Total Peripheral Resistance Is Calculated For ______.

Sympathetic stimulation of the heart increases release of the neurotransmitter _____.

norepinephrine
acetylcholine
epinephrine

norepinephrine

Cardiac output is the amount of blood ______.

-in the circulatory system in total.
-pumped by each ventricle per minute.
-pumped per beat of the heart.
-pumped by both the atria and the ventricles per minute

pumped by each ventricle per minute.

The stroke volume is the amount of blood

-in the ventricle before each beat.
-pumped by each atria per beat.
-in the ventricle after each beat.
-pumped by each ventricle per beat.

pumped by each ventricle per beat.

The cardiac control center is located within the _______ _______ of the brain stem.

medulla oblongata

One factor affecting stroke volume is EDV, or _______ _______ volume, which represents maximum filling of the ventricle.

end diastolic

Under sympathetic activation, the heart rate is increased by the release of the neurotransmitter _____.

norepinephrine

The amount of blood ejected by the LEFT ventricle every minute is called the _____ ______.

cardiac output

Preload is the ______.

-amount of blood in the ventricle at -any time before contraction.
amount of blood ejected by the heart.
-end-diastolic volume.
-amount of blood remaining after each beat.

end-diastolic volume.

The amount of blood pumped from the ventricle with each cardiac cycle is the _____.

cardiac output
stroke volume
end systolic volume

stroke volume

The resistance against which the ventricles pump, such as the pressure in the aorta, is termed ______.

afterload

TPR, or the frictional impedance to blood flow, is an abbreviation for ____ _____ _____.

Total peripheral resistance

The ratio of blood ejected from the ventricles to end-diastolic volume is termed the _____ ______.

ejection fraction

The relationship of the heart muscle to stretch from end-diastolic volume is known as the _______ law.

Frank-Starling

End-diastolic volume as it equates to stretch of the ventricles prior to contraction, is termed _____.

Preload

The amount of blood that the ventricle ejects during each beat is the _____ ______.

stroke volume

Impedance to ejection of blood from the ventricle is termed _____.

afterload
preload
end-systolic volume

afterload

The volume of blood pumped per heart beat compared to the maximum filling of the ventricle is called the _____.

end-systolic volume
stroke volume
ejection fraction

ejection fraction

The Frank-starling law correlates the ______ and end-diastolic volume.

stroke volume

Filling of the ventricles affects the myocardium by

-altering the overlap of actin and myosin.
-changing the resistance to ejection of blood.
-altering the release of ACh from the motor neuron.

altering the overlap of actin and myosin.

According to the Frank-Starling relationship, for any given EDV, increased sympathetic stimulation will result in ______.

greater stroke volume
lower cardiac output
smaller stroke volume
greater end-systolic volume (ESV)

greater stroke volume

__________ is the strength of ventricular pumping, and is modified by sympathetic stimulation.

Contraction

Norepinephrine ____ contraction strength.

increases
decreases

increases

The ratio of blood ejected from the ventricles to end-diastolic volume is termed the _____ _____.

ejection fraction

The draining of blood into the atria throughout the cardiac cycle is termed _____ ______.

venous return

Stretching of the myocardium, and the subsequent change in overlap of actin and myosin, affects the

stroke volume.
filling time.
heart rate.

stroke volume.

True or false: Venous return to the right atria is affected by venous pressure and blood volume.

true

Select all that apply
Which chemical messenger(s) increase heart rate?

Norepinephrine
Acetycholine
Epinephrine

Norepinephrine
Epinephrine

The volume of blood pumped per heart beat compared to the maximum filling of the ventricle is called the _____.

stroke volume
end-systolic volume
ejection fraction

ejection fraction

Venous return most directly influences

passive filling time.
atrial contraction.
end-diastolic volume.

end-diastolic volume.

Total blood volume is likely to increase the filling of the atria, by increasing the _____ _____.

venous pressure

Contractility is affected by the ______.

