the digestive tract starting with the innermost layer. Answer: muscosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa ================================================== Question: What are the two basic types of movement in the alimentary canal? Answer: mixing and propelling ================================================== Question: The wavelike set of muscular contractions within the digestive tract that helps to propel contents along is called_______. Answer: peristalsis ================================================== Question: The alimentary canal of the digestive system(s) is controlled by which nervous system? Answer: Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system ================================================== Question: What are the effects of parasympathetic impulses on the digestive system? Answer: -Increases motility -Increases secretions ================================================== Question: What are the effects of sympathetic impulses on the digestive system? Answer: -decreases secretions -decreases peristalsis ================================================== Question: What part (cavity) of the digestive system functions in ingestion, speech, and respiration? Answer: Mouth ================================================== Question: Mechanically breaking food down into smaller pieces by the mouth is called ________, also known as chewing. Answer: Mastication ================================================== Question: The _________ are highly mobile structures that surround the mouth opening. They contain skeletal muscles and sensory receptors useful in judging the temperature and texture of foods. Answer: lips ================================================== Question: The large muscular organ that occupies most of the oral cavity proper is called the Answer: tongue ================================================== Question: What are the functions of tongue? Answer: -mix foods with saliva during chewing -move food toward the pharynx (throat) during swallowing ================================================== Question: Teeth are the _______ structures in the body and _________ part of the skeletal system Answer: hardest; are not ================================================== Question: In the mouth, the _________ begin the mechanical digestion of food by breaking the food into smaller pieces. Answer: teeth ================================================== Question: The portion of a tooth that is above the gum is known as the ________ of the tooth. Answer: crown ================================================== Question: The portion of the tooth within the alveolus is known as the Answer: root ================================================== Question: Dental caries (ie. cavities) are a degeneration of what structure? Answer: enamel of teeth ================================================== Question: What are functions of saliva? Answer: -dissolves molecules so they can be tasted -aids in swallowing -cleanses mouth and teeth ================================================== Question: The three major salivary glands are the ________, ___________, and __________ glands. Answer: parotid, submandibular, sublingual ================================================== Question: Where is the pharynx located? Answer: posterior to the oral cavity ================================================== Question: What two structures carry food from the mouth to the stomach, but do not digest food? Answer: esophagus and pharynx ================================================== Question: The three parts of the pharynx are the __________, __________, and the _________. Answer: nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx ================================================== Question: Where is the stomach located? Answer: in the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity ================================================== Question: What are functions of the stomach? Answer: -mixes food with gastric juice -absorbs small amounts of nutrients -starts the digestion of protein ================================================== Question: Stomach function is regulated in three phases: the _______ phase, the ________ phase, and the _______ phase. Answer: Cephalic; gastric; intestinal ================================================== Question: The pancreas secretes ________ _exocrine mechanisms, and ________ by endocrine mechanisms. Answer: digestive enzymes; insulin ================================================== Question: The _______ is a spongy retroperitoneal organ posterior to the stomach and partially attached to the small intestines. Answer: pancreas ================================================== Question: The _______ is an organ that consists of a head located within the curvature of the duodenum and a tail that extends to the spleen. Answer: pancreas ================================================== Question: The liver is located mainly in the _______ quadrant of the abdominal cavity just _________ to the diaphragm. Answer: upper right; inferior ================================================== Question: The liver is partially protected by the _______ on the _______ side of the body. Answer: Ribs; right ================================================== Question: What are the 4 lobes of the liver? Answer: right lobe, left lobe, caudate lobe, quadrate lobe ================================================== Question: The right and left hepatic ducts converge to form the _______ hepatic duct. Answer: common ================================================== Question: When responding to hormones such as insulin and glucagon, liver cells ________ blood glucose levels by polymerizing glucose to glycogen, and _______ blood glucose levels by breaking down glycogen to glucose to by converting noncarbohydrates into glucose. Answer: lower; raise ================================================== Question: The _______ is the organ that oxidizes fatty acids, synthesizes lipoproteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol, and also converts portions of carbohydrate and protein molecules into fats. Answer: liver ================================================== Question: The storage and concentration of bile between meals is the function of the Answer: gallbladder ================================================== Question: The small intestine is a tubular organ that connects what two organs in the digestive tract? Answer: Stomach and large intestine ================================================== Question: What are functions of the small intestine? Answer: Absorbs the digested products and completes digestion of nutrients ================================================== Question: The correct sequence for the layers in the walls of the alimentary canal from innermost to outermost is the Answer: mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer, serosa. ================================================== Question: Stomach cells secrete gastrin which functions to Answer: increase the secretion by the gastric glands. ================================================== Question: Over-the-counter antacids usually include Answer: sodium, aluminum, calcium, or magnesium. ================================================== Question: The parietal cells of gastric glands secrete Answer: hydrochloric acid. ================================================== Question: What is the process of breaking down large molecules into small ones without affecting the chemical composition called? Answer: Mechanical digestion ================================================== Question: The greater omentum is composed of Answer: the peritoneal membrane. ================================================== Question: From the stomach, food passes into the duodenum, then the jejunum, and then the ileum. Answer: true ================================================== Question: One of the functions of the large intestine is to Answer: absorb ingested water. ================================================== Question: What is peristalsis? Answer: A propulsive movement of contents of the lumen from one area to another ================================================== Question: The tissues turning yellow (jaundice) is due to the accumulation of Answer: bile pigments ================================================== Question: The common hepatic duct and the cystic duct unite to form the Answer: common bile duct ================================================== Question: The hormone secretin Answer: stimulates release of pancreatic juice. ================================================== Question: What is the function of the gallbladder? Answer: To store bile between meals ================================================== Question: The main part of the stomach is called the Answer: body ================================================== Question: Heartburn is usually caused by the effects of gastric juice on the Answer: esophagus. ================================================== Question: Which of the following is needed to digest lipids? Answer: Lipase ================================================== Question: What part of a tooth often thins from years of brushing, teeth grinding, and eating acidic foods? Answer: Enamel ================================================== Question: The enzyme __________ begins digestion of protein in the stomach. Answer: pepsin ================================================== Question: The epiglottis is attached to the Answer: larynx ================================================== Question: The alimentary canal extends, in its entirety, from Answer: the mouth to the anus. ================================================== Question: In the intestinal lumen, triglycerides are digested to fatty acids and monoglycerides. These two components are absorbed through the intestinal mucosa and enzymatically reunited to re-form triglycerides. These triglycerides, along with other lipids, enter the lacteals as part of particles called __________. Answer: chylomicrons ================================================== Question: Which is not a function of the liver? Answer: Secretion of insulin ================================================== Question: A ________ is any ingested chemical that is used for growth, repair, or maintenance of the body. Answer: nutrient ================================================== Question: Two examples of carbohydrates Answer: sugars and starches ================================================== Question: A large molecule made up of many simple sugar molecules is a(n) Answer: polysaccharide ================================================== Question: In what form are carbohydrates absorbed into the blood? Answer: As monosaccharides ================================================== Question: Glucose, galactose, and fructose are all types of _________, a class of carbohydrates. Answer: monosaccarides ================================================== Question: The ________ converts fructose and galactose to glucose. Answer: liver ================================================== Question: The carbohydrate called ______ is most commonly oxidized for cellular