Judging The _____ Influences The Response To Stressors.

A short-term anxiety reaction that accelerates into a smothering, horrifying ordeal in which one loses control, is practically unaware of what one is doing, and feels a sense of approaching doom is called a(n)

panic attack

"Although not the only way, I believe that one way of acquiring a fear reaction is through modeling. And that fear reaction may then turn into a phobia." This belief MOST closely reflects the thinking of a _____theorist.
a. psychodynamic
b. sociocultural
c. biological
d. cognitive-behavioral

d. cognitive-behavioral

Alice avoids all crowds and hates leaving her house. This exemplifies what kind of phobia?
a. kenophobia
b. agoraphobia
c. ophidiophobia
d. acrophobia

b. agoraphobia

Which perspective gives rise to the idea that some human beings are "prepared" to acquire some phobias and not others?
a. the behavioral-evolutionary perspective
b. the cognitive-behavioral perspective
c. the biological perspective
d. the humanistic perspective

a. the behavioral-evolutionary perspective

Someone interested in how social change, poverty, and race affect the risk for generalized anxiety disorders probably supports which perspective?
a. the psychodynamic perspective
b. the humanistic-existential perspective
c. the sociocultural perspective
d. the cognitive-behavioral perspective

c. the sociocultural perspective

The physiological and emotional response to a vague sense of threat or danger is usually termed _______________

anxiety

Which is an anxiety disorder?
a. major depression
b. schizophrenia
c. bipolar disorder
d. obsessive-compulsive disorder

d. obsessive-compulsive disorder

During a therapy session to treat a phobia, the therapist confronts the object or situation feared by the client while the client observes. What type of approach does this exemplify?
a. flooding
b. modeling
c. social skills training
d. systematic desensitization

b. modeling

A client has been experiencing uncontrolled anxiety. His symptoms include edginess, sleep changes, fatigue, and significant distress. To meet the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for generalized anxiety disorder, these symptoms must be present for at least how many months?
a. 1 month
b. 12 months
c. 6 months
d. 3 months

c. 6 months

What perspective maintains that generalized anxiety disorder develops as a result of exposure to threatening environments?
a. the sociocultural perspective
b. the psychodynamic perspective
c. the humanistic perspective
d. the behavioral perspective

a. the sociocultural perspective

How does fear differ from anxiety?
a. Fear is a response to an inanimate threat, whereas anxiety is a response to an interpersonal threat.
b. Anxiety is more likely to lead to aggression than is fear.
c. Fear is a response to a specific threat, whereas anxiety is more general.
d. Anxiety is an immediate response, whereas fear is more vague.

c. Fear is a response to a specific threat, whereas anxiety is more general.

Which statement describes something shared by both the metacognitive theory and the avoidance theory of generalized anxiety disorder?
a. Generalized anxiety disorder is a function of emotional abuse during childhood.
b. The only reasonable solution to generalized anxiety disorder is the use of medication.
c. The defense mechanism of reaction formation is at play in this illness.
d. Worrying serves some sort of "positive" function for the sufferer.

d. Worrying serves some sort of "positive" function for the sufferer.

What is the definition of fear/anxiety?

Fear: central nervous system's physiological and emotional response to a serious threat to one's well-being
Anxiety: physiological and emotional response to a vague sense of threat or danger

What is the difference between everyday and clinical fear and anxiety?

Everyday fear or anxiety:
> appropriate to the episode experienced
> not disabling
> the person returns to a baseline state of functioning in an expected time frame.
Clinically significant fear or anxiety:
> disabling to the individual
> interfere with his or her life
> The discomfort is too severe, too frequent, lasts too long, or is triggered too easily.

Carl Rogers argued that anxiety disorders arise from the failure to receive ________________ during childhood. The person develops harsh self-standards, called conditions of worth, which he or she tries to meet by repeatedly distorting and denying his or her true experiences.

unconditional positive regard

People with an anxiety disorder are MOST likely to experience:
a. another type of psychiatric disorder
b. periods of mania
c. hallucinations
d. a second anxiety disorder.

c. hallucinations

The DSM-5 diagnosis for an uncontrollable and irrational fear of an object, activity, or situation is __________

specific phobia

Alaina is always edgy and nervous; she feels there is something to be afraid of, though she cannot name it. She is MOST likely suffering from:
a. social anxiety disorder
b. a specific phobia
c. generalized anxiety disorder
d. obsessive-compulsive disorder.

