The Study Of Learning Derives From Essentially Two Sources

Question: In the case below, the original source material is given along with a sample of student work.ORIGINAL SOURCE MATERIAL:Suppose you study a group of successful companies and you find that they emphasize customer focus, or quality improvement, or empowerment; how do you know that you haven't merely discovered the management practice equivalent of having buildings? How do you know that you've discovered something that distinguishes the successful companies from other companies? You don't know. You can't know--not unless you have a control set, a comparison group.References:Collins, J. C., & Porras, J. I. (2002). Built to last: Successful habits of visionary companies. New York, NY: Harper Paperbacks.STUDENT VERSION:One has to ask oneself how you know that you've discovered something that distinguishes the successful companies from other companies? Otherwise, you can fall into a trap that is the same as identifying "the management practice equivalent of having buildings" (Collins & Porras, 2002, p. 14).References:Collins, J. C., & Porras, J. I. (2002). Built to last: Successful habits of visionary companies. New York, NY: Harper Paperbacks.Which of the following is true for the Student Version above?A. Word-for-Word plagiarismB. Paraphrasing plagiarismC. This is not plagiarism

Answer: A. Word-for-Word plagiarism

Question: In the case below, the original source material is given along with a sample of student work.ORIGINAL SOURCE MATERIAL:In contrast to the transmittal model illustrated by the classroom lecture-note taking scenario, the constructivist model places students at the center of the process--actively participating in thinking and discussing ideas while making meaning for themselves. And the professor, instead of being the "sage on the stage," functions as a "guide on the side," facilitating learning in less directive ways.References:King, A. (1993). From sage on the stage to guide on the side. College Teaching, 41, 30-35.STUDENT VERSION:Considering the major changes and shifts in educational needs of today's society, the need for a new paradigm of education has emerged. This new paradigm of education requires a major change in the role of teachers from being the sage on the stage to a guide on the side, facilitating learning in less directive ways.References:King, A. (1993). From sage on the stage to guide on the side. College Teaching, 41, 30-35.Which of the following is true for the Student Version above?A. Word-for-Word plagiarismB. Paraphrasing plagiarismC. This is not plagiarism

Answer: A. Word-for-Word plagiarism

Question: In the case below, the original source material is given along with a sample of student work.ORIGINAL SOURCE MATERIAL:The study of learning derives from essentially two sources. Because learning involves the acquisition of knowledge, the first concerns the nature of knowledge and how we come to know things.... The second source in which modern learning theory is rooted concerns the nature and representation of mental life.References:Driscoll, M. P. (2000). Psychology of learning for instruction (2nd Ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.STUDENT VERSION:The study of learning derives from essentially two sources. The first concerns the nature of knowledge and how we come to know things. The second source concerns the nature and representation of mental life.References:Driscoll, M. P. (2000). Psychology of learning for instruction (2nd Ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.Which of the following is true for the Student Version above?A. Word-for-Word plagiarismB. Paraphrasing plagiarismC. This is not plagiarism

Answer: A. Word-for-Word plagiarism

Question: In the case below, the original source material is given along with a sample of student work.ORIGINAL SOURCE MATERIAL:Memory is given a prominent role in the learning process. Learning results when information is stored in memory in an organized, meaningful manner. Teachers/designers are responsible for assisting learners in organizing that information in some optimal way. Designers use techniques such as advance organizers, analogies, hierarchical relationships, and matrices to help learners relate new information to prior knowledge. Forgetting is the inability to retrieve information from memory because of interference, memory loss, or missing or inadequate cues needed to access information.References:Ertmer, P. A., & Newby, T. J. (1993). Behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism: Comparing critical features from an instructional design perspective. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 6(4), 50-71.STUDENT VERSION:Memory takes an important role in the process of learning. Learning occurs when information is integrated into student memory in a structured and meaningful way. Teachers can help students learn by arranging that information in useful ways. Advance organizers could be used to assist learners to connect existing knowledge to new knowledge.References:Ertmer, P. A., & Newby, T. J. (1993). Behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism: Comparing critical features from an instructional design perspective. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 6(4), 50-71.Which of the following is true for the Student Version above?A. Word-for-Word plagiarismB. Paraphrasing plagiarismC. This is not plagiarism