fuel. Answer: glucose ================================================== Question: Organic compounds that include fats and oils are referred to as _______. Answer: lipids ================================================== Question: Triglycerides are lipid molecules consisting of three fatty acids bound to one ___________ molecule. Answer: glycerol ================================================== Question: The hydrolysis of __________ produces glycerol and fatty acids, which may enter catabolic pathways and provide energy. Answer: triglycerides ================================================== Question: A molecule called a ________ is comprised of amino acids. Answer: protein ================================================== Question: Which of the following classes of nutrients can supply energy to the body? Answer: lipids, carbohydrates and proteins ================================================== Question: Proteins classified as being _________ proteins provide all of the essential amino acids in the necessary proportions for human tissue growth, maintenance, and nitrogen balance. Answer: complete ================================================== Question: By definition, one ______ is the amount of energy (heat) required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius. Answer: calorie ================================================== Question: A large Calorie (spelled with a capital C) and a kilocalorie (kcal) are both equivalent to ______ calories. Answer: 1000 ================================================== Question: The _________ metabolic rate is the rate of energy expenditure when a person is awake and at rest; after an overnight fast; and in a comfortable, controlled environment. Answer: basal ================================================== Question: Energy ________ exists when caloric intake (food ingested) equals caloric output (BMR plus muscle activity). Answer: balance. ================================================== Question: When does a negative energy balance occur? Answer: Caloric expenditure exceeds caloric intake ================================================== Question: Appetite is regulated by the Answer: hypothalamus ================================================== Question: The nutrient group called _______ are organic substances needed for normal metabolism. Since cells cannot synthesize them in adequate amounts, they are essential nutrients. Answer: vitamins ================================================== Question: What are the two classifications used for the vitamins? Answer: Fat-soluble and water-soluble ================================================== Question: Vitamins A,D,E, and K Answer: fat soluble vitamins ================================================== Question: Vitamins B and C Answer: water soluble vitamins ================================================== Question: Indicate three characteristics of fat-soluble vitamins Answer: -bile salts in the intestine promote their absorption -they are not affected by cooking or food processing -they can be stored in various tissues, and excess intake can lead to overdose. ================================================== Question: Vitamin A can be produced from provitamin substances called ______. Answer: carotenes ================================================== Question: Vitamin _______ is needed for vision (production of rhodopsin) as well as the health of bones, teeth, and epithelial cells of skin and mucosae. Answer: A ================================================== Question: What vitamin, along with its precursor beta carotene, act as antioxidants? They combine with molecules that have unshared electrons that are highly reactive and damaging to cellular structures. Answer: A ================================================== Question: With exposure to ultraviolet light, a precursor made from cholesterol can be converted to vitamin _______. Answer: D ================================================== Question: Name the hormone involved in the activation of vitamin D and, due to the activity of vitamin D, the absorption of calcium from the diet. Answer: parathyroid hormone (PTH) ================================================== Question: Which vitamin promotes calcium absorption and bone mineralization? Answer: vitamin D ================================================== Question: The fat-soluble vitamin __________ can be produced by intestinal bacteria. Answer: K ================================================== Question: The group of water-soluble vitamins called ___________ vitamins are essential for normal cellular metabolism. They are coenzymes for reactions that oxidize carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins during cellular respiration Answer: B ================================================== Question: The vitamin called ________ requires intrinsic factor (produced by cells of the stomach) to be absorbed from the small intestine. Answer: cyanocobalamin (B12) ================================================== Question: Nutrients called _________ are important in human metabolism, muscle fiber contraction, blood clotting, and maintaining osmotic pressure. Answer: minerals ================================================== Question: The _______ minerals are those that are abundant in the body. They include calcium and phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium. Answer: major ================================================== Question: Minerals that the body requires in very small amounts are called ________. Answer: trace elements ================================================== Question: The mineral ________ is a component of hemoglobin and myoglobin, allowing them to bind oxygen. Answer: iron ================================================== Question: A diet that provides the calories and essential nutrients needed for optimal growth and maintenance is called a(n) "________ diet". Answer: adequate ================================================== Question: Poor nutrition that results from a lack of essential nutrients or an inability to utilize them is known as Answer: malnutrition ================================================== Question: What type of malnutrition involves self-imposed starvation? Answer: anorexia nervosa ================================================== Question: Name of the eating disorder that involves eating normal amounts followed by vomiting or otherwise purging the food afterward. Answer: bulimia ================================================== Question: Cholesterol, a type of lipid, is abundant in plant-based foods. Answer: false ================================================== Question: What is a complete protein? Answer: A dietary protein that provides adequate amounts of all essential amino acids to maintain life and support growth ================================================== Question: Why is dietary fiber beneficial to the diet? Answer: Fiber provides "bulk" in intestines, allowing better movement of intestinal contents. ================================================== Question: Name the hormone that regulates sodium levels in the blood by altering kidney reabsorption of sodium. Answer: Aldosterone ================================================== Question: What structure regulates appetite? Answer: Hypothalamus ================================================== Question: In comparing the classes of macronutrients, name the class that provides the most energy per gram. Answer: lipids ================================================== Question: Within the skin, ultraviolet (UV) light striking a provitamin derived from cholesterol results in conversion of the provitamin to vitamin __________. Answer: D ================================================== Question: What types of fats are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease? Answer: Saturated fats ================================================== Question: After absorption from the digestive tract, all monosaccharides are converted by liver enzymes to what compound? Answer: glucose ================================================== Question: Which class of vitamin is more likely to be stored in the tissues of the body? Answer: Fat-soluble vitamins ================================================== Question: Medical and socioeconomic conditions of many elderly leads to __________. Answer: undernutrition ================================================== Question: The inorganic portion of bone tissue consists of what two minerals? Answer: Calcium and phosphorus ================================================== Question: Vitamin __________ functions in the absorption of minerals needed for bone formation. Answer: D ================================================== Question: In children, deficiency of this vitamin results in deformity of bones. What is this condition called? Answer: Rickets ================================================== Question: Several B vitamins, including __________ and __________ are necessary to produce DNA. Due to their rapid production, RBCs are affected if these vitamins are deficient; anemia can develop. Answer: folic acid; vitamin B12 ================================================== Question: Production of hemoglobin requires what mineral? Answer: Iron ================================================== Question: Long-term deficiency of __________ and/or __________ leads to pernicious anemia, a condition in which nerve damage has already occurred at the time the anemia becomes symptomatic. Answer: vitamin B12; cobalt ================================================== Question: Deficiency of __________ leads to megaloblastic anemia, in which abnormal RBCs are very large (megalo-) and nucleated. Answer: folic acid ================================================== Question: Deficiency of __________ leads to an anemia in which the RBCs are very pale, due to reduced quantity of hemoglobin. Answer: iron ================================================== Question: Cramps and convulsions result from hyperexcitability of neural and muscular tissue. This can be caused by a deficiency in what mineral? Answer: sodium ================================================== Question: Tetany (sustained contractions) can result from deficiency of __________. This mineral also is needed for bone formation. Answer: calcium ================================================== Question: Deficiency in __________ results in muscular weakness due to hyperpolarization of the cell membranes. Answer: potassium ================================================== Question: Isoleucine, leucine, and lysine are three examples of amino acids that the body can not make in sufficient quantity. How are these compounds classified? Answer: Essential amino acids ================================================== Question: Process of using noncarbohydrates to produce glucose Answer: Gluconeogenesis ================================================== Question: Hydrolysis of glucose-storage molecules Answer: Glycogenolysis ================================================== Question: Polymerization of excess glucose Answer: glycogenesis ================================================== Question: Inorganic