c. generalized anxiety disorder

A psychologist believes that their client is anxious due to an ingrained desire to be perfect. This causes intense self-judgment that results in the distortion of true thoughts and feelings. This BEST reflects the perspective of:
a. psychodynamic theorists
b. cognitive-behavioral theorists
c. sociocultural theorists.
d. humanistic theorists.

d. humanistic theorists

"Who wouldn't be afraid all the time? We have the bomb, overpopulation, AIDS, and violent crime everywhere. It's difficult to get a good job unless you're a computer genius." This complaint is consistent with a _____ explanation of generalized anxiety disorder.
a. sociocultural
b. psychodynamic
c. humanistic
d. behavioral

a. sociocultural

What are the characteristics of agoraphobia?

There is pronounced, disproportionate, or repeated fear about being in public places. The fear derives from the difficulty of escaping or getting help if panic, embarrassment, or disabling symptoms were to occur. This fear leads to avoidance and significant distress or impairment. These symptoms usually continue for at least six months.

Which is NOT a type of anxiety disorder?
a. bipolar disorder
b. panic disorder
c. phobias
d. social anxiety disorder

a. bipolar disorder

Therapists who use the technique of ____________ believe that people with phobic disorders must be forced to confront what they fear in its full intensity so they will see that no real danger exists.

flooding

To treat a client with a fire phobia, a therapist lights a candle, holds it, and permits it to burn a bit. She then invites the client to hold the candle. This is an example of:
a. flooding
b. modeling
c. virtual reality
d. exposure and response prevention.

b. modeling

Katherine always feels threatened and anxious, imagining something awful is about to happen. She is able to work and care for her family, although not as well as she would like. Katherine is probably experiencing:
a. a specific fear response
b. hormonal imbalance
c. a generalized anxiety disorder
d. no specific problem; worrying is a personality trait.

c. a generalized anxiety disorder

To qualify for a DSM-5 diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder, the excessive or ongoing anxiety or worry must last for at least:
a. 3 weeks
b. 6 months
c. 6 weeks
d. 3 months.

b. 6 months

The MOST common mental disorders in the United States are:
a. personality disorders
b. anxiety disorders
c. mood disorders
d. sexual disorders.

b. anxiety disorders

The type of therapy that tries to help clients who have anxiety by providing empathy and genuine acceptance is called:
a. client-centered therapy
b. relaxation training
c. self-instruction training
d. objects relations therapy.

a. client-centered therapy

A person experiences wide-ranging and persistent feelings of worry and anxiety. This is most likely which disorder?
a. specific phobia
b. obsessive-compulsive disorder
c. generalized anxiety disorder
d. social anxiety disorder

c. generalized anxiety disorder

"The reason you are afraid to talk in public is because you believe that everyone must love and approve of you." This statement to a client might be made by a therapist practicing:
a. modeling
b. rational-emotive therapy
c. classical conditioning
d. exposure and response prevention.

b. rational-emotive therapy

A posttraumatic stress victim has been experiencing heightened biochemical arousal for almost a year. This chronic overreactivity may eventually damage which parts of her brain?
a. medulla, pons, and reticular formation
b. hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and amygdala
c. central nervous system and brain stem
d. frontal and temporal lobes

b. hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and amygdala

The network of glands that releases hormones into the bloodstream is the _____ system.
a. endocrine
b. autonomic
c. exocrine
d. nervous

a. endocrine

People who suffer from dissociative amnesia most often lose their _____ memories but retain their _____ memories.
a. immediate; long-term
b. semantic; procedural
c. personal; abstract/encyclopedic
d. local; global

c. personal; abstract/encyclopedic

What are the most common forms of therapy to treat stress disorders in veterans?

drug therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and couples or family therapy

Looking for rainbows while walking the dog in the rain is an example of a:
a. social support system
b. stress response
c. potential stressor
d. stressor.

b. stress response

Being forced to engage in any type of sexual act is called __________.

rape

What is dissociative amnesia? What is dissociative fugue?

