Identity Diffusion Refers To The Identity Status In Which Adolescents:

1. According to Erikson, adolescents are in the stage of:
a. identity versus role confusion.
b. intimacy versus isolation.
c. independence versus neediness.
d. integration versus separation.

a. identity versus role confusion.

2. Psychosocial development during adolescence is often seen as a quest to answer the question:
a. "What am I going to do with my life?"
b. "Will I ever find someone to love?"
c. "Who am I?"
d. "Why don't my parents understand me?"

C. "Who am I?"

3. Psychosocial development during adolescence involves the search for a(n):
a. soul mate.
b. career.
c. set of behaviors to please others.
d. understanding of oneself.

d. understanding of onself

4. According to Erikson, the ultimate adolescent psychosocial goal is identity:
a. diffusion.
b. achievement.
c. foreclosure.
d. Moratorium.

b. achievement

5. Following Erikson's lead, _____ distinguished four specific ways young people cope with this life stage.
a. Baumrind
b. Freud
c. Marcia
d. Skinner

c. Marcia

6. When a person adopts parents' or society's roles and values without questioning and exploring a personal identity, it is referred to as identity:
a. moratorium.
b. foreclosure.
c. diffusion.
d. achievement.

b. foreclosure.

7. Without any thoughtful consideration, Sean took on an identity that is the opposite of what his parents want for him. Sean has adopted a(n):
a. negative identity.
b. positive identity.
c. non-identity.
d. over identity.

a. negative identity.

8. Identity diffusion refers to the identity status in which adolescents:
a. pause during their identity formation to explore alternatives.
b. form their identity prematurely.
c. do not commit to goals and fail to take on any role.
d. understand who they are as connected to everything they have learned.

c. do not commit to goals and fail to take on any role.

9. Identity diffusion is typically characterized by:
a. apathy.
b. foreclosure.
c. following one's heart.
d. commitment to a cause.

a. apathy.

10. The term for a pause in identity formation, when alternatives are explored before final choices are made, is known as:
a. identity diffusion.
b. role confusion.
c. negative identity.
d. moratorium.

d. moratorium.

11. During an identity moratorium, adolescents typically:
a. ignore their future roles and responsibilities.
b. take on a temporary role and postpone making career decisions.
c. change their identity from that of their youth.
d. adopt their parents' views after having tested them on their own.

b. take on a temporary role and postpone making career decisions.

12. Harold readily adopted his parent's religious faith without question. Happy and secure, he enjoys participating in religious events with his parents. His identity status reflects:
a. diffusion.
b. achievement.
c. foreclosure.
d. moratorium.

c. foreclosure.

13. According to Erikson, what is one of the four aspects of identity?
a. physical
b. political
c. familial
d. economic

b. political

14. Identity politics refers to the tendency to:
a. affiliate strongly with one political party.
b. carefully weigh the issues promoted by the major political parties.
c. automatically assume one's parents' political stance.
d. vote for people of one's own race, religion, ethnicity, or gender.

d. vote for people of one's own race, religion, ethnicity, or gender.

15. Research indicates that adolescents who work 20 hours a week or more:
a. save more money for college.
b. are more likely to love their work in adulthood.
c. create a stronger vocational identity early on.
d. tend to hate their jobs and achieve less in school.

d. tend to hate their jobs and achieve less in school.

16. People's acceptance of the roles and behaviors that they define as male or female is referred to as their _____ identity.
a. gender
b. ethnic
c. heterosexual
d. foreclosed

a. gender

17. Gender refers to:
a. the cultural or social attributes of being male or female.
b. the biological characteristics of being male or female.
c. homophobia.
d. one's sexual orientation.

a. the cultural or social attributes of being male or female.

18. In typical relationships, one would expect the MOST bickering between:
a. grandparents and teens.
b. adolescents and older siblings.
c. mothers and daughters.
d. fathers and sons.

c. mothers and daughters

19. Parent-child arguments during the teen years indicate:
a. a disturbed parent-child relationship.
b. poor parenting skills.
c. teenage depression.
d. children's desire for autonomy.

d. children's desire for autonomy.

