A Liver Cell Responds To Insulin By

Insulin is produced by the ________ cells of the pancreas.

A.) alpha
B.) beta
C.) F
D.) D (delta)

B.) beta

When blood glucose levels are high

A.) The pancreas releases glucose.
B.) The pancreas releases glucagon.
C.) The pancreas releases insulin.
D.) The liver releases glucagon.
E.) The liver releases insulin.

C.) The pancreas releases insulin.

A liver cell responds to insulin by

A.) Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen.
B.) Releasing glucagon.
C.) Breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose.
D.) Taking in glucose and converting it to glucagon.
E.) Releasing insulin.

A.) Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen.

What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose?

A.) Muscle cells.
B.) Intestinal cells.
C.) Liver cells.
D.) Liver cells and cells in the pancreas.
E.) Cells in the pancreas.

C.) Liver cells.

Body cells that respond to insulin include

A.) Intestinal cells only.
B.) Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body.
C.) Liver cells only.
D.)Liver cells and muscle cells only.
E.) Muscle cells only.

B.) Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body.

When blood glucose levels are low

A.) The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase.
B.) The pancreas releases insulin, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase.
C.) The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to decrease.
D.) Liver cells convert more glucose to glycogen.
E.) The pancreas releases insulin, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to decrease.

A.) The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase.

The body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called

A.) positive feedback.
B.) diabetes.
C.) negative feedback.
D.) homeostasis.
E.) None of the above.

D.) homeostasis.

The level of ketone bodies in the blood increases when high levels of ________ are being metabolized.

A.) proteins
B.) glucose
C.) amino acids
D.) fatty acids
E.) carbohydrates

D.) fatty acids

In ________ diabetes, target sells do not respond normally to insulin.

A.) type 1
B.) type 2
C.) Both type 1 and 2

B.) type 2

In ________ diabetes, no insulin is produced.

A.) type 1
B.) type 2
C.) Both type 1 and 2

A.) type 1

In ________ diabetes, glucose levels remain higher than normal.

A.) type 1
B.) type 2
C.) Both type 1 and 2

C.) Both type 1 and 2

The alpha cells of the pancreas produce

A.) cortisol.
B.) digestive enzymes.
C.) renin.
D.) insulin.
E.) glucagon.

E.) glucagon.

The beta cells of the pancreas produce

A.) glucagon.
B.) insulin.
C.) digestive enzymes.
D.) renin.
E.) cortisol.

B.) insulin.

When blood glucose levels rise, as in the "fed" state,

A.) only insulin is released.
B.) only peripheral cells take up less glucose.
C.) only protein synthesis decreases.
D.) only glucagon is released.
E.) All of these answers are correct.

A.) only insulin is released.

When blood glucose levels fall,

A.) only glucagon is released.
B.) only insulin is released.
C.) only peripheral cells take up less glucose.
D.) only protein synthesis decreases.
E.) All of these answers are correct.

A.) only glucagon is released.

Insulin secretion

A.) is stimulated by parasympathetic neurons.
B.) is inhibited by GLP-1.
C.) decreases in response to elevated amino acid concentrations.
D.) is stimulated by sympathetic neurons.
E.) None of these answers are correct.

A.) is stimulated by parasympathetic neurons.

A primary target tissue for insulin is the

A.) liver only.
B.) brain and liver.
C.) brain, liver, and intestine.
D.) intestine only.
E.) brain only.

A.) liver only.

Insulin

A.) only inhibits gluconeogenesis.
B.) only stimulates glycolysis.
C.) only stimulates lipogenolysis.
D.) stimulates glycolysis and inhibits gluconeogenesis.
E.) stimulates glycolysis and lipogenolysis.

D.) stimulates glycolysis and inhibits gluconeogenesis.

Glucagon

A.) primarily targets the liver.
B.) primarily targets skeletal muscle.
C.) stimulates gluconeogenesis and primarily targets skeletal muscle.
D.) only stimulates gluconeogenesis.
E.) stimulates gluconeogenesis and primarily targets the liver.

E.) stimulates gluconeogenesis and primarily targets the liver.

In type I diabetes, a hyperglycemic hyperosmotic state may occur. Which of the following best describes this state?

A.) There is decreased water intake.
B.) Plasma glucose and blood osmolarity levels are above normal.
C.) There are low levels of vasopressin (ADH).
D.) Blood osmolarity is below normal levels due to elevated glucose.
E.) ATP production is increased due to the increased levels of glucose.

B.) Plasma glucose and blood osmolarity levels are above normal.

Pre-diabetes is a condition that will likely become diabetes if eating and exercise habits are not altered.