Dissociative amnesia: an inability to recall important personal events and information
Dissociative fugue: form of dissociative amnesia where a person travels to a new location and assumes a new identity, forgetting their past

The hypothalamus activates which two body systems?
a. circulatory system and digestive system
b. respiratory system and exocrine system
c. autonomic nervous system and endocrine system
d. central nervous system and muscular system

c. autonomic nervous system and endocrine system

Symptoms of dissociative identity disorder usually begin after episodes of:
a. hypnosis
b. anxiety
c. trauma or abuse
d. suggestibility.

c. trauma or abuse

People with a ____________ style of personality are less likely than others to develop PTSD after encountering traumatic events.

resilient

If a deer jumps in front of your car while you are driving, the stress response that is initially activated is the:
a. cortisol system
b. conservation system
c. sympathetic nervous system
d. parasympathetic nervous system.

c. sympathetic nervous system

When Emily was 10 years old, her parents divorced. Based on research, how might this experience affect her ability to cope with a trauma later in life?
a. Emily is at increased risk for posttraumatic stress disorder if faced with a trauma later in life
b. Emily is at decreased risk for a stress disorder but at higher risk for an anxiety disorder
c. Emily is at decreased risk for development of any stress disorder
d. There are no stress disorders that correlate to parental divorce.

a. Emily is at increased risk for posttraumatic stress disorder if faced with a trauma later in life

Psychodynamic theorists believe that dissociative disorders are caused by the defense mechanism of:
a.ritual and undoing
b. repression
c. projection
d. compensation.

b. repression

Researchers have found evidence of abnormal activity of _____ in the urine, blood, and saliva of combat soldiers and rape victims.
a. cortisol and norepinephrine
b. epinephrine and glucose
c. dopamine and serotonin
d. glutamate and GABA

a. cortisol and norepinephrine

What are two components of stress?
a. stress and recovery
b. stressor and stress response
c. stress and appraisal
d. stress and stressor

b. stressor and stress response

If a victim of rape is treated with dignity and respect by the criminal justice system, what does research suggest is a likely outcome?
a. The victim will have a greater chance of recovering successfully
b. The victim will have a greater chance of developing a stress-related illness
c. The victim will be less likely to press charges because he or she will decide to simply "move on."
d. The victim will be more likely to press charges against the attacker.

a. The victim will have a greater chance of recovering successfully

A person who witnessed a horrible car accident and then became unusually anxious and depressed for three weeks is probably experiencing:
a. acute stress disorder
b. combat fatigue
c. posttraumatic stress disorder
d. pretraumatic stress disorder.

a. acute stress disorder

The key psychological stress disorders are:
a. panic disorder and dissociative fugue
b. obsessive-compulsive disorder and chronic stress disorder
c. posttraumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder
d. specific phobia and stress collapse disorder.

c. posttraumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder

What do acute and posttraumatic stress disorder have in common with dissociative disorders?
a. They are triggered by traumatic events
b. They are varieties of depression
c. They are most successfully treated with the same sort of medication: antipsychotics
d. They are diagnoses, first appearing in DSM-5.

a. They are triggered by traumatic events

Reliving a traumatic event that happened months ago, avoiding things associated with that event, and generally being less responsive are symptoms of _______________

posttraumatic stress disorder

As part of the treatment for a combat veteran with posttraumatic stress disorder, the therapist directs the client to confront both trauma-related objects or situations and painful memories of the trauma. This therapist is practicing:
a. resilience training
b. multifinality
c. hypnotic therapy
d. prolonged exposure

d. prolonged exposure

Dissociative disorders are primarily a major disruption of:
a. memory
b. attachment
c. development
d. social bonds

a. memory

The statement, "This is awful, but I guess I can deal with it like I do everything else," represents one person's:
a. stress
b. stress response
c. stressor
d. somatization

b. stress response

A person who copes well with a happy event in life is showing a positive:
a. stress
b. stressor
c. stress model
d. stress response

d. stress response

____________ is characterized by the inability to recall important information, usually of a stressful nature, about their lives that is typically triggered by a traumatic or upsetting event.

dissociative amnesia

Imagine that you just had a "close call" while driving, but now you feel your body returning to normal.Which part of your nervous system is controlling this return to normalcy?
a. peripheral nervous system
b. sympathetic nervous system
c. parasympathetic nervous system
d. somatic nervous system

c. parasympathetic nervous system

Having to walk the dog several times a day when it is raining is an example of a:
a. psychophysical disorder
b. stress disorder
c. stress response
d. stressor

d. stressor

An individual with dissociative identity disorder has two distinct identities: Gianna and Nate, each having a unique set of memories, behaviors, thoughts, and emotions. Those personalities are called _______________

subpersonalities

Twenty years ago in the town of Springfield, there was a terrible car accident involving 25 cars that all caught on fire. Although it happened decades ago, the mayor of Springfield still wakes up in a cold sweat thinking about cars on fire. This is an example of:
a. posttraumatic stress disorder
b.dissociative identity disorder
c. depersonalization-derealization disorder
d. acute stress disorder.

