Select The Issues Of Development Among The Following

Question: True or false: Life-span development focuses mostly on the rapid growth and development that occurs during childhood.

Answer: False: The focus of life-span development is from conception to death

Question: Life-span ______ is the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human life span.

Answer: development

Question: Melissa is intrigued by how people change from infancy through late adulthood. She would learn about this subject by studying the field of human development called ______ development.

Answer: life-span

Question: The traditional approach to the study of development emphasizes thea. change that occurs after adolescence.b. changes that occur across the entire life span.c. developmental changes in utero.d. extensive changes that occur from birth to adolescence.

Answer: extensive changes that occur from birth to adolescence

Question: Which of the following are characteristics of the life-span perspective of development?- It is multidimensional.- It is multidirectional.- It is unidimensional.- It is non-contextual.- It is static.- It is lifelong.

Answer: - multidimensional- multidirectional.- lifelong

Question: A ______ age-graded influence is one that is similar for people of a particular age group.a. contextualb. nonnormativec. normatived. regulated

Answer: normative

Question: According to ______, the presence or absence of certain experiences is especially important during specific time frames called critical periods.a. social cognitivistsb. ethologistsc. observational-learning theoristsd. information-processing theorists

Answer: ethologists

Question: Events or trends (such as social or economic trends) that are common to members of a particular generation are known as ______ influences.a. normative age-gradedb. normative history-gradedc. nonnormatived. contextual

Answer: normative history-graded

Question: ______ encompasses the behavior patterns and beliefs that are passed from generation to generation.

Answer: culture

Question: Match each of the three major types of research design with its correct description.descriptiveexperimentalcorrelational- aims to provide information that helps to predict how people will behave- aims to observe and record behavior- aims to understand causality

Answer: descriptive <--> aims to observe and record behaviorexperimental <--> aims to understand causalitycorrelational <--> aims to provide information that helps to predict how people will behave

Question: ______ takes place after a study has been completed, and participants are informed about the researchers' purpose and methods used.a. Informed consentb. Bias minimizationc. Institutional reviewd. Debriefing

Answer: debriefing

Question: If a study is "cross-cultural," this means that ita. has a researcher who is from a different culture than the participants.b. encompasses all elements of a particular culture.c. involves a diverse group of participants.d. compares multiple cultures.

Answer: compares multiple cultures

Question: Which of the following are examples of biological processes that affect development?- weight gain- acts of aggression against a peer- language development- brain development- hormonal changes of puberty- cardiovascular decline- genes inherited from parents- changes in personality

Answer: - weight gain- brain development- hormonal changes of puberty- cardiovascular decline- genes inherited from parents

Question: Most children in the United States start school when they are 5 or 6 years of age. This occurrence is an example of aa. nonnormative life event.b. nonnormative history-graded influence.c. normative age-graded influence.d. normative history-graded influence.

Answer: normative age-graded influence

Question: Which of the following is NOT one of the three main types of research designs?a. standardized researchb. experimental researchc. descriptive researchd. correlational research

Answer: standardized research

Question: ____-cultural studies compare aspects of two or more cultures.

Answer: cross

Question: The periods of development in the human life span area. solely biological in nature.b.occur at exactly the same age for everyone.c. primarily a reflection of brain development.d. produced by an interplay of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes.

Answer: produced by an interplay of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes

Question: Which of the following are reasons why happiness typically increases as people age?- Older people generally have better physical health than younger adults.- Older people have more satisfying relationships.- Older adults tend to be more satisfied with what they have.- Older people have more free time.

Answer: - older people have more satisfying relationships- older adults tend to be more satisfied with what they have- older people have more free time

Question: The ______ processes refer to the changes in an individual's physical nature.a. behavioralb. nurturec. environmentald. biological

Answer: biological

Question: The roles that each of the following play in development are debated, EXCEPTa. stability-change.b. good-evil.c. nature-nurture.d. continuity-discontinuity.

Answer: good-evil

Question: The _____ _____ consists of the following steps: conceptualize a process or problem to be studied, collect research data, analyze the data, and draw conclusions.

Answer: scientific method

Question: The father of psychoanalytic theory isa. Jean Piaget.b. John Watson.c. Alfred Adler.d. Sigmund Freud.

Answer: sigmund freud

Question: Which of the following are cognitive theories of development? - Erikson's psychosocial theory- Vygotsky's sociocultural theory- Piaget's developmental theory- information-processing theory

Answer: - vygotsky's sociocultural theory- piaget's developmental theory- information-processing theory

Question: Both the behavioral and the social cognitive theories emphasizea. stages in development.b. psychosexual stages in development.c. continuity in development.d. biology in development.

Answer: continuity in development

Question: Which are possible reasons for the finding that happiness increases as people age? - Older people have years of experience in problem-solving.- Older people have better relationships.- There is less pressure to achieve for older people.- Older people are generally unable to be depressed or anxious.