20. Eva is about to become a teenage mother. Based on recent research, she and her child will better handle the situation if her parents:
a. assume care for Eva and her child.
b. adopt Eva's child and raise the child as their own.
c. encourage Eva to move out of the house to raise her baby alone.
d. are supportive, but do not assume complete care for her child.

d. are supportive, but do not assume complete care for her child.

21. A father's awareness of where his teenagers are, what they are doing, and with whom they are doing it is referred to as:
a. parental monitoring.
b. generational stake.
c. overcontrolling.
d. connectedness.

a. parental monitoring.

22. Restrictive and controlling parenting practices are associated with:
a. a well-behaved adolescent.
b. adolescent depression.
c. adolescent achievement.
d. closeness with parents.

b. adolescent depression.

23. _____ expressed the belief that adolescents must rebel in order to become healthy adults.
a. Sigmund Freud
b. Jean Piaget
c. B. F. Skinner
d. Anna Freud

d. Anna Freud

24. In Western cultures the idea that a certain amount of adolescent rebellion is normal and perhaps even healthy reflects a:
a. cultural mandate.
b. social construction.
c. culturally dependent contrivance.
d. social fallacy.

b. social construction.

25. The urge to conform to one's peers in behavior, dress, and attitude is referred to as:
a. conformation.
b. adolescent burden.
c. generation gap.
d. peer pressure.

d. peer pressure.

26. Chris typically can be found with the same group of close friends on the gym steps at lunchtime. He and his friends do not ask others to sit with them. Psychologists call Chris's group a:
a. clique.
b. cluster.
c. crowd.
d. crew.

a. clique.

27. Adolescent romantic partners:
a. are likely to be same-sex.
b. usually become lifelong life partners.
c. have more in common with each other than in adult couples.
d. have less in common with each other than in adult couples.

d. have less in common with each other than in adult couples.

28. Isaac and Derek persuaded Robert to cut school and steal alcohol from a store. Isaac and Derek provided _____ to Robert.
a. criminal coaching
b. deviancy training
c. delinquent apprenticeship
d. offender initiation

b. deviancy training

29. A study of adult women in the United States found that those who voluntarily had sex before the age of 16 were:
a. likely to have a successful marriage as an adult.
b. likely to birth control.
c. not likely to use birth control.
d. likely to get a divorce as an adult.

d. likely to get a divorce as an adult.

30. The term that describes one having erotic desires about the same sex, the opposite sex or both sexes is:
a. sexual identity.
b. sexual orientation.
c. sexuality.
d. gender identity.

b. sexual orientation.

31. Hector is 15 years old and does not identify with his biological sex. He feels he is in the wrong body, but does not have the support he needs to transition into another gender easily. According to the DSM-5, Hector may suffer from:
a. gender dysphoria.
b. gender-role disorder.
c. sexual disorientation.
d. bisexuality.

a. gender dysphoria.

32. Child sexual abuse:
a. most often instigated by strangers.
b. is quite rare in all cultures and countries.
c. includes only activities that involve genital contact.
d. is most common when the first signs of puberty occur.

d. is most common when the first signs of puberty occur.

33. In communities and families that forbid adolescent sex, teenagers are:
a. not likely to receive medical care when they contract an STI.
b. likely to use condoms when they have sex.
c. not likely to spread STIs.
d. likely to have access to comprehensive sex education.

a. not likely to receive medical care when they contract an STI.

34. A young boy experienced ongoing sexual abuse until he was 15. Now that he is a grown man, it is likely that he:
a. has forgotten the experiences over time.
b. suffers from biological harm resulting from the abuse.
c. is depressed and has difficulty with sex or other psychosocial problems.
d. has outgrown the biological and psychosocial effects of the abuse.

c. is depressed and has difficulty with sex or other psychosocial problems.

35. One reason that the teenage pregnancy rate in most European nations is less than half of that in the United States may be because:
a. most European schools begin offering sex education in elementary school.
b. European teenagers live at home longer.
c. American parents are too permissive.
d. European teens reach puberty later.

a. most European schools begin offering sex education in elementary school.