a. posttraumatic stress disorder

In the reaction to fearful and stressful situations, nerves may indirectly affect organs by stimulating the:
a. medulla
b. adrenal gland
c. hippocampus
d. ganglion.

b. adrenal gland

When people are confronted with stressors, the hypothalamus signals the _____ gland to release the adrenocorticotropic hormone.
a. thyroid
b. adrenal
c. pineal
d. pituitary

d. pituitary

Quinn has forgotten who he is. He traveled to a city he has never visited before and is wandering around aimlessly. After a few hours, he "comes to" and discovers his strange surroundings. Unable to recall how he got there or what he has been doing, Quinn appears to be suffering from ______________________

dissociative fugue

The extensive network of nerve fibers that connect the central nervous system to all body organs is called the ___________________-

autonomic nervous system

When we encounter a stressor, the _____ nervous system accelerates the automatic processes in our body.After the stressor is over, the _____ nervous system returns us to normal functioning.
a. somatic; sympathetic
b. somatic; autonomic
c. parasympathetic; sympathetic
d. sympathetic; parasympathetic

d. sympathetic; parasympathetic

The _____ is the extensive network of nerve fibers that connect the central nervous system to all the other organs of the body.
a. parasympathetic nervous system
b. autonomic nervous system
c. brain-body pathway
d. sympathetic nervous system

b. autonomic nervous system

Samantha adapts well and copes effectively after a hurricane devastates her home. She can be said to be:
a. resilient
b. doubling
c. integrated
d. in a fugue state.

a. resilient

Judging the _____ influences the response to stressors.
a. amount of help received and the case
b. event and the capacity to react effectively
c. emotions and the actions of bystanders
d. mental state and the location of the person

b. event and the capacity to react effectively

Most clinicians believe that veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder cannot fully recover until what happens?
a. They have an interaction with one of their former enemies to put the "war inside" to rest.
b. They revisit the country/territory where their combat experience took place.
c. They learn to accept that they did what was required and learn to stop caring what others think.
d. They come to grips with their combat experience and the impact that those experiences continue to have.

d. They come to grips with their combat experience and the impact that those experiences continue to have

Over time, clinicians have realized that many soldiers experience serious psychological symptoms long after combat is over. This disorder is called:
a. depersonalization-derealization disorder
b. stress fatigue disorder
c. posttraumatic stress disorder
d. dissociative fugue.

c. posttraumatic stress disorder

Poor health is BEST described as a:
a. stress model
b. stress response
c. stress
d. stressor

d. stressor

During World War II and the Korean War, symptoms of severe anxiety and depression were described as:
a. combat fatigue
b. posttraumatic stress disorder
c. shell shock
d. nostalgia.

a. combat fatigue

An individual with ________________ displays two or more distinct personalities and periodically switches from one to another.

dissociative identity disorder

Some studies indicate that _____ treatment is the single most helpful intervention for persons with stress disorders, irrespective of the precipitating trauma.
a. exposure
b. drug
c. psychodynamic
d. electroconvulsive

a. exposure

Female rape victims are most commonly attacked by a(n):
a. stranger
b. former spouse or partner
c. acquaintance or friend
d. current spouse or partner.

c. acquaintance or friend

Which of these is not listed in DSM-5 as a method of re-experiencing traumatic events by a person suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder?
a. nightmares
b. dreams
c. memories
d. delusions

d. delusions

After a traumatic event, Paula immediately starts experiencing a reaction that lasts for under a month. This is most likely diagnosed as __________________

acute stress disorder

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a form of _____ therapy.
a. psychodynamic
b. exposure
c. cognitive
d. humanistic

b. exposure

When a dangerous situation is recognized, what brain structure releases neurotransmitters to trigger the firing of neurons and the release of chemicals throughout the body?
a. amygdala
b. pituitary gland
c. medulla oblongata
d. hypothalamus

d. hypothalamus

A local psychologist accompanies APA and Red Cross personnel to help firefighters deal with the stress they experience shortly after a disastrous fire. The psychologist interacts with victims to let them know that their reactions are normal and to offer stress management tips. The psychologist is providing:
a. prolonged exposure
b. critical incident stress debriefing
c. resilience training
d. state-dependent learning.