elements needed for metabolism Answer: minerals ================================================== Question: Organic essential compounds needed in very small amounts; needed for normal metabolism Answer: vitamins ================================================== Question: What does body mass index (BMI) measure? Answer: Weight relative to height ================================================== Question: Beta-carotene is a precursor for vitamin __________. Answer: A ================================================== Question: Recommended percent of daily kilocalories from fat. Answer: 30% ================================================== Question: Recommended percent of daily kilocalories from protein. Answer: 10% ================================================== Question: Recommended percent of daily kilocalories from carbohydrates Answer: 60% ================================================== Question: The B vitamins and vitamin C are fat-soluble vitamins Answer: false ================================================== Question: Fats in seeds, nuts, and plant oils. Answer: unsaturated fats ================================================== Question: Fats in meats, eggs, milk, and lard. Answer: saturated fats ================================================== Question: A person in positive energy balance will __________ weight Answer: gain ================================================== Question: A person in energy balance will __________ weight Answer: maintain ================================================== Question: A person in negative energy balance will ________ weight. Answer: lose ================================================== Question: Number of calories in one gram of fat. Answer: 9 ================================================== Question: Number of calories in one gram of carbohydrate. Answer: 6 ================================================== Question: Number of calories in one gram of protein. Answer: 4 ================================================== Question: BMI values for overweight Answer: 25-30 ================================================== Question: BMI values for healthy weight Answer: 18-24 ================================================== Question: BMI values for obesity Answer: over 30 ================================================== Question: List three functions of the respiratory system Answer: -Obtain oxygen for the body -Produce vocal sounds -Regulate blood pH ================================================== Question: Breathing brings _________ into the lungs which is needed for cells to undergo celluar respiration and producde adequate ATP for normal functioning. Answer: oxygen ================================================== Question: What segment of the respiratory system includes the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and pharynx? Answer: upper respiratory tract ================================================== Question: The trachea, primary bronchi, and the alveolar sacs all belong to the ________. Answer: lower respiratory tract ================================================== Question: What is the anatomical term for the nostrils of the nose? Answer: external nares ================================================== Question: The nasal _______ is a hollow space just behind the nose. Answer: cavity ================================================== Question: List three functions of the nasal mucosa. Answer: -entraps small particles -warms inhaled air -moistens inhaled air ================================================== Question: In which four bones are paranasal sinuses located? Answer: Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid bones, and the maxillae ================================================== Question: List three functions of the pharynx Answer: -conduct food from oral cavity to esophagus -conduct air from nasal cavity to the larynx -help in the production of sounds ================================================== Question: Name the segment of the respiratory tract between the pharynx and the trachea. Answer: larynx ================================================== Question: Why might it be problematic to cough while eating or drinking? Answer: coughing involuntarily moves the epiglottis; food or drink might then enter the larynx ================================================== Question: Sound is produced as air is forced through the _______, causing vibration of the ____________vocal cords. Answer: glottis; true ================================================== Question: The trachea conducts air from the ______ to the primary bronchi. Answer: larynx ================================================== Question: Each main (primary) bronchus branches into ____ bronchi. Answer: secondary ================================================== Question: What is the effect of bronchodilation on the diameter of the airways? Answer: increased diameter ================================================== Question: oxygen diffuses from the ______ to the _______ during external respiration. Answer: alveolar air; blood ================================================== Question: The ________ pleura is a serious membrane closely attached to the lung surface. The _______ pleura lines the pleural cavity. Answer: visceral; parietal ================================================== Question: They type of fluid called _________ fluid is found in the pleural cavity. Answer: serous ================================================== Question: The ______ lung has three lobes and two fissures. Answer: right ================================================== Question: Identify the names of the lobes of the human left lung. Answer: superior and inferior lobes ================================================== Question: True or false: Ventilation is another term for breathing, describing air movement into and out of the lungs. Answer: true ================================================== Question: Which two terms describe the process by which air is moved out of the lungs/ Answer: expiration and exhalation ================================================== Question: List two terms for the process that moves air into the lungs Answer: inhalation and inspiration ================================================== Question: Air will flow from an area of ______ pressure to an area of ______ pressure Answer: higher; lower ================================================== Question: When we inhale, the _______ drives air into out lungs. Answer: atmospheric pressure ================================================== Question: Describe air pressure at the end of expiration (the pause between breaths). Answer: air pressures inside and outside the lungs are equal ================================================== Question: In which situation would air flow into the lungs? Answer: when intra-alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure ================================================== Question: what effect does contraction of the diaphragm have on intra-alveolar pressure? Answer: decreases intra-aveolar pressure ================================================== Question: What effect does contraction of the diaphragm have on thoracic cavity volume? Answer: increases thoracic cavity volume ================================================== Question: What action would cause airflow through the airways into the alveoli? Answer: contraction of diaphragm ================================================== Question: What is responsible for the adhesion of the parietal and visceral pleurae? Answer: attraction between water molecules of the serous (pleural) fluid ================================================== Question: Air moves out of the lungs when the size of the thoracic cavity _________. Answer: decreases ================================================== Question: During quiet breathing, expiration is a(n) ________ process, since it relies on the recoil of elastic tissues to change thoracic cavity volume. Answer: passive ================================================== Question: What is tidal volume? Answer: volume of air moved in and out in a single respiratory cycle ================================================== Question: The movement of air into and out of the lungs is called? Answer: ventilation ================================================== Question: What term describes the amount of pressure each gas in a mixture contributes to the overall gas pressure? Answer: partial pressure ================================================== Question: Control of respiration is based on input from ______ that monitor lung inflation and _______ that monitor o2, co2, and pH. Answer: mechanoreceptors; chemocreceptors ================================================== Question: considering the factors that influence respiration, the two that are more important in respiratory regulation are _______ and _______. Answer: hydrogen ions and carbon dioxide ================================================== Question: the _______ chemoreceptors respond to hydrogen ions, but not to carbon dioxide. Answer: central ================================================== Question: Rate and depth of breathing will increase if carbon dioxide levels are _______ in the blood Answer: increased ================================================== Question: Of the respiratory air volumes listed, which one has the largest volume? Answer: Vital capacity ================================================== Question: Which of the following bones does not house a sinus? Answer: zygomatic ================================================== Question: The walls of alveoli are comprised of __________ epithelium. Answer: simple squamous ================================================== Question: Where does gas exchange occur within the respiratory system? Answer: at the alveoli ================================================== Question: The force responsible for normal expiration is supplied by the Answer: elastic recoil of tissues and surface tension. ================================================== Question: Which of the following lists all of the events that occur with respiration? Answer: Ventilation, external and internal respiration, and cellular respiration ================================================== Question: Increased blood concentration of carbon dioxide leads to a(n) __________ in levels of hydrogen ions, with both causing similar effects upon the respiratory areas. Answer: increase ================================================== Question: Air entering the potential space of the pleural cavity is called Answer: pneumothorax. ================================================== Question: The vocal cords are in the Answer: larynx ================================================== Question: A sudden inspiration caused by a spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm while the glottis is closed is a Answer: hiccup ================================================== Question: The right lung has __________ lobes; the left lung has __________ lobes. Answer: superior, middle, and inferior; superior and inferior ================================================== Question: Hyperventilation is usually