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
sympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system

sympathetic nervous system

The contraction strength of the heart muscle is increased by the secretion of _______ from the adrenal medulla.

epinephrine

If blood vessels have higher compliance, a given pressure will cause _____ distension.

greater
less

greater

The draining of blood into the atria throughout the cardiac cycle is termed ____ ____.

venous return

The volume of ______ is approximately 20% of the extracellular fluid.

plasma

Filling of the heart relies critically on the ______.

total blood volume
venous pressure
end-systolic volume

total blood volume
venous pressure

Capillary hydrostatic pressure, exerted against the inner capillary wall, is closest to _____ mm Hg at the arterial end.

37
120
10
17

All of the following are filtered with water through the capillary pores except for

glucose
small organic molecules
ions
plasma proteins

plasma proteins

Compliance is typically ______.

the same in both arteries and veins..
higher in veins.
higher in arteries.

higher in veins.

Colloid osmotic pressure is ______.

-higher for plasma proteins.
-identical between plasma and interstitial fluid proteins.
-higher for interstitial fluid proteins.

higher for plasma proteins.

Of fluid in the extracellular fluid compartment, plasma comprises approximately _____.

50%
80%
20%

20%

The difference between colloid osmotic pressure of the plasma and the interstitial fluid is termed a(n) _____ pressure.

oncotic

Select all that apply
The net filtration pressure in capillaries is equal to the hydrostatic pressure of the blood

-plus the hydrostatic pressure of the tissue fluid outside.
-minus the hydrostatic pressure of the tissue fluid outside.
-and decreases along the length of the capillaries.
-and is constant along the length of the capillaries.

-minus the hydrostatic pressure of the tissue fluid outside.
-and decreases along the length of the capillaries.

The concentrations of glucose and ions in plasma are most similar to those in the ______ fluid compartment.

interstitial

The opposing forces that govern net filtration and absorption across the capillary are collectively termed the _____ forces

Starling

The colloid osmotic pressure of the plasma is _____

-equal to the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid.
-less than the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid.
-greater than the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid.

greater than the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid

Besides interstitial fluid, the other major component of extracellular fluid is _____.

plasma

The colloid osmotic pressure of blood plasma is primarily attributable to the high concentration of _____.

proteins.
glucose.
ions.

proteins

Capillary hydrostatic pressure, exerted against the inner capillary wall, is closest to _____ mm Hg at the arterial end.

10
37
120
17

Starling forces describe the movement of fluid across capillaries, and provide the values necessary for calculation of the _____ _____ pressure.

net filtration

Colloid osmotic pressure is ______.

higher for interstitial fluid proteins.
identical between plasma and interstitial fluid proteins.
higher for plasma proteins.

higher for plasma proteins

10-15% of the capillary filtrate is returned to blood not directly but rather via the ______ system.

lymphatic

Total blood volume is 5-6 L, and the kidneys filter that volume slightly more than ____.

once per minute
once per day
once per hour

once per hour

Stretch receptors in the ____ detect volume changes in the blood, affecting vasodilation and blood flow to the kidneys.

veins
ventricles
atria

atria

What percentage of capillary filtrate is returned to the blood by way of the lymphatic system?

90
10
25
50

Antidiuretic hormone is also known as

aldosterone.
vasopressin.
oxytocin.

vasopressin.

The volume of the kidney filtrate is typically described as _____ L/day.

180

If blood volume increases, stretch receptors cause ____ sympathetic activity in the heart, and ____ of the renal arteries.

increased, vasoconstriction
decreased, vasoconstriction
decreased, vasodilation
increased, vasodilation

increased, vasodilation

ADH is released from the _____.

anterior pituitary
posterior pituitary
hypothalamus

posterior pituitary

The thirst stimulus leads to an increase in the amount of _____ released from the posterior pituitary.

oxytocin
ADH
ACTH
aldosterone

ADH

Arginine vasopressin is identical to ______.

aldosterone
angiotensinogen
atrial naturetic peptide
antidiuretic hormone

antidiuretic hormone

Antidiuretic hormone causes _____ reabsorption of water in the kidney.

greater
less

greater

Reabsorption of NaCl by the kidneys is stimulated by the hormone ______.

anti-diuretic hormone
aldosterone
atrial naturetic peptide
angiotensinogen

aldosterone

Vasopressin is released from axons terminating in the ___ ____.

poseterior pituitary

Aldosterone secretion is stimulated by:

-salt over-ingestion and an increased blood volume
-salt deprivation and a decreased blood volume
-salt over-ingestion and a decreased blood volume
-salt deprivation and an increased blood volume

salt deprivation and a decreased blood volume

Vasopressin is another name for:

ADH hormone

Drinking a large volume of tap water will cause:

-an increase in plasma osmolality, and decreased ADH release
-a decrease in plasma osmolality, and increased ADH release
-an increased in plasma osmolality, and increased ADH release
-a decrease in plasma osmolality, and decreased ADH release

a decrease in plasma osmolality, and decreased ADH release

The adrenal cortex secretes the hormone _____ in response to low dietary salt intake.

aldosterone
renin
angiotensin

aldosterone

The _____ ______ in the kidneys secretes the enzyme renin, which cleaves angiotensinogen.

granular cells

Salt deprivation and a subsequent loss of blood pressure from dehydration indirectly stimulates the release of _____ from the adrenal cortex.

aldosterone

The enzyme ACE is ______.

angiotensin-converting enzyme
aldoserone-converting enzyme
acetylcholinesterase

angiotensin-converting enzyme

Aldosterone is secreted by the ___ ____ and stimulates reabsorption of salt by the kidneys.

adrenal cortex

Angiotensinogen is cleaved by ______.

renin
angiotensin-converting enzyme
aldosterone

renin

Atrial natriuretic peptide is antagonistic to aldosterone in that it promotes the loss of the ion _______, along with water in the urine.

sodium

Arginine vasopressin is identical to ______.

angiotensinogen
aldosterone
antidiuretic hormone
atrial naturetic peptide

ADH

Angiotensin II is converted by ____ ____ enzyme.

angiotensin converting

The hormone ______ ______ ______ is secreted from the heart, following stretch stimuli from an increased blood volume.

Atrial Natriuretic hormone

In small arteries and arterioles blood flow to organs is controlled by altering resistance such that

-vasoconstriction decreases resistance and increases flow.
-vasodilation increases resistance and decreases flow.
-vasodilation decreases resistance and increases flow.
-vasoconstriction decrease resistance and decreases flow.

vasodilation decreases resistance and increases flow.

What does the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide promote?

Water retention in the kidney
Na+ retention in the kidney
Water and Na+ excretion in the urine

Water and Na+ excretion in the urine

Blood flow is proportional to the difference in _______ at either end of the tube (vessel).

pressure

The hormone ANP is secreted from the _____ as increasing blood volume stretches this chamber.
Multiple choice question.
atria
aorta
ventricles

atria

Greatest flow occurs in a tube which has the following arterial (first) and venous (second) pressures:

80 mm Hg, 65 mm Hg
80 mm Hg, 40 mm Hg
100 mm Hg, 80 mm Hg
100 mm Hg, 65 mm Hg

80 mm Hg, 40 mm Hg

The mean arterial pressure of the systemic circuit is typically about ____.

60 mm Hg
25 mm Hg
100 mm Hg
150 mm Hg

100 mm Hg

Blood flow through a tube is proportional to pressure divided by ____.

resistance

In describing the proportionality of resistance to blood flow in vessels, the Greek eta (η) stands for:

viscocity

Decreasing the radius of a tube by 2 will change the flow by a factor of _____.

The average pressure of the circulatory system, as measured beginning at the aorta and ending at the right atrium, is called the ______ ______ pressure.

mean aterial

Diversion of blood away from an organ by vasoconstriction is termed _____.

ischemia
perfusion
shunting

shunting

Blood flow through a tube is inversely proportional to the _____.

length
resistance
pressure

resistance

The following contribute to resistance in blood vessels:

length of vessel
pressure in vessel
radius of vessel
viscosity of blood

length of vessel
radius of vessel
viscosity of blood

Local changes in the ______ of arteries and arterioles are most responsible for distributing blood to the various tissues and organs of the body.

radius

The sum of all the vascular resistances within the systemic circulation is called the _____ ______ resistance.

total peripheral

_____ regulation refers to control of blood flow by autonomic nervous and endocrine mechanisms, rather than by purely local regulatory responses.

Extrinsic

Sympathetic tone involves a basal level of _____, which is increased during heightened reactions.

epinephrine release
vasodilation
vasoconstriction

vasoconstriction

Total peripheral resistance is calculated for ______.