b. critical incident stress debriefing

The body system that helps reduce our arousal response is the:
a. renal system
b. sympathetic nervous system
c. circulatory system
d. parasympathetic nervous system

d. parasympathetic nervous system

Sawyer had been up for 72 hours during which he went on a painting spree. After finishing a few canvas paintings, he was driven to do something even bigger and better, so he painted a mural on his bedroom wall. Eventually Sawyer's energy level began to drop. At some point, he lost all motivation and began staying in bed for most of the day. Sawyer would MOST likely be diagnosed with:
a. unipolar depression
b. bipolar I disorder
c. cyclothymic disorder
d. bipolar II disorder.

b. bipolar I disorder

A person displaying sadness, lack of energy, headaches, and feelings of low self-worth is showing all of the following types of symptoms EXCEPT:
a. cognitive symptoms
b. emotional symptoms
c. behavioral symptoms
d. motivational symptoms.

c. behavioral symptoms

According to Peter Lewinsohn, _____ rewards are particularly important in the downward spiral of depression.
a. family
b. social
c. monetary
d. self-provided

b. social

The disorder marked by numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild depressive symptoms is called _______________ disorder.

cyclothymic

A person who alternates between periods of depression and mild mania has ______________ disorder.

bipolar II

A person constantly weeping is displaying a(n) _____ symptom of depression.
a. emotional
b. motivational
c. behavioral
d. cognitive

a. emotional

"I have no control over good things in my life." The ____________ theory of depression BEST explains this statement.

learned helplessness

What is the average age of onset of unipolar depression?
a. 8
b. 28
c. 19
d. 45

c. 19

Unipolar depression and bipolar disorder share all the following characteristics EXCEPT:
a. periods of severely or mildly depressive episodes
b. inappropriate rises in mood
c. significant distress or impairment
d. problematic emotional extremes.

b. inappropriate rises in mood

What is the BEST example of a motivational symptom of unipolar depression?
a. a man who stops cleaning his apartment and even stops showering
b. a man who no longer feels happy or interested in his hobby of cycling
c. a woman who thinks that her sadness will never go away
d. a woman who no longer goes out with friends and stays home alone for weeks

d. a woman who no longer goes out with friends and stays home alone for weeks

One theory to explain the possible gender differences in unipolar depression is that women tend to think about events long after they have happened. This is called the ____________________ theory.

rumination

Which symptom pair denotes a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder?
a. dysthymic symptoms and mania
b. mania and depression
c. hypomania and depression
d. dysthymic symptoms and hypomania

b. mania and depression

If a person experiences _____ or more episodes of shifting between mania and depression within a one-year period, his or her disorder would be classified as rapid cycling.
a. 4
b. 6
c. 12
d. 8

a. 4

Which statement about unipolar depression is TRUE?
a. About half of the individuals who receive treatment for unipolar depression improve within the first 6 months; all individuals experience full recovery within one year, even without treatment.
b. Treatment for unipolar depression is always required and is effective almost immediately in approximately two-thirds of all individuals.
c. Most individuals with unipolar depression require more than one year of treatment before seeing improvement.
d. The vast majority of individuals with unipolar depression recover within 6 months, sometimes without treatment.

d. The vast majority of individuals with unipolar depression recover within 6 months, sometimes without treatment.

What are the emotional symptoms of depression?

sadness and dejection, lack of pleasure from anything, anxiety, anger, agitation

While Kelsey is microwaving her lunch in the break room at work, two coworkers come into the break room and start laughing shortly after entering the room. Kelsey thinks, "I know they are talking about me.They know I'm a disaster and a complete mess." This represents:
a. global causation
b. selective abstractions
c. automatic thoughts
d. arbitrary inferences.

c. automatic thoughts

_____ is the category of major depressive disorder in which the person experiences excessive activity or immobility.
a. Catatonic
b. Dysthymic
c. Recurrent
d. Melancholic

a. Catatonic

What are the motivational symptoms of depression?

loss of desire, drive, initiative, and spontaneity

What are the behavioral symptoms of depression?