accompanied by a(n) Answer: decrease in blood CO2 concentration and a rise in pH ================================================== Question: Which of the following is not a function of the mucus-lined nasal passages? Answer: cooling exhaled air ================================================== Question: The pharynx functions as a __________, whereas the larynx functions as a __________. Answer: common passageway for air and food; passageway for air only ================================================== Question: When the peripheral chemoreceptors detect low oxygen levels, they stimulate the respiratory areas of the brain to __________ breathing rate. Answer: increase ================================================== Question: Which of the following has an effect on the pH of blood? Answer: carbon dioxide ================================================== Question: This epithelium, located in the respiratory tract, is equipped with __________ on its free surface. Answer: cilia ================================================== Question: The respiratory control areas are in the Answer: pons and medulla oblongata. ================================================== Question: The chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies are most sensitive to changes in blood concentration of Answer: oxygen ================================================== Question: Respiratory distress syndrome in newborns is caused by Answer: lack of surfactant. ================================================== Question: As the respiratory tube branches become smaller in diameter, Answer: the epithelial lining changes from pseudostratified ciliated columnar to cuboidal and simple squamous epithelium. ================================================== Question: Which statement describes the trachea? Answer: It is comprised of 20 C-shaped cartilage rings. ================================================== Question: Ordinary air is about 21% oxygen and 0.04% carbon dioxide. Answer: true ================================================== Question: What is the name of the volume of air moved in or out of the lungs during a quiet respiratory cycle? Answer: tidal volume ================================================== Question: Name the bony processes that curl out from the lateral walls of the nasal cavities, serving to stir up the air as it is inhaled. Answer: conchae ================================================== Question: Which prefix means "pertaining to the kidney"? Answer: nephr- ================================================== Question: Name two prefixes that mean "pertaining to the kidney" Answer: ren- nephr- ================================================== Question: The ________ system removes certain salts and nitrogenous wastes. Answer: urinary ================================================== Question: The kidneys, urinary bladder, _________, and __________ are organs of the urinary system Answer: ureters and urethra ================================================== Question: The _________ are bean-shaped organs with a smooth surface and are reddish-brown in color. Answer: kidneys ================================================== Question: The kidneys are on the ________ wall. Answer: posterior abdominal ================================================== Question: The major regions of the kidney are the outer region called the ________ and the inner region called the _______> Answer: cortex; medulla ================================================== Question: The renal pyramids are part of the renal _________. Answer: medulla ================================================== Question: The layer of the kidney tissue found just deep to the renal capsule, distinct from the innermost layer of the kidney, is the renal ________. Answer: cortex ================================================== Question: A blood-filtering, urine-producing unit of the kidney is called a _________. Each kidney contains about 1 million of these units. Answer: nephron ================================================== Question: What are the two major components of a nephron? Answer: renal corpuscle and renal tubule ================================================== Question: The renal artery brings blood to what structure? Answer: kidney ================================================== Question: The _______ arteriole supplies blood to the nephron. Answer: afferent ================================================== Question: The small blood vessels that feed into the glomerular capillary beds are called the _________ arterioles. Answer: afferent ================================================== Question: Blood flows from the _______ into the efferent arteriole. Answer: glomerular capillary bed ================================================== Question: The small artery that receives blood from the glomerulus is the __________ arteriole. Answer: efferent ================================================== Question: Identify the three main parts of a renal tubule Answer: nephron loop, proximal tubule, and distal tubule ================================================== Question: The segment of the renal tubule that receives filtrate from the glomerular capsule is the ___________ tubule. Answer: proximal ================================================== Question: Within the nephron, the tubular fluid flows from the proximal tubule directly into what segment? Answer: nephron loop ================================================== Question: Name the tube that collects urine from several nephrons and conveys it down the renal pyramid to the renal papilla. Answer: collecting duct ================================================== Question: What is formed as wastes and excess water are removed from the blood and excreted by the kidneys? Answer: urine ================================================== Question: In glomerular filtration, substances move from the _______ into the ________. Answer: glomerulus; nephron ================================================== Question: True or false: the type of pressure most important to glomerular filtration is capillary (colloid) osmotic pressure. Answer: false ================================================== Question: In the kidney, the process by which fluid and solutes are moved from the tubular fluid to the blood is called tubular _________? Answer: reabsorption ================================================== Question: Clearing aspirin, penicillin, and other drugs from the blood stream via the kidneys are examples of tubular ________. These substances are moved from the blood into the urine Answer: secretion ================================================== Question: Where does glomerular filtration occur? Answer: renal corpuscle ================================================== Question: Filtered fluid that leaves the glomerulus and enters the glomerular capsule is called glomerular __________? Answer: filtrate ================================================== Question: What is the effect of hydrostatic pressure of blood on filtration? Answer: favors filtration ================================================== Question: The rate of 120-125 milliliters per minute of fluid entering the nephrons of both kidneys is called ________? Answer: glomerular filtration rate ================================================== Question: True or false: A very small percentage (<10%) of the original glomerular filtrate will be reabsorbed as the fluid flows through the nephron and collecting duct. Answer: False, A lot is reabsorbed ================================================== Question: The process of tubular ________ returns substances to the internal environment ( back into the extracellular fluid). Answer: reabsorption ================================================== Question: Water is reabsorbed from the proximal tubule by the process of ________. Answer: osmosis ================================================== Question: An increase in urine volume is called Answer: diuresis ================================================== Question: Almost all of the sodium ions found in the glomerular filtrate are __________ before urine is excreted. Answer: reabsorbed ================================================== Question: Water and sodium ions are reabsorbed in the proximal tubule in a relationship that results in a(n)_______ in tubular fluid volume that is ________to plasma. Answer: decreases; isotonic ================================================== Question: Tubular _________ is defined by movement of certain substances from the ________ capillaries to the renal tubules. Answer: secretionl peritubular ================================================== Question: The first step in urine formation involves what process? Answer: glomerular filtration ================================================== Question: Name the posterior pituitary hormone that has the direct effect of increasing water reabsorption from distal tubules and collecting ducts. Answer: antidiuretic hormone ================================================== Question: In order to conserve water, the body makes ______ urine by _______ the levels of ADH in the bloodstream, which results in ________ water being reabsorbed in the collecting ducts. Answer: concentrated; increasing; more ================================================== Question: If there is excess water in the blood, ADH secretion is _________. As a result _______ water is reabsorbed in the kidneys and the urine becomes more _______. Answer: Decreased; less; dilute ================================================== Question: You are dissecting a kidney in class and, after cutting a sagittal section through the kidney, decide to remove some of the lighter-colored inner structures near the superior end of the ureter. You remove a funnel-shaped sac that connects directly into the ureter, along with many tubes that converge to form the funnel-shaped sac. Which structures have you removed? Answer: The renal pelvis and the calyces ================================================== Question: What would be the likely outcome if tubular reabsorption in the nephron did not occur? Answer: Excessive loss of fluids and, eventually, death ================================================== Question: name the renal process that occurs at the renal corpuscle. Answer: filtration ================================================== Question: What is a function of the kidneys? Answer: Excretion of metabolic wastes ================================================== Question: The countercurrent mechanism functions primarily in the Answer: nephron loop ================================================== Question: The organs of the urinary system are Answer: paired kidneys, paired ureters, a bladder and a urethra. ================================================== Question: The reabsorption of glucose occurs primarily through the walls of the Answer: proximal convoluted tubule. ================================================== Question: The external urethral sphincter is __________ muscle. Answer: skeletal ================================================== Question: List the urine-producing structures in the correct order. Answer: 1. Glomerular