Answer: B. Paraphrasing plagiarism

Question: In the case below, the original source material is given along with a sample of student work.ORIGINAL SOURCE MATERIAL:Teacher's professional use of technology involves preparation for various classroom activities; such as, preparing instructional materials, material, communicating or collaborating with peers, students and their parents, locating digital resources, and creating lesson plans. When technology is used for instructional delivery, the teacher or students can use it. Teachers can present instruction by means of a projector or students may use computer-assisted learning applications such as drill and practice, tutorials, and simulations. technology as a tool, involves student use of basic software applications to extend their abilities to solve problems, create products, or communicate and share their perspectives with each other.References:Inan, F. A., & Lowther, D. L. (2010). Factors affecting technology integration in K-12 classrooms: a path model. Educational Technology Research and Development, 58(2), 137-154.STUDENT VERSION:Technology offers a variety of rich opportunities available to teachers and students. According to Inan and Lowther (2010), there are three main purposes to use technology in schools: (a) technology for teachers to prepare instructional activities, plans, materials, and resources; (b) technology for instructional delivery for teachers and students; (c) technology as a learning tool for both teachers and students. Although technology provides a number of advantages for teaching and learning, teachers who try to integrate technology in their classrooms have encountered many obstacles that hinder potential benefits of use of technology.Which of the following is true for the Student Version above?A. Word-for-Word plagiarismB. Paraphrasing plagiarismC. This is not plagiarism

Answer: B. Paraphrasing plagiarism

Question: In the case below, the original source material is given along with a sample of student work.ORIGINAL SOURCE MATERIAL:APT was compared with numerous extant methodologies, including the linear models approach and event history analysis. The fundamental difference between APT and these other approaches is that no particular mathematical model is assumed in APT. In APT a model is viewed simply as a temporal pattern, whereas in most other approaches parameters of a mathematical model are estimated from data in which variables are measured separately. Moreover, in APT probabilities of temporal patterns are estimated by relative frequency and duration.References: Frick, T. (1990). Analysis of Patterns in Time (APT): A Method of Recording and Quantifying Temporal Relations in Education. American Educational Research Journal, 27(1), 180-204.STUDENT VERSION:The major difference between Analysis of Patterns in Time and linear statistical models is that APT does not assume any specific mathematical model. Linear models attempt to find statistical relations between variables that have been measured separately. In APT, temporal patterns indicate relationships. Those patterns are counted in order to estimate their likelihoods.References:Frick, T. (1990). Analysis of Patterns in Time (APT): A Method of Recording and Quantifying Temporal Relations in Education. American Educational Research Journal, 27(1), 180-204.Which of the following is true for the Student Version above?A. Word-for-Word plagiarismB. Paraphrasing plagiarismC. This is not plagiarism

Answer: B. Paraphrasing plagiarism

Question: In the case below, the original source material is given along with a sample of student work.ORIGINAL SOURCE MATERIAL:The game-based laboratory was vastly different from their expectations and experiences of a typical laboratory; this might have resulted in the students being disconnected from the learning aspect of the game. However, the students' comments suggested that their discomfort with the video game was due to the fact that they did not perceive that a video game could really be educational. The game became a disruption to their traditional ways of science learning and interfered with how they perceived the learning experience. This perspective is potentially problematic as it suggests that pedagogical disruptions such as video games that are designed to be powerful learning tools simply may not work for all students.References:Anderson, J. L., & Barnett, M. (2013). Learning Physics with Digital Game Simulations in Middle School Science. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 1-13.STUDENT VERSION:Since a game-based laboratory provides a virtual environment with different experiences than in a real lab, students may fail to connect these virtual experiences to real lab experiences. Student and teacher beliefs that games are entertainment tools, not educational tools, may minimize the potential of video games intended to help students learn science.References:Anderson, J. L., & Barnett, M. (2013). Learning Physics with Digital Game Simulations in Middle School Science. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 1-13.Which of the following is true for the Student Version above?A. Word-for-Word plagiarismB. Paraphrasing plagiarismC. This is not plagiarism