lower activity and productivity, movement and speech slowed

What are the cognitive symptoms of depression?

negative self views, see self as inadequate, undesirable, and inferior, self blame, pessimism, confusion, memory problems, attention problems

What are the physical symptoms of depression?

headaches, indigestion, constipation, dizziness, pain, disturbances in sleep and appetite

A state of breathless euphoria, or frenzied energy, in which individuals have an exaggerated belief in their own power, is characteristic of:
a. cyclothymia
b. depression
c. dysthymia
d. mania

d. mania

_____ is credited with developing the learned helplessness theory of depression.
a. Aaron Beck
b. Albert Ellis
c. Martin Seligman
d. Rene Spitz

c. Martin Seligman

Which theorist is credited with formulating the concept of the cognitive triad?
a. Martin Seligman
b. Sigmund Freud
c. Aaron Beck
d. Peter Lewinsohn

c. Aaron Beck

The cognitive triad is made up of maladaptive thoughts about all of these EXCEPT:
a. the future
b. the past
c. self
d. experiences

b. the past

A mood of euphoric joy and well-being characterizes _________________, a clinical symptom of bipolar disorder.

mania

Regarding the symptoms of depression, a motivational symptom like the lack of desire to get out of bed is different from its companion behavioral symptom, such as:
a. staying in bed all day
b. waking up feeling sad and miserable
c. thinking that nothing good will happen if one does get out of bed
d. waking up with a headache and nausea.

a. staying in bed all day

Unlike unipolar depression, bipolar disorders appear to be best explained by focusing largely on:
a. psychodynamic factors
b. sociocultural factors
c. cognitive factors
d. biological factors.

d. biological factors

Which person is MOST likely to develop severe unipolar depression based on their demographic characteristics?
a. a teenage boy who lives in poverty
b. an elderly man who lives in a low-income area
c. a man who lives alone in his upper-middle-income home
d. a woman who lives with her wealthy parents

a. a teenage boy who lives in poverty

Brody no longer enjoys his usual hobbies, talking to his friends, or even playing with his dog. In fact,Brody didn't even care when he learned that he was up for a promotion at work. This BEST describes someone with:
a. automatic thinking
b. anhedonia
c. dysregulation
d. fatalism.

b. anhedonia

Which statement is TRUE regarding patients with depression who receive couple therapy?
a. Couple therapy is not effective for unipolar depression because the illness impacts only the patient.
b. They are more likely than those in individual therapy to be more satisfied with their marriage after treatment.
c. Couple therapy takes far longer than individual therapy, so most patients who receive it stay in therapy for many years.
d. Couple therapy and individual therapy address the same issues, except that couple therapy has two people in the room instead of one.

b. They are more likely than those in individual therapy to be more satisfied with their marriage after treatment.

The DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for a major depressive episode include all of the following symptoms of depression EXCEPT:
a. thoughts of suicide and/or a suicide plan
b. hyperfocus on a singular activity
c. daily agitation or a decrease in motor activity
d. daily insomnia or hypersomnia.

b. hyperfocus on a singular activity

A milder pattern of mood swings that does not reach the severity of bipolar disorder but does include depressive and manic episodes has been identified as _________________________ disorder.

cyclothymic

Severe unipolar depression is less common in adults older than age 65. What is one possible reason for this, according to the text?
a. Depression in older adults is commonly misdiagnosed as an anxiety disorder
b. Severe depression is associated with health problems that could prevent affected adults from living to an old age
c. The DSM-5 criteria to diagnose severe unipolar depression require that the condition present in childhood
d. Older adults are less likely to seek medical help and, therefore, remain undiagnosed

b. Severe depression is associated with health problems that could prevent affected adults from living to an old age

Someone who has seasonal affective disorder would likely secrete more _____ than those people without the disorder.
a. thyroxin
b. serotonin
c. testosterone
d. melatonin

d. melatonin

What kind of depression is unipolar?
a. depression that stems from a single event in one's life
b. depression that includes only extreme sadness as a symptom
c. depression that occurs without periods of mania
d. depression that occurs due to the lengthy absence of sunlight during winter

c. depression that occurs without periods of mania

Which statement BEST describes the relationship between neurotransmitters and unipolar depression?
a. It is unclear whether abnormal activity of neurotransmitters in the brain causes dysfunction of the depression-related brain circuit or is the result of it.
b. Low activity of serotonin causes a reduction in norepinephrine, which triggers depression.
c. Although neurotransmitters were once thought to play a role in depression, we now know that neurotransmitters do not play a role in depression.
d. Low activity of either serotonin or norepinephrine directly produces depression.

a. It is unclear whether abnormal activity of neurotransmitters in the brain causes dysfunction of the depression-related brain circuit or is the result of it.