36. The abstinence-only sex-education program that was widely promoted in the United States in 1998 resulted in _____ sexual activity by teenagers.
a. a dramatic reduction in
b. a reduced incidence of
c. no significant impact on
d. increased

c. no significant impact on

37. Compared to when they were children, many adolescents are:
a. happier.
b. more carefree.
c. less self-confident.
d. more focused.

c. less self-confident.

38. The cultural norm of familism often:
a. demands that individual family members take care of themselves at a very early age.
b. fails to provide family members with a cushion during stressful life experiences.
c. requires family members to make sacrifices for the good of the whole.
d. undermines familial solidarity.

c. requires family members to make sacrifices for the good of the whole.

39. Approximately 1 in _____ adolescent girls is affected by clinical depression.
a. 2
b. 5
c. 10
d. 100

b. 5

40. Approximately 1 in _____ adolescent boy is affected by clinical depression.
a. 2
b. 5
c. 10
d. 100

c. 10

41. One study found that the short allele of the serotonin transporter promoter gene (5-HTTLPR) contributes to increased rates of depression in all girls, but only in boys who:
a. ruminate.
b. are suicidal.
c. come from high-SES backgrounds.
d. come from low-SES backgrounds.

d. come from low-SES backgrounds.

42. Elyse broke up with her boyfriend after a fight. She has spent the last week repeatedly going over the fight in her mind, which has caused her to sink into depression. Her continual reliving the fight is known as:
a. rumination.
b. reminiscence.
c. obsession.
d. fixation.

a. rumination.

43. Suicidal ideation refers to:
a. a deliberate act of self-destruction that does not end in death.
b. thinking about suicide.
c. the belief that suicide is an effective way of getting back at one's parents or peers.
d. feelings of sadness or hopelessness.

b. thinking about suicide.

44. Parasuicide refers to:
a. a suicide attempt that does not end in death.
b. helping someone else to commit suicide.
c. several people in a group committing suicide.
d. the serious consideration of suicide.

a. a suicide attempt that does not end in death.

45. What is more common in adolescent boys than in adolescent girls?
a. serious consideration of suicide
b. parasuicide
c. completed suicide
d. cluster suicide

c. completed suicide

46. Several suicides within the same group of people in a brief period are called _____ suicides.
a. cult
b. pact
c. planned
d. cluster

d. cluster

47. Many longitudinal studies have shown that _____ anger during adolescence is normal and that most adolescents express their anger in _____ ways.
a. increased; acceptable
b. decreased; acceptable
c. increased; illegal
d. decreased; illegal

a. increased; acceptable

48. Arrest statistics do not accurately reflect the prevalence of adolescent delinquency because:
a. older criminals lie about their age.
b. only about one-fourth of adolescent offenders are caught.
c. more juvenile offenses lead to arrest than do adult crimes.
d. police downplay juvenile crimes.

b. only about one-fourth of adolescent offenders are caught.

49. Life-course-persistent offenders:
a. may show signs of neurological impairment.
b. have after-school jobs they dislike.
c. tend to be involved in school activities.
d. are unlikely to end up in prison.

a. may show signs of neurological impairment.

50. When applied to the discussion of drug abuse, the term "generational forgetting" means that:
a. adults turn a blind eye to youthful experimentation.
b. youth seek to get high and forget their age.
c. adolescents gather with others of their cohort to experiment with drugs.
d. the new generation ignores what adults have learned about the hazards of drugs.

d. the new generation ignores what adults have learned about the hazards of drugs.

51. One study found that less than _____ percent of parents of 6th graders thought their children had tried alcohol, yet _____ percent of the children said they had.
a. 5: 45
b. 3: 45
c. 1: 22
d. 1: 10

c. 1: 22

52. Which factor has NOT contributed to a decline in the number of young adolescent smokers in the United States?
a. higher cigarette prices
b. the legal smoking age
c. warnings printed on tobacco products
d. better law enforcement of tobacco sales

b. the legal smoking age