Lymphocytes Usually First Encounter Their Foreign Antigen In ______.

Neutrophils

Which leukocyte is most prevalent in blood?

Mad cow disease

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is caused by prions. It is also called ______

Macrophages and neutrophils

Identify the phagocytes

Release of chemicals -> vasodilation -> recruitment of immune cells -> deliver of plasma proteins

Correctly order the events of inflammation

Basophils

Basophils and mast cells are both proinflammatory chemical-secreting cells. Which of these two cells circulates in the blood?

Immune

Natural killer cells are able to detect unhealthy cells. This process is called ______ surveillance

Lysozyme, sebum, immunoglobulin A

Identify the antimicrobial substances released by skin and mucous membranes

Eosinophils

Identify the immune system cells that target parasites

Inflammation decreases and tissue healing usually begins within ______ hours after injury

Pain, redness, swelling

Identify the signs/symptoms of inflammation

A fever

Pyrexia is the presence of ______

Defervescence

Identify the last event of a fever

109 degrees F

Death is likely to occur when core body temperature reaches ______

True i.e. normal flora that prevent growth of pathogenic bacteria

True or false. Nonpathogenic microorganisms reside on the skin of healthy individuals

Inflammation

Redness, heat, and swelling are cardinal signs of ______

Formation of lymphocytes -> activation of lymphocytes -> effector response

Order the events that occur during the lifetime of a lymphocyte

Autoimmune

When the body fails to distinguish between foreign antigens and self-antigens ______ disorders occur

Protozoans, multicellular parasites, fungi, bacteria, and viruses

Identify the five major categories of infectious agents

Neutrophils

The three types of granulocytes are eosinophils, basophils, and ______

1-2 mm in size and single-celled

Identify two characteristics of bacteria

Spleen, lymph nodes, and tonsils

Identify the lymphatic tissues

Monocyte

Identify the type of cell that becomes an epidermal dendritic cell

Interferons and complement

Examples of antimicrobial proteins of the innate immune system are ______

Cellular

t-lymphocytes are a part of ______ immunity

Parasites

Viruses must enter a cell to reproduce. They are called obligate intracellular ______

Multicellular parasites, protozoans, fungi

Which categories of infectious agents are eukaryotic cells?

Protozoans

Malaria is an example of a disease caused by ______

Thymus

Lymphocytes are tested to see if they are immunocompetent in the bone marrow and ______ gland

Antigens

b-lymphocytes and t-lymphocytes identify pathogenic organisms by recognizing their ______

Seizures, irreversible brain damage, death, and denaturation of proteins

High fevers can cause ______

Nonspecific

Innate immunity is ______

Fungal

Mycoses are ______ diseases

Size and complexity

Identify factors that affect an antigen's immunogenicity

Macrophages, b-lymphocytes, and dendritic cells

Identify the antigen-presenting cells

Cilia

______ are hair-like extensions of plasma membranes that in the respiratory system, function to sweep mucus upward so that it can be expectorated or swallowed

Opsonin

Opsonization is the binding of a protein to a portion of bacteria. The binding protein, such as an antibody, is called an ______

Bone marrow

Where are lymphocytes formed?

Innate

Nonspecific immunity is another name for ______ immunity

Sebaceous (oil) gland secretions

Identify the skin secretion that contains lactic acid and fatty acids

Interferons

A class of cytokines released from leukocytes are called ______ also referred to as IFN

Proteins

Cytokines are ______

Diapedesis

Identify the process by which cells squeeze out of the bloodstream and migrate to sites of infection

Specific

Acquired immunity is also called ______ immunity

Liver

Where are complement proteins synthesized?

Red

t-lymphocytes originate in ______ bone marrow

Protein channels

A membrane attack complex is the name for a ______

Lysozyme

Identify the enzyme that attacks the cell wall of some gram-positive bacteria

Major histocompatibility complex

The ______ molecules must match as closely as possible to prevent rejection of the donor organs in an organ transplant

CD4 cells

Helper t-lymphocytes are also referred to as ______

TCR

Positive selection tests to see if the ______ of a t-lymphocyte can recognize and bind to an MHC molecule

Immune privilege

Certain areas of the body actively prevent access to immune cells. These areas are said to have ______

Self tolerance

t-lymphocytes learn to ignore self-antigens, a state referred to as ______

Induce fever

Identify the function of pyrogens

Lysozyme

Our salivary glands produce what antimicrobial enzyme?