Freud used the concept of _____ in which a person unconsciously interprets negative experiences as the loss of a loved one in order to explain the relationship between loss and depression.
a. object relations
b. symbolic loss
c. delusion
d. projection

b. symbolic loss

A state in which a person feels low and life seems bleak and with overwhelming challenges is called ______________.

depression

Which is NOT a way of categorizing unipolar depression?
a. as catatonic
b. as rapid cycling
c. as melancholic
d. as peripartum

b. as rapid cycling

When he is depressed, Lee has a hard time following conversations and forgets much of what was talked about. This is an example of what type of depression symptom?
a. cognitive
b. emotional
c. motivational
d. physical

a. cognitive

Which statement regarding peripartum depression is FALSE?
a. Women with peripartum depression experience either immobility or excessive activity along with traditional symptoms of depression.
b. A woman with a family history of mood disorders is at greater risk for developing peripartum depression.
c. The hormonal changes that accompany birth trigger this depression.
d. Antidepressant medication has been found to be one effective treatment for peripartum depression.

a. Women with peripartum depression experience either immobility or excessive activity along with traditional symptoms of depression.

Where does suicide rank among the top causes of death in the United States?
a. fifth
b. seventh
c. third
d. tenth

d. tenth

Individuals who clearly intend to end their lives at the time they attempt suicide (and fail to do so), only to experience confusion in the very next hour or day, might be classified as:
a. death seekers
b. death egoists
c. death inviters
d. death initiators

a. death seekers

A treatment approach that tries to help people in a psychological crisis to view their situation more accurately, make better decisions, act more constructively, and overcome the crisis is called ___________

crisis intervention

Dr. Alberto focuses on social relationships and connections with other people in understanding the suicide of an individual. Dr. Alberto seems to accept a _____ position.
a. psychoanalytic
b. cognitive-behavioral
c. sociocultural
d. biological

c. sociocultural

Which perspective believes that suicide is the result of anger at others that has been redirected at oneself?
a. the psychodynamic perspective
b. the cognitive perspective
c. the sociocultural perspective
d. the behavioral perspective

a. the psychodynamic perspective

Which is NOT a component of Edwin Shneidman's definition of suicide?
a. It is self-inflicted
b. It results from depression or emotional distress
c. It involves indirect effort
d. It involves conscious effort

b. It results from depression or emotional distress

People who experience mixed feelings about their desire to kill themselves are known as:
a. death ignorers
b. death seekers
c. death initiators
d. death darers

d. death darers

Nancy lives alone in a secluded cabin. Unconcerned with societal norms and rules, she feels alienated from the rest of society and is nonreligious. Emile Durkheim would consider her at risk for _____ suicide.
a. altruistic
b. anomic
c. egoistic
d. introjective

c. egoistic

What is the critical way in which death initiators differ from other categories of people who attempt suicide, according to Shneidman?
a. They believe that death will not end their existence.
b. They employ more lethal means.
c. They do not intend to end their lives with their action.
d. They believe they are merely speeding up an ongoing process.

d. They believe they are merely speeding up an ongoing process.

Which statement is TRUE regarding stressors and suicide attempts?
a. The stressors that trigger suicide are immediate stressors, rather than long-term stressors.
b. Stressors that trigger suicide are overwhelmingly large, significant stressors, such as combat or being a victim of a violent crime.
c. Immediate stressors have a more detrimental effect on children and adolescents than on adults and the elderly.
d. Research has found that those individuals who attempt suicide had more recent stressors in their lives than nonattempters.

d. Research has found that those individuals who attempt suicide had more recent stressors in their lives than nonattempters.

Which statement about suicide is TRUE?
a. Suicide is classified as a mental disorder by DSM-5.
b. Estimates of suicides are probably high.
c. Many apparent suicides are probably accidents.
d. Many apparent accidents are probably suicides.

d. Many apparent accidents are probably suicides.