Answer: B. Paraphrasing plagiarism

Question: In the case below, the original source material is given along with a sample of student work.ORIGINAL SOURCE MATERIAL:While solitary negative reactions or unjustified suggestions for change have the potential to dissipate discourse rather than build it, the pattern analysis shows that the anonymous condition seemed to provide a safe explorative space for learners to try out more reasons for their multiple solutions. Teachers will rarely give anonymous feedback, but the experience of giving anonymous feedback may open a social space where learners can try out the reasons for their suggestions.References:Howard, C. D., Barrett, A. F., & Frick, T. W. (2010). Anonymity to promote peer feedback: Pre-service teachers' comments in asynchronous computer-mediated communication. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 43(1), 89-112.STUDENT VERSION:Teachers don't often provide feedback anonymously, but the ability to provide feedback anonymously may create a context where the rationale associated with specific suggestions can be more safely explored (Howard, Barrett, & Frick, 2010). However, we cannot assume that all anonymous online spaces will serve as safe social spaces.Which of the following is true for the Student Version above?A. Word-for-Word plagiarismB. Paraphrasing plagiarismC. This is not plagiarism

Answer: B. Paraphrasing plagiarism

Question: In the case below, the original source material is given along with a sample of student work.ORIGINAL SOURCE MATERIAL:But what are reasonable outcomes of the influence of global processes on education? While the question of how global processes influence all aspects of education (and who controls these forces) is multidimensional and not completely testable, there appear to be some theories of globalization as it relates to education that can be empirically examined.References:Rutkowski, L., & Rutkowski, D. (2009). Trends in TIMSS responses over time: Evidence of global forces in education? Educational Research and Evaluation, 15(2), 137-152.STUDENT VERSION:The authors are not alone in asking "what are reasonable outcomes of the influence of global processes on education?" (p. 138). In fact, this same question provides the basis for the discussion that follows.Which of the following is true for the Student Version above?A. Word-for-Word plagiarismB. Paraphrasing plagiarismC. This is not plagiarism

Answer: A. Word-for-Word plagiarism

Question: In the case below, the original source material is given along with a sample of student work.ORIGINAL SOURCE MATERIAL:[SOURCE 1]Learning is a complex set of processes that may vary according to the developmental level of the learner, the nature of the task, and the context in which the learning is to occur. As already indicated, no one theory can capture all the variables involved in learning.References:Gredler, M. E. (2001). Learning and instruction: Theory into practice (4th Ed.). Upper Saddle, NJ: Prentice-Hall.[SOURCE 2]A learning theory, there, comprises a set of constructs linking observed changes in performance with what is thought to bring about those changes.References:Driscoll, M. P. (2000). Psychology of learning for instruction (2nd Ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.STUDENT VERSION:A learning theory is made up of a set of constructs linking observed changes in performance with whatever is thought to bring about those changes. Therefore since "learning is a complex set of processes that may vary according to the developmental level of the learner, the nature of the task, and the context in which the learning is to occur," it is apparent that no one theory can capture all the variables involved in learning (Driscoll, 2000, p.10).References:Driscoll, M. P. (2000). Psychology of learning for instruction (2nd Ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.Which of the following is true for the Student Version above?A. Word-for-Word plagiarismB. Paraphrasing plagiarismC. This is not plagiarism