Alternative; classical

The complement system is usually activated in one of two ways. The ______ pathway occurs when a bacteria or fungus binds directly to the complement protein. The ______ pathway is usually activated by antibodies

Innate

Macrophages and NK cells are part of our ______ immunity

Naïve

t-lymphocytes that have not yet been exposed to its specific foreign antigen are called ______ t-lymphocytes

Glycoproteins

MHC class I molecules are ______

An exogenous antigen

A pathogen located outside of a cell is referred to as ______

Hapten

The lipid toxin in poison ivy is an example of a ______

100,000

b-lymphocytes and t-lympocytes have unique receptor complexes. Each cell typically has ______ receptor complexes

RER

MHC class II molecules are synthesized by the ______

Eicosanoids

Which structure makes leukotrienes, a chemical of inflammation?

Classical pathway

Identify the type of complement activation that requires the presence of antibodies

Histamine

Identify the chemical of inflammation that causes vasodilation

IgE

Identify the class of immunoglobulins that is usually formed in response to allergic reactions and parasitic infections

Titer

Antibody concentration in the blood is also known as antibody ______

It can neutralize snake venom, it can cross the placenta, and predominant antibody in the blood

Identify the true statements regarding IgG

IgM

Identify the class of immunoglobulin that is most effective at causing agglutination of cells and binding complement

5.5 days

What is the half life of IgA in blood?

igG

Identify the most predominant antibody in the blood and lymph

Active

Vaccines provide a type of adaptive immunity called artificial acquired ______ immunity

Sensitization phase, activation phase, and effector phase

Order the phases of an acute hypersensitivity reaction

Active immunity includes development of memory cells and may result from direct exposure to antigen

Identify the true statements regarding active immunity

Vaccine

When you get a flu shot, you are receiving a(n) ______, an injection of weakened flu virus or virus particles

Memory B cells have a set life span

Hepatitis vaccinations often require more than one injection because ______

Naturally acquired passive immunity

Identify the type of immunity that is passed from mother to baby through the placenta

Acute hypersensitivities

Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is involved in ______

Agglutination

If the wrong blood type is given to a patient, their red blood cells clump up because antibodies cross-link them in a process known as ______

B cells and cytotoxic T cells

Activated helper T cells are required to activate which of the following?

Perforins and granzymes

Activated cytotoxic T cells destroy foreign or infected cells using ______

Plasma

Antibodies are produced by activated B cells called ______ cells

Circulating blood

The antibody titer is a measure of the concentration of a specific antibody in the ______

Cytotoxic T cell - destroy infected cells via apoptosis
Plasma cells - produces antibodies
Helper T cells - release interleukins and cytokines to stimulate other cells

Match each cell type with its effector response.

B cell binds free antigen -> B cell engulfs antigen and presents it to a T helper cell -> activated helper T cell releases IL-4 -> B cell proliferates

Place the events of B cell activation in order ______

Memory b-lymphocytes

Activated B-lymphocytes that do not become plasma cells, become ______

APC engulfs antigen and presents it on an MHC class II molecule -> helper T cell binds APC -> helper T cell secretes IL-2 -> helper T cell proliferates

Place the events of activation of a T help cell in order

Tag pathogens for destruction by other cells

Antibodies _______

Lag

Standing in the elevator, someone sneezes on you infecting you with a new rhinovirus. However, it then takes 3-5 days until you produce antibodies because of the ______ phase

CD40 surface protein, CD154 protein, and cytokines

Which of the following components are required for the process of class switching to occur?

IgE

Identify the class of immunoglobulin that is produced during an allergic reaction and has a half life in blood of 2 days

Antibody

A y-shaped immunoglobulin molecule is made of four polypeptide chains and referred to as a(n) ______ monomer

Anamnestic

The secondary response of immunologic memory is often called the memory response or ______ response

Cytokines

Along with direct contact between the plasma cell and a helper t-lymphocyte, specific type of ______released from the helper t-lymphocyte is necessary for class switching

Of the presence of memory B cells

The second time you are exposed to the identical antigen, you produce more antibodies more quickly because ______

An MHC class II molecules presented by an APC

A helper T cell is first stimulated by binding to antigen presented on ______

Which antibody region is responsible for stimulating NK cells?

Antigen challenge

The first exposure to an antigen is called the ______

Variable

The region of the antibody that binds to the antigen is the ______ region

Which region of an antibody helps activate complement?

Class switching

The process of changing the antibody produced by a cell is called ______

Recirculation

Lymphocytes do not stay in secondary lymph structures permanently but move out after several days. This process is referred to as lymphocyte ______

HIV antibodies

HIV blood tests look for the presence of ______ in the blood

A secondary lymphatic structure

Lymphocytes usually first encounter their foreign antigen in ______

All IgM antibodies have what region in common?

When the patient develops an opportunistic infection

HIV becomes identified as AIDS when which of the following occurs?