capsule 2. Proximal tubule 3.Nephron loop 4. Distal tubule 5. Collecting duct ================================================== Question: Name the blood vessel that delivers blood to each glomerulus. Answer: Afferent arteriole ================================================== Question: Reabsorption occurs when __________. Answer: filtrate passes from the renal tubules to the peritubular capillaries ================================================== Question: Select the sequence that indicates the parts of a renal tubule in the correct sequence from beginning to end. Answer: Proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb of nephron loop, ascending limb of nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule ================================================== Question: Which of the following is a normal constituent of urine? Answer: creatinine ================================================== Question: What tube-like structure carries urine from the kidney to the bladder? Answer: ureter ================================================== Question: The countercurrent mechanism in the nephron Answer: creates a highly concentrated interstitial fluid so that urine can be concentrated by the collecting ducts when they are permeable to water. ================================================== Question: Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole and/or vasodilation of the efferent arteriole will cause a(n) __________ in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Answer: decrease ================================================== Question: The detrusor muscle is in the Answer: urinary bladder ================================================== Question: The __________ is the tube that conveys urine outside the body. Answer: urethra ================================================== Question: The trigone is Answer: a triangular area on the floor of the urinary bladder. ================================================== Question: In order for urination to occur, the ____________ must relax and the ____________ must contract. Answer: urethral spincters; detrustor muscle ================================================== Question: Aldosterone from the adrenal cortex causes sodium ions to be Answer: conserved and potassium ions to be excreted. ================================================== Question: Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys? Answer: Synthesis of plasma proteins ================================================== Question: As a person ages, the release of renin __________, hampering the control of __________. Answer: decreases; blood pressure ================================================== Question: The kidneys are located retroperitoneally. This means they are __________ the peritoneum. Answer: behind ================================================== Question: What hormone is secreted by the kidneys? Answer: erythropoietin ================================================== Question: Indicate two mechanisms employed to maintain water and electrolyte balance. Answer: -Replace lost water and electrolytes -Excrete any excess water and electrolyte ================================================== Question: What causes movement of water between the fluid compartments? Answer: Altering the concentration of electrolytes ================================================== Question: Indicate the names of the two major fluid compartments of the body. Answer: -extracellular fluid -intracellular fluid ================================================== Question: What term describes all of the water and electrolytes enclosed within cells of the body? Answer: Intracellular fluid ================================================== Question: Indicate four fluids that are part of the extracellular fluid compartment. Answer: -interstitial fluids -lymph -transcellular fluid -plasma ================================================== Question: What is the importance of osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure in body fluid regulation? Answer: They contribute to movement between fluid compartments ================================================== Question: When extracellular sodium concentrations change, water moves across cell membranes by the process of _________. Answer: osmosis ================================================== Question: Water _________ occurs when water intake and water output are equal/ Answer: balance ================================================== Question: Water intake is regulated via _______ and water output is regulated via ________. Answer: -thirst centers; changes in kidney function ================================================== Question: What is the largest source of fluid intake? Answer: Ingestion of fluids ================================================== Question: What is the primary regulator of water intake? Answer: thirst ================================================== Question: The total solute concentration of a body fluid is called its ________. Answer: osmolarity ================================================== Question: Indicate three conditions associated with thirst. Answer: -loss of water by the body -increased blood osmolatarity -increased osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid ================================================== Question: What change in water balance results in an increase in the osmotic pressure of the extracellular fluid? Answer: Output exceeds intake (water loss) ================================================== Question: The area of the brain called the ________ is the site of osmoreceptors, providing the sensation of thirst. Answer: hypothalamus ================================================== Question: Water loss varies _________ depending on physical activity level and environment conditions. Answer: greatly ================================================== Question: Control of urine volume regulates ________. Answer: water output ================================================== Question: A patient is inadvertently given a hypotonic (dilute) solution by IV (intravenous injection). What effect would this have on ADH? Answer: It would inhibit ADH release ================================================== Question: An abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid is called _______. Answer: edema ================================================== Question: List two causes of edema Answer: -hypoproteinemia -blocked lymphatic vessels ================================================== Question: Obstruction of lymphatic vessels results in tissue fluid accumulation called ________. Answer: edema ================================================== Question: An inflammation reaction involves the release of a chemical called __________ from damaged cells. This chemical causes capillaries to become leaky, resulting in edema. Answer: histamine ================================================== Question: Many patients with an excess of body fluid are prescribed a diuretic, which causes ________. Answer: Increased urine output ================================================== Question: The movement of water between compartments following changes in sodium concentration in the extracellular fluid is due to what process? Answer: osmosis ================================================== Question: A(n) ___________ in water content of extracellular fluid leads to _________ osmolarity of blood and the sensation of thirst. Answer: decreased; increased ================================================== Question: Drinking water decreases plasma osmolarity and _______ the secretion of ADH. Answer: decreases ================================================== Question: A class of chemical called __________ function to increase urine output. Answer: diuretics ================================================== Question: Sulphuric acid Answer: Product of oxidation of specific amino acids ================================================== Question: phosphoric acid Answer: product of hydrolysis of nucleic acids ================================================== Question: carbonic acid Answer: product of carbon dioxide (from aerobic metabolism) interacting with water ================================================== Question: ketone bodies Answer: product of incomplete oxidation of fatty acids ================================================== Question: lactic acid Answer: product of anaerobic metabolism ================================================== Question: List three sources of water loss. Answer: -water in expired air -water in sweat -water in urine ================================================== Question: In the absence of ADH, _______ water is reabsorbed from the renal tubules, and more urine is produced. Answer: less ================================================== Question: List three symptoms of dehydration Answer: -loss of body weight -decreased sweating -decreased urination ================================================== Question: If plasma protein concentration decreases, interstitial fluid movement into the venular end of capillaries will ________ due to a _______ in colloid osmotic pressure. Answer: decrease; decrease ================================================== Question: The body can acquire sufficient electrolytes by responding to ________ and thirst. Answer: hunger ================================================== Question: One way electrolytes are lost from the body is in _______. Answer: sweat ================================================== Question: Indicate three major cations that are required for nerve conduction, muscle contraction, maintenance of cell membrane potential. Answer: Potassium ion calcium ion sodium ion ================================================== Question: The hormone called ________ increases sodium reabsorption from the kidney tubules. Answer: aldosterone ================================================== Question: acids are electrolytes that, when dissolved in water, release ______ ions. Answer: hydrogen ================================================== Question: What is a base? Answer: substances that removes hydrogren ions from solution ================================================== Question: True or false; Even small changes in the quantities of hydrogen ions in body fluids can be devastating. Answer: true ================================================== Question: weak acids release fewer_________ ions than strong acids. Answer: hydrogen ================================================== Question: Equal quantities of base "A" and base "B" are added to separate containers that each hold an acid with pH 4. In A's container, the pH raises to 5. In B's container, the pH raises to 7. Which base is stronger? Answer: B ================================================== Question: A chemical that combines with excess acids or bases is called a ________. Answer: buffer ================================================== Question: Indicate the three major chemical buffer systems in the body. Answer: -protein buffer system -bicarbonate buffer system -phosphate buffer system ================================================== Question: Depending on the change