Which is NOT a reason suggested for the high number of suicide attempts among teenagers?
a. Increased competition for jobs and college positions
b. Easy access to alcohol and drugs
c. Weakening ties to the family
d. Increase in cases of serious illness

d. Increase in cases of serious illness

Which statement is TRUE regarding suicide as a mental disorder?
a. To be diagnosed with suicidal behavior disorder, a person must have attempted suicide.
b. The category called suicidal behavior disorder was added to the DSM in the most recent edition.
c. Suicidal behavior is not classified as a mental disorder in DSM-5, but it represents psychological dysfunction.
d. Suicidal ideation is classified as a mental disorder in DSM-5 but not the act of attempting suicide.

c. Suicidal behavior is not classified as a mental disorder in DSM-5, but it represents psychological dysfunction.

One of the early pioneers in the field of suicide study was:
a. Edwin Shneidman
b. Sigmund Freud
c. Erik Erikson
d. Carl Jung

a. Edwin Shneidman

Some psychologists worry that movies that glorify suicide can trigger suicides in others, creating a:
a. death ambivalence
b. conditioning effect
c. subintentional death
d. social contagion effect

d. social contagion effect

A pilot who sacrifices his life in a fighter-plane skirmish would be categorized as an example of _____ suicide.
a. egoistic
b. anomic
c. altruistic
d. subintentional

c. altruistic

According to Emile Durkheim, a person who commits suicide because his or her social environment fails to provide stable structures to support and give meaning to life has committed ______________ suicide

anomic

Why do many people think that the estimates of the rates of suicide are inaccurate?
a. Many reported suicides are probably really accidents.
b. The stigma associated with suicide makes people hesitant to report it.
c. Insurance companies pay extra life insurance in cases of suicide.
d. Suicide is not a DSM-5 category.

b. The stigma associated with suicide makes people hesitant to report it.

Members of the Heaven's Gate religious cult committed suicide to "ascend" to another level beyond human existence. According to Shneidman, these individuals were:
a. death seekers
b. death ignorers
c. death darers
d. death initiators

b. death ignorers

According to Shneidman, people who commit suicide with clarity and commitment, yet who believe that they are simply facilitating a process that is already under way, are called:
a. death seekers
b. death initiators
c. death darers
d. death ignorers

b. death initiators

Researchers who study suicide may interview the friends and family of someone who committed suicide, with the intention of better understanding the person's past. These researchers are conducting a(n):
a. pseudoexperimental study
b. retrograde life detail inspection (RLDI)
c. archival analysis
d. retrospective analysis

d. retrospective analysis

A school has a formal policy in place on how to respond in the event that a student commits suicide. This includes having a faculty member adhere to the deceased student's schedule to monitor peer reactions, answer questions, and arrange for counseling as needed. This is an example of:
a. postvention
b. contagion maintenance
c. response interruption
d. interception

a. postvention

_________________ and brain-circuit dysfunction seem to play a role in suicide separate from depression.
a. High norepinephrine
b. High serotonin
c. Low norepinephrine
d. Low serotonin

d. Low serotonin

Which statement is NOT true regarding suicide in the elderly?
a. Elderly people are typically more determined to die than are members of younger age groups.
b. Elderly people give fewer warning signs before attempting suicide.
c. A common trigger for suicide in the elderly is loss of a spouse.
d. Elderly people are less likely to be clinically depressed.

d. Elderly people are less likely to be clinically depressed.

In the United States, which group is most likely to commit suicide?
a. African Americans between the ages of 25 and 40
b. Non-Hispanic white American males older than age 75
c. Asian American teenagers
d. Non-Hispanic white children younger than the age of 11

b. Non-Hispanic white American males older than age 75

Anna has been struggling with depression and difficult circumstances for the last few years. She no longer believes that life will get better or that there's anything to look forward to. This is called:
a. burnout
b. dichotomous thinking
c. hopelessness
d. long-term stress.

c. hopelessness

Piper shot herself by placing the gun barrel in her mouth, in the middle of a dense wood where she knew she wouldn't be heard or found. Piper is an example of what Edwin Shneidman refers to as a:
a. death seeker
b. death initiator
c. death darer
d. death ignorer.

a. death seeker

Compared with the rate of suicide in the United States, countries such as Egypt, Greece, and Mexico have:
a. unknown rates, since their medical systems do not track such trends
b. much lower rates
c. much higher rates
d. about the same rates

b. much lower rates