-both systemic and pulmonary circulation
-pulmonary circulation
-systemic circulation

systemic circulation

In some mammals, during "fight or flight" cholinergic sympathetic fibers release ACh to arterioles in skeletal muscle, causing _______ of the blood vessels.

vasodilation

Bradykinin and nitric oxide act as ______ regulators of vascular smooth muscle, where tissue messengers influence local relaxation.

paracrine

Select all that apply
Extrinsic control of blood flow includes mechanisms of the _____.
Multiple select question.
autonomic nervous system
myogenic reflex
endocrine system

autonomic nervous system
endocrine system

A low level of vasoconstriction is maintained by ______, which then increases to reduce blood flow to the digestive tract.

parasympathetic tone
cholinergic sympathetic tone
adrenergic sympathetic tone

adrenergic sympathetic tone

A decrease in arterial pressure causes cerebral vessels to _____.

constrict
dilate
decrease perfusion

dilate

In some mammals, arterioles in skeletal muscles demonstrate vasodilation by _____ fibers during "fight or flight."

cholinergic sympathetic
adrenergic sympathetic
cholinergic parasympathetic

cholinergic sympathetic

Prostaglandin produces _______ of blood vessels in a paracrine reflex.

Dilation

True or false: Lactic acid can cause local vasodilation.

True

Even when calm, the sympathoadrenal system typically activates alpha-adrenergic receptors to maintain a basal level of vasoconstriction, known as sympathetic ____>

tone

Myogenic autoregulation of cerebral blood vessels protects against local hypertension by

causing constriction when there is high blood pressure.
causing constriction when there is low blood pressure.
causing dilation when there is high blood pressure.

causing constriction when there is high blood pressure.

Select all that apply
Local vasodilation for organs may be induced by metabolic changes such as:

increased tissue pH.
decreased oxygen concentrations.
release of adenosine.
increased carbon dioxide.

-decreased oxygen concentrations.
-release of adenosine.
-increased carbon dioxide.

Blood flow to the myocardium is greatest during _____.

systole
diastole

diastole

Adenosine and prostaglandins act on vascular smooth muscle to cause _____ when the myocardium has increased levels of carbon dioxide.

vasoconstriction
vasodilation

vasodilation

Decreased blood pH near working muscles during exercise causes local _____.
Multiple choice question.vasodilation
vasoconstriction

vasodilation

Because of the restriction of blood flow to the coronary arteries during systole, the heart has large amounts of _______ for additional oxygen storage.

myoglobin

Myogenic autoregulation of cerebral blood vessels protects against local hypertension by

-causing constriction when there is high blood pressure.
-causing dilation when there is high blood pressure.
-causing constriction when there is low blood pressure.

causing constriction when there is high blood pressure.

The baroreceptor reflex provides sensory feedback during exercise, typically _____ activity to the heart..

increasing the sympathetic
increasing the parasympathetic
decreasing the sympathetic

increasing the sympathetic

In some mammals, during "fight or flight" cholinergic sympathetic fibers release ACh to arterioles in skeletal muscle, causing _____ of the blood vessels.

vasodilation

At rest, cerebral blood flow is about _____ of total cardiac output.

2%
15%
25%

15%

As the metabolism of the myocardium increases, the gaseous paracrine regulator _____ ______ causes vasodilation.

nitric oxide

One stimulus for the vasodilation to exercising skeletal muscles is the _____.

increased intracellular sodium
increased intracellular calcium
decreased extracellular potassium
increased extracellular potassium

increased extracellular potassium

As changes in blood pressure occur, myogenic autoregulation acts to _____.

-maintain a constant flow rate to the cerebral arteries
-increase blood flow to the cerebral arteries during exercise
-pass subsequent pressure changes similarly to the cerebral arteries

maintain a constant flow rate to the cerebral arteries

During exercise, cardiovascular changes are affected by sensory feedback from the

working myocardium
contracting muscles
renal macula densa

contracting muscles

An arrangement of unique structures, called arteriovenous ________, constrict or dilate to shunt blood from arterioles to venules in thermoregulation.

anastomoses

Select all that apply
Cerebral blood flow must be regulated so that ______.