Answer: A. Word-for-Word plagiarism

Question: In the case below, the original source material is given along with a sample of student work.ORIGINAL SOURCE MATERIAL:Merck, in fact, epitomizes the ideological nature--the pragmatic idealism--of highly visionary companies. Our research showed that a fundamental element in the "ticking clock" of a visionary company is a core ideology--core values and a sense of purpose beyond just making money--that guides and inspires people throughout the organization and remains relatively fixed for long periods of time.References:Collins, J. C., & Porras, J. I. (2002). Built to last: Successful habits of visionary companies. New York, NY: Harper Paperbacks..STUDENT VERSION:While some have identified Merck as a visionary company dedicated to a "core values and a sense of purpose beyond just making money" (Collins & Porras, 2002, p. 48), others point out corporate misdeeds perpetrated by Merck (e.g., its role in establishing a dubious medical journal that republished articles favorable to Merck products) as contradictory evidence.References:Collins, J. C., & Porras, J. I. (2002). Built to last: Successful habits of visionary companies. New York, NY: Harper Paperbacks.Which of the following is true for the Student Version above?A. Word-for-Word plagiarismB. Paraphrasing plagiarismC. This is not plagiarism

Answer: C. This is not plagiarism

Question: In the case below, the original source material is given along with a sample of student work.ORIGINAL SOURCE MATERIAL:The goal of instruction for the behaviorist is to elicit the desired response from the learner who is presented with a target stimulus. To accomplish this, the learner must know how to execute the proper response, as well as the conditions under which that response should be made. Therefore, instruction is structured around the presentation of the target stimulus and the provision of opportunities for the learner to practice making the proper response.References:Ertmer, P. A., & Newby, T. J. (1993). Behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism: Comparing critical features from an instructional design perspective. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 6(4), 50-71.STUDENT VERSION:According to behaviorism, instruction should provide necessary stimulus in order for learners to produce desired response. It is important that the learner must know how to execute the proper response under the required conditions in order to produce the desired response (Ertmer & Newby, 1993). Instruction should provide learner with opportunities that the learner practice to elicit the desired outcome.References:Ertmer, P. A., & Newby, T. J. (1993). Behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism: Comparing critical features from an instructional design perspective. Performance Improvement

Quarterly, 6(4), 50-71.Which of the following is true for the Student Version above?A. Word-for-Word plagiarismB. Paraphrasing plagiarismC. This is not plagiarism

Answer: A. Word-for-Word plagiarism

Question: In the case below, the original source material is given along with a sample of student work.ORIGINAL SOURCE MATERIAL:The philosophical position known as constructivism views knowledge as a human construction. The various perspectives within constructivism are based on the premise that knowledge is not part of an objective, external reality that is separate from the individual. Instead, human knowledge, whether the bodies of content in public disciplines (such as mathematics or sociology) or knowledge of the individual learner, is a human construction.References:Gredler, M. E. (2001). Learning and instruction: Theory into practice (4th Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.STUDENT VERSION:Does knowledge exist outside of, or separate from, the individual who knows? Constructivists argue that human knowledge, such as what is known in the fields of mathematics or sociology, as well as knowledge about learning itself, is a human construction (Gredler, 2001).References:Gredler, M. E. (2001). Learning and instruction: Theory into practice (4th Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Which of the following is true for the Student Version above?A. Word-for-Word plagiarismB. Paraphrasing plagiarismC. This is not plagiarism