Answer: - older people have years of experience in problem-solving- older people have better relationships- there is less pressure to achieve for older people

Question: Which theorist believed that development reflects the influence of five environmental systems?a. Bandurab. Bronfenbrennerc. Lorenzd. Erikson

Answer: bronfenbrenner

Question: Select the issues of development among the following.- nature and nurture- identity and stagnation- stability and change- continuity and discontinuity

Answer: - nature and nurture- stability and change- continuity and discontinuity

Question: Psychoanalytic theories of development place heavy emphasis on the role ofexperiences later in life.the unconscious.genetics.free will.

Answer: the unconscious

Question: Both the behavioral and the social cognitive theories of development assume thata. development is discontinuous.b. personality is formed in early childhood as a child is passing through psychosexual stages.c. development does not occur in a stage-like fashion.d. there are critical and sensitive periods in development.

Answer: development does not occur in a stage-like fashion

Question: Aysha does not believe any one theory can account for all real-life phenomena. She would most likely adopt a(n) ______ approach to life-span development.a. eclectic theoretical orientationb. ethologicalc. psychoanalyticd. behavioral and social cognitive

Answer: eclectic theoretical orientation

Question: Which of the following are components of Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory?- mesosystem- chronosystem- macrosystem- biosystem- exosystem- microsystem

Answer: - mesosystem- chronosystem- macrosystem- exosystem- microsystem

Question: Which of the following is NOT a reason for conducting research in life-span development?a.to test hypothesesb. to test theories of developmentc. to develop new theoriesd. to determine whether development is important

Answer: to determine whether development is important

Question: A(n) _____ environment is a controlled setting for scientific observation, in which many of the complex factors of the "real world" are absent.

Answer: lab

Question: Dr. Booker is researching friendship patterns across childhood. She has included four groups in her study: 4-year-olds, 6-year-olds, 8-year-olds, and 10-year-olds. This is an example ofa. longitudinal study.b. random assignment.c. experimental groups.d. cross-sectional study.

Answer: cross-sectional study

Question: A research assistant refers to his participants as Latinos. A number of them object to the term, saying that they or their ancestors are from Mexico, Cuba, Spain, Puerto Rico, or Venezuela. What is this an example of?a. cultural biasb. ethnic glossc. ethnic biasd. diverse research

Answer: ethnic gloss

Question: The perspective that does not rigidly believe in any one theoretical perspective but considers multiple theories and selects the best features from each is known as a(n) ______ theoretical orientation.a. eclecticb. humanisticc. cognitived. behavioral

Answer: eclectic

Question: Ethological theory stresses ______ factors, and ecological theory emphasizes ______ factors.a. behavioral; intellectualb. historical; psychologicalc. cognitive; sociald. biological; environmental

Answer: biological; environmental

Question: Which of the following correctly describe life span in the study of human development? - It ends once one enters late adulthood.- It involves growth and change.- It begins at birth.- It occurs throughout life.

Answer: - It involves growth and change.- It occurs throughout life.

Question: What method do researchers use when they need to exert significant control over what happens in their study?a. correlational researchb. naturalistic observationc. laboratory researchd. case study

Answer: laboratory research

Question: A research strategy that simultaneously compares people of different ages is known as the ______ approach.a. segmentedb. longitudinalc. cross-sectionald. developmental

Answer: cross-sectional

Question: What can happen when researchers overgeneralize ethnic groups?- Researchers obtain samples that are not representative of the group's diversity.- Researchers are more likely to study different languages.- Stereotypes are less likely to spread.- Groups are portrayed as being more homogeneous

Answer: - researchers obtain samples that are not representative of the group's diversity- groups are portrayed as being more homogeneous

Question: Two-year-old Stacey and her mom, Patricia, have gone to the university to participate in a study. While they play together with some puppets, a researcher watches them from behind a one-way mirror. The researcher is utilizinga. a standardized test.b. laboratory research.c. naturalistic observation.d. physiological measures.

Answer: laboratory research

Question: Match the ethical principle with the correct explanation of the principleinformed consentconfidentiality debriefing deception- participants must have information on the costs and benefits of their participation. They must be told that they have the right to withdraw- for study purposes, participants are not told everything in advance because it would change their behavior and alter data. This is allowed as long as participants are not harmed- participants will be advised of the purpose of the study and methods used once their participation has ended- information on participants must not be published or revealed; ideally, participants' information will remain anonymous

Answer: informed consent <--> participants must have information on the costs and benefits of their participation. They must be told that they have the right to withdrawconfidentiality <--> information on participants must not be published or revealed; ideally, participants' information will remain anonymousdebriefing <--> participants will be advised of the purpose of the study and methods used once their participation has endeddeception <--> for study purposes, participants are not told everything in advance because it would change their behavior and alter data. This is allowed as long as participants are not harmed

Question: By studying life-span development we learn information about ourselves, including which of the following?- who we are- how we will age- what we will die from- how we came to be this way

Answer: - who we are- how we will age- how we came to be this way

Question: Normative history-graded influences area. common to members of a particular generation.b. events that typically occur at the same age for most people.c. unusual occurrences that happen to individual people.

Answer: common to members of a particular generation