A.) True
B.) False

A.) True

The pancreatic hormone that raises blood glucose concentration is

A.) insulin.
B.) glucagon.
C.) amylin.
D.) somatostatin.

B.) glucagon.

________ is a condition of insulin deficiency from beta cell destruction.

A.) Type 2 diabetes mellitus
B.) Type 1 diabetes mellitus
C.) Metabolic syndrome
D.) Anorexia nervosa

B.) Type 1 diabetes mellitus

________ is characterized as insulin-resistance.

A.) Type 2 diabetes mellitus
B.) Metabolic syndrome
C.) Type 1 diabetes mellitus
D.) Anorexia nervosa

A.) Type 2 diabetes mellitus

The loss of water in the urine due to unreabsorbed solutes is known as

A.) ketoacidosis.
B.) polyphagia.
C.) osmotic diuresis.
D.) polydipsia.

C.) osmotic diuresis.

After ingestion of carbohydrates in an insulin-deficient diabetic, ________ would happen.

A.) protein degradation and ketone production
B.) fat synthesis
C.) ketone production
D.) protein degradation
E.) glycolysis

A.) protein degradation and ketone production

The combination of type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, and high blood pressure is called

A.) metabolic syndrome.
B.) anorexia nervosa.
C.) coronary heart disease.
D.) cancer.

A.) metabolic syndrome.

Which of the following symptoms would you expect to observe in a person suffering from type I diabetes mellitus?

A.) hyperglycemia
B.) thirst and polydipsia
C.) glucosuria
D.) ketoacidosis
E.) All of these answers are correct.

E.) All of these answers are correct.

In type 2 diabetes, insulin levels are frequently normal, yet the target cells are less sensitive to the effects of insulin. This suggests that the target cells

A.) may have a defect in their signal transduction pathway.
B.) are impermeable to insulin.
C.) cannot convert insulin to an active form.
D.) have adequate internal supplies of glucose.
E.) None of these answers are correct.

A.) may have a defect in their signal transduction pathway.

Both insulin and glucagon are peptide hormones that target liver cells. The responses of the target cells to these two hormones are exactly the opposite of each other. This information implies that

A.) one of the hormones does not interact with a membrane receptor.
B.) both hormones interact with receptors at the cell nucleus.
C.) one hormone binds to a receptor on the cell membrane and the other to an intracellular receptor.
D.) each of the two hormones uses a different second messenger.

D.) each of the two hormones uses a different second messenger.

Gluconeogenesis refers to

A.) removing glucose from storage as glycogen.
B.) creating glucose from glycerol, amino acids, or lactate.
C.) converting glucose to storage as adipose tissue.
D.) converting glucose to glycogen storage.
E.) removing fatty acids from adipose storage.

B.) creating glucose from glycerol, amino acids, or lactate.

The ________ rate represents the minimum energy expenditures of an individual.

A.) oxygen consumption
B.) heart
C.) basal metabolic
D.) resting metabolic

C.) basal metabolic

Excess amino acids in the diet, that are not used to make proteins, undergo ________.

A.) glycogenesis
B.) lipogenesis
C.) gluconeogenesis
D.) glycogenolysis

C.) gluconeogenesis

Which pathway is the opposite of lipogenesis?

A.) electron transport system
B.) glycolysis
C.) citric acid cycle
D.) beta-oxidation

D.) beta-oxidation

What happens to excess glucose in the body?

A.) It is immediately converted to ATP in the liver.
B.) It undergoes lipogenesis.
C.) It continues to circulate in the blood.
D.) It is converted to protein.

B.) It undergoes lipogenesis.

How does binding of insulin to its receptor cause glucose uptake from the bloodstream?

A.) It causes the nuclear transcription factor GLUT4 to stimulate glucose channel production to increase glucose diffusion.
B.) It causes liver cells to release glucose chaperones (GLUT4) that shuttle glucose into cells.
C.) It causes insertion of GLUT4 transporters in the membrane.
D.) It causes intramembrane GLUT4 channels to open, allowing glucose to diffuse into the cell.

C.) It causes insertion of GLUT4 transporters in the membrane.

Which is the best example of negative feedback?

A.) Thyroid hormone is released as part of an endocrine cascade that begins in the hypothalamus with the release of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH).
B.) Ingestion of alcohol inhibits vasopressin release, causing dilute urine to form.
C.) Thyroid hormone (TH) secreted into the bloodstream causes increased cellular metabolism and increased body temperature, and increased TH levels inhibit TH release.
D.) Cortisol is released in response to stressful stimuli and stimulates the liver to release glucose.

C.) Thyroid hormone (TH) secreted into the bloodstream causes increased cellular metabolism and increased body temperature, and increased TH levels inhibit TH release.