-blood flow can increase 2-3x to the brain during exercise
-blood flow is not reduced below the oxygen demands of the brain
-intracranial pressure is not elevated

-blood flow is not reduced below the oxygen demands of the brain
-intracranial pressure is not elevated

The units of blood pressure are most typically ______.

mmHg
inches of H2O
dL of blood

mmHg

In myogenic regulation of cerebral blood flow, increased CO2 causes an ______.

increase in brain pH.
arteriolar vasoconstriction
arteriolar dilation

arteriolar dilation

Arteriovenous anastomoses are important in the reflexes controlling

osmoregulation.
cerebral blood flow.
body temperature.

body temperature.

Specialized stretch receptors for blood pressure in the carotid sinuses are called _____.

baroreceptors

Blood pressure is measured in units of ______ of _______.

mm or Hg

One stimulus for the vasodilation to exercising skeletal muscles is the _____.

increased extracellular potassium
decreased extracellular potassium
increased intracellular calcium
increased intracellular sodium

decreased extracellular potassium

As changes in blood pressure occur, myogenic autoregulation acts to _____.

-increase blood flow to the cerebral arteries during exercise
-maintain a constant flow rate to the cerebral arteries
-pass subsequent pressure changes similarly to the cerebral arteries

maintain a constant flow rate to the cerebral arteries

Select all that apply
Atrial stretch receptors are involved in:

-reflex bradycardia
-secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide
-inhibition of ADH release
-reflex tachycardia

-secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide
-inhibition of ADH release
-reflex tachycardia

Baroreceptors are located in the aortic arch and in the _____ ______.

carotid sinus

A column of mercury is read in millimeters to obtain values of blood ______

pressure

The minimum blood pressure measured by auscultation is generally taken as the _________ pressure.

diastolic

Decreased blood pH near working muscles during exercise causes local _____.

vasoconstriction
vasodilation

vasodilation

Non-turbulent blood flow lacking vibration of the blood vessel and mixing is properly termed ___________ flow.

laminar

Stretch receptors located in ________ are responsible for stimulating increased secretion of ANP and inhibiting the release of ADH

atria

Specialized stretch receptors for blood pressure in the carotid sinuses are called _____.

baroreceptors

The _______ blood pressure is measured as the maximum height a column of mercury will be pushed by a blood pressure cuff occluding the brachial artery, although this is not the true pressure in the aorta.

systolic

When flow becomes non-laminar, or _________ , mixing and vibration of the vessel may occur.

turbulent

The sounds of Korotkoff occur in _____.

arteries at the beginning of diastole
veins at the beginning of diastole
veins at the beginning of systole
arteries at the beginning of systole

arteries at the beginning of systole

Baroreceptors are located in the aortic arch and in the ____ ____.

carotid sinus

Turbulent blood flow through arteries with each systolic phase creates sounds known as the sounds of _____.

Korotkoff

The approximate pressure difference between the venous pressure and the ____ ____ ____ is the pressure driving blood through the systemic capillaries.

mean atrial pressure

The _____ _____ sound is heard when cuff pressure is equal to the systolic pressure during measurement.

first Korotkoff

When flow becomes non-laminar, or _______, mixing and vibration of the vessel may occur.

turbulent

The driving pressure of blood to the systemic capillaries is approximated as the _____.

mean arterial pressure
peak systolic pressure
average systolic pressure

mean arterial pressure

Mean arterial pressure is approximated by adding one-third of the ____ ____ to the diastolic pressure.

pulse pressure

If resting systolic pressure is greater than 140mm Hg, blood pressure is termed _____.

hypertensive

Increased afterload is typically associated with ______.

systemic hypertension
lower peripheral resistance
decreased blood volume
hypotension

systemic hypertension

A systolic blood pressure under 120 mmHg is considered ______.

normal
stage 2 hypertension
hypotension
stage 1 hypertension

normal

Tachycardia and vasoconstriction of skin, kidneys, and muscles, occurs in ______ shock, typically induced by a falling blood volume.

hypovolemic

In hypertension, the resistance to ventricular ejection, termed ______, may be increased significantly leading to ventricular hypertrophy.

afterload