in pH, an acid-base buffer system either binds excess H+ or releases H+ to stabilize the _________ of a solution. Answer: pH ================================================== Question: The two types of physiological buffer systems are the _______ system and the _______ system. Answer: respiratory; renal ================================================== Question: Hyperventilation leads to respiratory __________. Answer: alkalosis ================================================== Question: What is the name of the fluid found in tissue spaces? Answer: interstitial fluid ================================================== Question: Name the enzyme that converts HC2O3 to HCO3- and H+. Answer: Carbonic anhydrase ================================================== Question: Acidosis is a condition in which the pH of arterial blood is Answer: below 7.35. ================================================== Question: A person in a moderate environment would lose the greatest volume of water in Answer: urine ================================================== Question: The hormone aldosterone promotes the Answer: reabsorption of sodium ions ================================================== Question: In red blood cells, carbonic anhydrase converts carbon dioxide and water to __________, which then dissociates into hydrogen ions and __________. Answer: carbonic acid; bicarbonate ion ================================================== Question: The movement of water between fluid compartments is regulated primarily by Answer: hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure. ================================================== Question: Which of the following body compartments is correctly matched with its location in the body? Answer: Extracellular:fluid in tissue spaces, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels ================================================== Question: What clinical condition can result from excessive vomiting in which stomach contents are emptied? Answer: Metabolic alkalosis ================================================== Question: What is edema? Answer: Abnormal accumulation of extracellular fluid ================================================== Question: Acid-base buffer systems minimize pH changes by Answer: converting strong acids to weak acids. ================================================== Question: Alkalosis is a condition in which the pH of arterial blood is Answer: above 7.45 ================================================== Question: Where is the thirst center located? Answer: hypothalamus ================================================== Question: Hyperventilation leads to Answer: respiratory alkalosis ================================================== Question: When sodium ions are reabsorbed in response to the action of aldosterone, potassium ions are Answer: secreted ================================================== Question: Diabetes mellitus, in which fatty acids react to produce ketone bodies, leads to Answer: metabolic acidosis. ================================================== Question: Which acid-base imbalance can result from pneumonia, hypoventilation, or obstruction of airways? Answer: Respiratory acidosis ================================================== Question: The first effect of dehydration is __________ osmolarity of the extracellular fluid. Answer: increased ================================================== Question: This change in osmolarity means that the __________ is now more concentrated than the __________. Answer: extracellular fluid; intracellular fluid ================================================== Question: Therefore, fluid movement will occur, with water moving from the __________ to the __________. Answer: intracellular fluid; extracellular fluid ================================================== Question: What results when this change in fluid distribution occurs at the osmoreceptors? Answer: Thirst is stimulated ================================================== Question: What blood pH suggests alkalosis? Answer: 7.5 ================================================== Question: Symptoms of respiratory alkalosis include Answer: Light headedness, agitation, tingling sensations ================================================== Question: What ion is at a higher concentration in the extracellular fluid than in the intracellular fluid? Answer: sodium ================================================== Question: Drugs called diuretics cause the body to retain water and reduce urine output. Answer: False ================================================== Question: Which of the following provides the largest percentage of daily water intake? Answer: beverages ================================================== Question: What are electrolytes? Answer: Molecules that release ions in water ================================================== Question: What two terms means breast? Answer: -Mast -Mamm ================================================== Question: The meaning of the prefix "oo-" is a(n)_________. Answer: egg ================================================== Question: The male reproductive structures function to produce__________ cells and introduce them into the vagina. Answer: sperm ================================================== Question: The _______ sex orgnas in males are the two testes, in which sperm cells and the male sex hormones are formed. The _________ sex ograns are the internal and external reproductive organs. Answer: Primary; Accessory ================================================== Question: Where are seminiferous tubules located? Answer: within the testes ================================================== Question: Name the undifferentiated spermatogenic cells with 23 pairs of chromosomes, found in the periphery of the seminiferous tubules. Answer: spermatogonia ================================================== Question: What is spermatogenesis? Answer: Formation of sperm cells ================================================== Question: What is found inside the head of a sperm cell? Answer: DNA ================================================== Question: What is the function of the tail of a sperm? Answer: propels sperm forward ================================================== Question: In males, what gland is located inferior to the urinary bladder, surround the superior portion of the urethra? Answer: Prostate gland ================================================== Question: Indicate the characteristics of semen Answer: -it contains secretions from the prostate gland -it is analkalkine fluid containing nutrients ================================================== Question: Indicate with of the following structures are male external reproductive organs. Answer: -scrotum -penis ================================================== Question: The _______ is a pouch of skin, muscle, and fibrous connective tissue that contains the testes. Answer: scrotum ================================================== Question: The penis serves to deposit _________ into the vagina. Answer: semen ================================================== Question: Which three statements are true about erection of the penis? Answer: -nitric oxide increases blood flow into erectile tissue -the increasing pressure of arterioal blood in erectile tissue compresses the veins -the penis swells and elongates ================================================== Question: The culmination of sexual stimulation is called a(n) ___________, a pleasurable feeling of physiological and psychological release that is accompanied by emission and ejaculation in males. Answer: orgasm ================================================== Question: Semen is expelled from the urethra to the outside of the body in a process called ___________ Answer: ejaculation ================================================== Question: Two endocrine glands (hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland) and a male reproductive organ (________), secrete hormones that maintain sperm cell production and oversee the development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics. Answer: testes ================================================== Question: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) induces the anterior pituitary to secrete the two gonadotropins: _________ and ___________. Answer: LH and FSH ================================================== Question: What is the most important androgen in males? Answer: testosterone ================================================== Question: List three effects of testosterone Answer: -spermatogensis -bodily changes at puberty -development of male anatomy in the fetus and adolescent ================================================== Question: Increased growth of body hair, lowering of the pitch of the voice, thickening and strengthening of the bones are examples of male __________ sex characteristics when _______ levels increase at ___________. Answer: secondary; testosterone; puberty ================================================== Question: What paired oval shaped female reproductive organs lie in shallow depressions in the lateral walls of the pelvic cavity? Answer: ovaries ================================================== Question: What is the suspensory ligament? Answer: attaches ovary to pelvic wall ================================================== Question: The process called _______ is the process in which egg cells (oocytes) are developed. Answer: oogenesis ================================================== Question: A single-celled, fertilized ovum is called a(n) ___________. Answer: zygote ================================================== Question: What is ovulation? Answer: process of releasing cells from the follicles ================================================== Question: Sperm need to reach the _______ in order to fertilize the oocyte. Answer: uterine tube ================================================== Question: Describe the uterus Answer: muscular pear-shaped organ ================================================== Question: What is the name for the most inferior part of the uterus, expanding into the upper vagina? Answer: cervix ================================================== Question: The inner mucosal layer of the uterus is called the ____________. Answer: endometrium ================================================== Question: The ________ is a tube that allows discharge of menstrual fluid, receipt of the penis and semen during intercourse and passageway for the fetus to pass during birth. Answer: vagina ================================================== Question: Select the external accessory organs of the female reproductive system Answer: -Vestibular gland -clitoris -labia majora, labia minora ================================================== Question: List three components of the vulva. Answer: -clitoris -labia majora -labia minora ================================================== Question: What are the two large skin folds that usually come together to protect the other external reproductive organs? Answer: labia majora ================================================== Question: labia majora Answer: thick folds