Answer: C. This is not plagiarism

Question: In the case below, the original source material is given along with a sample of student work.ORIGINAL SOURCE MATERIAL:Educational researchers, policymakers, and practitioners agree that educational research is often divorced from the problems and issues of everyday practice--a split that creates a need for new research approaches that speak directly to problems of practice (National Research Council [NRC], 2002) and that lead to the development of "usable knowledge" (Lagemann, 2002). Design-based research (Brown, 1992; Collins, 1992) is an emerging paradigm for the study of learning in context through the systematic design and study of instructional strategies and tools. We argue that design-based research can help create and extend knowledge about developing, enacting, and sustaining innovative learning environments.References:DBRC (Design-Based Research Collective). (2003). Design-based research: An emerging paradigm for educational inquiry. Educational Researcher, 32(1), 5-8.STUDENT VERSION:A decade later, researchers interested in studying learning in naturalistic settings (inspired by Brown's approach) began a concerted effort to define the standards and argue the legitimacy of this type of research through design. For example, the Design-Based Research Collective defined design-based research (DBR) as "an emerging paradigm for the study of learning in context, through the systematic design and study of instructional strategies and tools" (DBRC, 2003, p. 5).References:DBRC (Design-Based Research Collective). (2003). Design-based research: An emerging paradigm for educational inquiry. Educational Researcher, 32(1), 5-8.Which of the following is true for the Student Version above?A. Word-for-Word plagiarismB. Paraphrasing plagiarismC. This is not plagiarism

Answer: C. This is not plagiarism

Question: In the case below, the original source material is given along with a sample of student work.ORIGINAL SOURCE MATERIAL:The technological tools available today for creating computer-based learning materials are incredibly more powerful than those introduced just a few years ago. We can make our own movies with camcorders in our homes; we can publish our own books. Soon teachers and students will be able to use computer-video technology to produce their own learning materials. All it takes is time, know-how, and some funds.References:Frick, T. (1991). Restructuring education through technology. Bloomington, IN: Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation.STUDENT VERSION:Frick (1991) claimed that computers would become so powerful that K-12 educators and students would be able to produce their own multimedia and Web-based learning materials. He predicted that teachers and students would soon be able to use computer-video technology to produce their own learning materials. All it would require is time, know-how, and some funds.References:Frick, T. (1991). Restructuring education through technology. Bloomington, IN: Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation.Which of the following is true for the Student Version above?A. Word-for-Word plagiarismB. Paraphrasing plagiarismC. This is not plagiarism

Answer: A. Word-for-Word plagiarism

Question: In the case below, the original source material is given along with a sample of student work.ORIGINAL SOURCE MATERIAL:Suppose you study a group of successful companies and you find that they emphasize customer focus, or quality improvement, or empowerment; how do you know that you haven't merely discovered the management practice equivalent of having buildings? How do you know that you've discovered something that distinguishes the successful companies from other companies? You don't know. You can't know--not unless you have a control set, a comparison group.References:Collins, J. C., & Porras, J. I. (2002). Built to last: Successful habits of visionary companies. New York, NY: Harper Paperbacks.STUDENT VERSION:It's clear that, in the end, they wanted to ensure that they had "discovered something that distinguishes the successful companies from other companies" rather than identifying attributes that all the successful companies studied share (e.g., an emphasis on customer focus, or quality improvement, or empowerment) (p. 14).Which of the following is true for the Student Version above?A. Word-for-Word plagiarismB. Paraphrasing plagiarismC. This is not plagiarism

Answer: A. Word-for-Word plagiarism

Question: In the case below, the original source material is given along with a sample of student work.ORIGINAL SOURCE MATERIAL:In examining the history of the visionary companies, we were struck by how often they made some of their best moves not by detailed strategic planning, but rather by experimentation, trial and error, opportunism, and--quite literally--accident. What looks in hindsight like a brilliant strategy was often the residual result of opportunistic experimentation and "purposeful accidents."References:Collins, J. C., & Porras, J. I. (2002). Built to last: Successful habits of visionary companies. New York, NY: Harper Paperbacks.STUDENT VERSION:The variety of projects that Google undertakes, from Internet search to cars that drive themselves, could be considered lack of focus. However, perhaps Google recognizes that successful moves that looked like the result of "a brilliant strategy was often the residual result of opportunistic experimentation" (Collins & Porras, 2002, p. 141).References:Collins, J. C., & Porras, J. I. (2002). Built to last: Successful habits of visionary companies. New York, NY: Harper Paperbacks.Which of the following is true for the Student Version above?A. Word-for-Word plagiarismB. Paraphrasing plagiarismC. This is not plagiarism

Answer: C. This is not plagiarism