of skin and adipose tissue, hair ================================================== Question: labia minora Answer: the smaller inner folds of the vulva, thin, hairless ================================================== Question: The labia _______ are flattened longitudinal folds that converge anteriorly to form a hood-like covering around the clitoris. Answer: minora ================================================== Question: The small erectile structure at the anterior part of the vulva is called the _______. Answer: clitoris ================================================== Question: The _______ is composed of two columns of erectile tissue called corpora cavernosa. One end is attached to the pubic arch and the other end is richly supplied with sensory nerve fibers. Answer: clitoris ================================================== Question: What organs control maturation of female gametes, development of secondary sex characteristics, and changes in the monthly reproductive cycle? Answer: hypothalamus; anterior pituitary gland; ovaries ================================================== Question: What is the process of egg formation called? Answer: oogenesis ================================================== Question: The number of sperm cells that form from a primary spermatocyte is Answer: 4 ================================================== Question: What cells produce androgens (including testosterone)? Answer: Interstitial cells of the testes ================================================== Question: During the female reproductive cycle, what triggers menstruation? Answer: A decrease in blood levels of estrogens and progesterone ================================================== Question: LH stimulates a primordial follicle to start maturing. Answer: false ================================================== Question: The gubernaculum guides the testis through the __________ canal. Answer: inguinal ================================================== Question: A Pap smear is used to detect abnormal cells in the Answer: cervix ================================================== Question: The egg, or ovum, is more correctly called Answer: secondary oocyte ================================================== Question: In the reproductive cycle, estrogen __________, whereas progesterone __________. Answer: wall development; stimulates the uterine lining to become more glandular ================================================== Question: The formation of sperm cells (spermatogenesis) occurs in the __________. The resulting cells mature into sperm cells in the __________. Answer: seminiferous tubule; epididymis ================================================== Question: Male reproductive functions are controlled mainly by hormones from the hypothalamus and Answer: anterior pituitary gland and testes. ================================================== Question: During the female reproductive cycle, what triggers ovulation? Answer: Surge in blood levels of luteinizing hormone ================================================== Question: Within the mammary glands, milk is produced by __________ glands. Answer: alveolar ================================================== Question: What period of time is defined by the cessation of the reproductive cycle? Answer: menopause ================================================== Question: The primary organs of the female reproductive system are the uterus and vagina. Answer: false ================================================== Question: In endometriosis, Answer: tissue resembling the inner uterine lining grows in the abdominal cavity. ================================================== Question: About the time of ovulation, the anterior pituitary gland releases a surge of Answer: LH ================================================== Question: What are the primary sex organs? Answer: testes and ovaries ================================================== Question: Beginning at puberty, primary oocytes continue meiosis. The resulting cells are secondary oocytes (future egg cells) in which the original chromosome number is __________. Answer: halved ================================================== Question: A man chooses to become sterilized via vasectomy. How will this affect interstitial cells? Answer: The procedure of a vasectomy only blocks the movement of sperm through the ductus deferens and won't affect interstitial cells. ================================================== Question: What are gametes? Answer: Sex cells produced by the reproductive organs ================================================== Question: Undescended testes cause infertility because Answer: sperm development is impeded by the higher internal body temperature. ================================================== Question: Ciliary action aids movement of an egg through a uterine tube. Answer: True ================================================== Question: A diaphragm or a condom used with spermicide are examples of __________ methods of birth control. Answer: barrier ================================================== Question: Where does a corpus luteum form? Answer: From a follicle that ovulated an oocyte ================================================== Question: What is fertilization? Answer: union of sperm and a secondary oocyte (egg) ================================================== Question: What is the path of sperm cells, from ejaculation to the location of the secondary oocyte? Answer: Vagina-cervix-uterus-uterine tube ================================================== Question: How many sperm cells can fertilize an oocyte (egg)? Answer: one ================================================== Question: How many chromosomes are found in a zygote? Answer: 46 ================================================== Question: A single-celled, fertilized egg is known as _____. Answer: zygote ================================================== Question: Pregnancy can best be described as the condition in which _______. Answer: a woman is carrying an offsrping in her uterus ================================================== Question: A pregnancy is divided into three 3-month periods, each called a Answer: trimester ================================================== Question: Name the developmental phase that begins with fertilization of the egg and ends at birth. Answer: prenatal period ================================================== Question: The ________ stage of development extends from fertilization to the 8th week of prenatal development. Answer: embryonic ================================================== Question: Which 3 statements apply to the embryonic stage of development? Answer: -extends from fertillization through the 8th week of development -the main internal organs develop -the placenta forms ================================================== Question: How is a zygote formed? Answer: The zygote is formed when the pronuciel of the sperm and secondary oocyte unite ================================================== Question: What is another term for the cell divisions that occur during the earliest stages of prenatal development? Answer: cleavage ================================================== Question: What is a morula? Answer: stage of prenatal development consitingof a solid ball of cells ================================================== Question: What is implantation? Answer: Embedding of the blastocyst into the endometrium - begins around day 5 or 6 ================================================== Question: At about seven days after fertilization, the _______ attaches to the lining of the uterus. Answer: blastocyst ================================================== Question: The _______ is a vascular tissue produced by embryonic and maternal tissues that attaches the embryo to the uterine wall. Answer: placenta ================================================== Question: The placenta arises from with extraembryonic membrane? Answer: chorion ================================================== Question: Describe the amniotic cavity Answer: The space between the amnion and embryonic disc ================================================== Question: The _______ is a fluid-filled sac that holds the developing embryo. Answer: amnion ================================================== Question: The umbilical cord arises from what structure? Answer: connecting stalk ================================================== Question: What is a function of the yolk sac? Answer: forms blood cells for the embryo ================================================== Question: Describe the interaction of fetal and maternal blood systems? Answer: Fetal and maternal blood are separated by a placental membrane ================================================== Question: The process of ________ involves the movement of embryonic cells to form a mesoderm between the ectoderm and endoderm layers of cells. Answer: gastrulation ================================================== Question: During which stage of development do the primary germ layers form? Answer: gastrula ================================================== Question: What is the role of the primary germ layers? Answer: give rise to all organs ================================================== Question: When does the fetal stage begin? Answer: at the end of the eighth week of development and lasts until birth ================================================== Question: True or false: Fetal hemoglobin and adult hemoglobin although slightly different in composition have the same affinity for oxygen. Answer: false ================================================== Question: within the umbilical cord, the umbilical ___ carries oxygen-rich blood from the placenta to the fetus Answer: vein ================================================== Question: During fetal development, blood from the umbilical cord flows directly into the vena cava bypassing the liver via a vessel called the Answer: ductus venosus ================================================== Question: Oxygen-rich blood flows from the placenta to the fetus through the umbilical _______. Deoxygenated blood returns to the placenta through the umbilical ________. Answer: vein; arteries ================================================== Question: During what period is the corpus luteum an important source of pregnancy hormones? Answer: first trimester ================================================== Question: Rhythmic contractions of the uterus that lead to the delivery of the fetus are part of the process called______. Answer: labor ================================================== Question: Prolactin, which stimulates milk production, is produced from about the 5th week of pregnancy. Why, then, is milk not produced until after birth? Answer: Placental progesterone and lactogen block the effects of prolactin during pregnancy. ================================================== Question: Human milk is rich in the lipids required for rapid brain growth, and _______ in protein. Answer: low ================================================== Question: What is the first division/ stage of the postnatal period? Answer: neonatal period ================================================== Question: The period between birth and death is called the Answer: postnatal period ================================================== Question: Dramatic changes take place in the newborn soon after birth in which three body systems? Answer: cardiovascular, digestive, respiratory ================================================== Question: What is the function of surfactant? Answer: it reduces surface tension in the lungs ================================================== Question: Which three fetal structures are no longer needed once the baby is born and breathing? Answer: -ductus venosus -foramen ovale -ductus arteriosus ================================================== Question: What time period is considered childhood? Answer: between one year of age and puberty ================================================== Question: The period between adolescence and death is called Answer: adulthood ================================================== Question: What is the term for the study of inherited characteristics? Answer: genetics ================================================== Question: Define the term gene Answer: Segment of DNA that codes for a protein ================================================== Question: How many chromosomes are found in a normal somactic (body) cell Answer: 46 ================================================== Question: What is the descriptive term for a cell that has two copies of each chromosome? Answer: Diploid cell ================================================== Question: Human pserm cells contain 23 chromosomes. Therefore, they are ______ cells. Answer: haploid ================================================== Question: True or false: Gene expression can be affected by the environment. Answer: TRUE ================================================== Question: What is the term for the 22 pairs of chromosomes that do not determine an individuals sex? Answer: autosomes ================================================== Question: The X and Y chromosomes, which determine the gender of an individual, are known as the ________ chromosomes. Answer: Sex ================================================== Question: Each human somatic cell contains ________ of each type of autosome, and therefore has ________ copies of each gene. Answer: 2;2 ================================================== Question: Alternative forms of a gene are known as _______. Answer: alleles ================================================== Question: Individuals are homozygous if they have ________. Answer: two identical alleles for a particular gene ================================================== Question: If homologous chromosomes have different alleles for a gene, the individual is said to be ______ for that trait. Answer: heterozygous ================================================== Question: In a normal condition, a person will have _____ alleles for any one gene. Answer: 2 ================================================== Question: The ______ for an individual is the appearance or other characteristic resulting from the alleles that were inherited. Answer: phenotypes ================================================== Question: By definition, a change from the wild type of a gene will lead to a _____ phenotype. Answer: mutant ================================================== Question: Brown hair is dominant over blonde hair. A heterozygote (Bb) for the gene determining hair color will have ______ hair. Answer: brown ================================================== Question: Alleles that are expressed only when present on both homologous chromosomes are said to be Answer: recessive ================================================== Question: A non-albino (AA) female has children with an albino (aa) male. What is the probability that their children will be albino? Answer: 0% ================================================== Question: What is the tool used to describe the possible outcomes of genetic cross? Answer: punnett square ================================================== Question: Hepatocytes, splenocytes, and epithelial cells are all classified as ______ cell.s Answer: somatic ================================================== Question: Oocytes carry which of the sex chromosomes? Answer: One X chromosome ================================================== Question: A sperm carrying a Y chromosome fertilizes an oocyte. What is the sex of the offspring? Answer: Male ================================================== Question: The larger of the two sex chromosomes is the _______ chromosome. Answer: X ================================================== Question: The _____ chromosome is the smaller of the two sex chromosomes, and is found only in males. Answer: y ================================================== Question: Genes on the _______ chromosome are passed from father to son. Answer: Y ================================================== Question: The condition where an individual inherits an extra chromosome is called Answer: trisomy ================================================== Question: What is the condition called when an individual only has one copy of one chromosome? Answer: monosomy ================================================== Question: A segment of DNA that codes for a protein is called a Answer: gene ================================================== Question: What is meant when a cell is said to be diploid? Answer: it has two copies of each chromosome ================================================== Question: List two factors that influence out traits. Answer: -genetic makeup -environment ================================================== Question: A sperm carrying an X chromosome fertilizes an oocyte. What is the sex of the offspring. Answer: Female ================================================== Question: Susie is not color-blind, but she transmitted a color-blindness gene to her son. She is said to be a ______ of the color blindness gene. Answer: carrier ================================================== Question: Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive trait. How is it inherited? Answer: An affected indivual must inherit 2 recessive copies of the gene ================================================== Question: A heterozygous trait in which the phenotype is intermediate between the traits that each allele would produce alone is a condition known as _________ dominance. Answer: incomplete ================================================== Question: How is a codominant trait expressed? Answer: Both alleles are expressed in the phenotype ================================================== Question: ABO blood typing is an example of which type of inheritance? Answer: codominance ================================================== Question: Having a normal chromosome number is known as Answer: euploid ================================================== Question: Cells that have one more or one less chromosome than the normal number are called Answer: aneuploid ================================================== Question: What is nondisjunction? Answer: Failure for chromosomes to separate properly. ================================================== Question: The two general types of chromosomes are Answer: sex chromosomes and autosomes ================================================== Question: A human cell with 46 chromosomes is Answer: euploid ================================================== Question: The origin of the 46 chromosomes in a human zygote is Answer: half from the sperm and half from the egg. ================================================== Question: Dizygotic twins result from Answer: two egg cells and two sperm cells. ================================================== Question: What fetal structure shunts blood between the pulmonary artery and aorta? Answer: Ductus arteriosus ================================================== Question: The primary function of surfactant is to increase surface tension in the newborn's lungs. Answer: false ================================================== Question: What term refers to the continuous process of change during the life of an individual? Answer: development ================================================== Question: Fertilization usually occurs in the Answer: uterine (fallopian) tubes ================================================== Question: Whole genome sequencing generates a list of __________. Answer: all base pairs in a person's DNA ================================================== Question: Fetal hemoglobin has greater attraction (affinity) for oxygen than does adult hemoglobin. Answer: true ================================================== Question: The product of fertilization is called a(n) __________. Answer: zygote ================================================== Question: What term describes an increase in the size of a structure due to increase in the number and size of cells? Answer: growth ================================================== Question: Two or more versions of a gene are called __________. Answer: alleles ================================================== Question: A gene is Answer: a DNA sequence that contains the information for producing one type of protein. ================================================== Question: What condition is the result of trisomy 21? Answer: Down syndrome ================================================== Question: What term describes the union of a sperm cell with a secondary oocyte? Answer: fertilization ================================================== Question: What is the correct sequence of stages during the cleavage period? Answer: Zygote, morula, bastocyst, embryo ================================================== Question: Oxytocin is a hormone involved in labor and delivery and the functioning of the mammary glands. What endocrine gland secretes oxytocin? Answer: Posterior pituitary ================================================== Question: An allele that masks the effect of another is Answer: dominant ================================================== Question: Teratogens are substances that Answer: cause congenital malformations ================================================== Question: As a result of the foramen ovale, blood is allowed to bypass the Answer: lungs ================================================== Question: How many chromosomes are contained in a secondary oocyte prior to fertilization? Answer: 23 ================================================== Question: Sequence of DNA that codes for a particular protein. Answer: gene ================================================== Question: Complete set of genetic instructions. Answer: genome ================================================== Question: Threadlike strand of nucleic acid. Answer: chromosome ================================================== Question: The fetus is protected from certain infections, to which the mother is immune, by Answer: antibodies from the mother's immune system. ================================================== Question: Genetics is the study of Answer: inheritance of characteristics. ==================================================