Hypocalcemia Could Be Caused By The ______.

Graves' Disease

You would predict that iodized salt would have no effect on any cases of ____________.

-cretinism
-Graves' disease
-endemic goiter
-myxedema

Thyroid Hormone

Which hormone is the body's major metabolic hormone?

-antidiuretic hormone
-adrenocorticotropic hormone
-thyroid hormone
-parathyroid hormone

Graves' Disease

Which of the following is NOT a homeostatic imbalance related to underactivity of the thyroid gland?

-Graves' disease
-cretinism
-endemic goiter
-myxedema

All of the listed responses are correct.

Hypocalcemia could be caused by the ______.

-apoptosis of parathyroid cells
-failure of osteoclasts to respond to PTH (parathyroid hormone/parathormone)
-malfunction of the parathormone receptors in kidney tubule cells
-All of the listed responses are correct.

parathyroid hormone

Which of the following hormones regulates blood calcium ion levels?

-luteinizing hormone
-insulin
-thyroid hormone
-follicle-stimulating hormone
-glucagon
-parathyroid hormone

True

Osteitis fibrosa is a rare complication of hyperparathyroidism where the bones soften and deform.

-True
-False

humoral

What type of stimulation controls parathyroid release?

-neural
-hormonal
-positive feedback
-humoral

neurons become more excitable and tingling sensations

Which of the following would result from hypoparathyroidism?

-depression of the nervous system
-neurons become more excitable and tingling sensations
-excess calcium deposits in the kidneys forming kidney stones
-skeletal muscle weakness

parathyroid cells

What cells release parathyroid hormone?

-follicular cells
-parafollicular cells
-parathyroid cells
-oxyphil cells

decreased secretion of renin

Aldosteronism will cause ______.

-decreased secretion of renin
-decreased secretion of ANP (atrial naturetic peptide)
-decreased loss of K+ in the urine
-None of the listed responses is correct.

blood pressure

Cushing's syndrome and aldosteronism have the same effects on ______.

-blood pressure
-gluconeogenesis
-plasma glucose levels
-All of the listed responses are correct.

lack of enzymes the adrenal gland needs to make cortisol and aldosterone

Two adrenal glands make hormones that are essential for life. However, in adrenogenital syndrome, females develop a beard and a masculine pattern of body hair distribution; this occurs due to ______.

-negative feedback that inhibits estrogen production
-conversion of estrogens into testosterone
-lack of enzymes the adrenal gland needs to make cortisol and aldosterone
-increased testosterone secretion

secretion of norepinephrine

Pheochromocytoma produces symptoms of uncontrolled sympathetic nervous system activity. Which of the following is common to both adrenal chromaffin cells and adrenergic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system?

-the presence of axons capable of secreting substances that are capable of increasing heart rate
-secretion of epinephrine
-secretion of norepinephrine
-All of the listed responses are correct.

epinephrine

Which of the following hormones is a part of the rapid response (rather than the prolonged response) to stress?

-epinephrine
-cortisol
-aldosterone
-ADH (vasopressin)

decreased insulin secretion

In response to stress, which of the following changes would happen?

-decreased cardiac output
-decreased insulin secretion
-decreased sweating
-decreased or difficulty breathing

heart palpitations

Which of the following are symptom(s) of pheochromocytoma?

-low blood glucose
-cool, dry skin
-heart palpitations
-slow heart rate

Cushing's Disease

Choose which condition has all of the following symptoms: hypertension, hyperglycemia, and a "moon face."

-pheochromocytoma
-Cushing's disease
-Addison's disease

ADH (vasopressin)

What hormone also aids the stress response by promoting water retention and acting as a vasoconstrictor?
-ADH (vasopressin)
-cortisol
-angiotensin II
-aldosterone

zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids

Which of the following pairs correctly matches the adrenal gland zone or area with the class of hormones it produces?

-zona fasciculata: gonadocorticoids
-zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids
-medulla: glucocorticoids
-zona reticularis: catecholamines

glucocorticoids

Which hormone(s) is/are essential to our ability to deal with stress?

-insulin
-mineralocorticoids
-thyroxine
-glucocorticoids

adrenal

Which of the following glands is found atop the kidneys?

-thyroid
-pituitary
-parathyroid
-adrenal

Cushing's syndrome

Which of the following adrenal gland homeostatic imbalances is characterized by persistent elevated blood glucose levels, dramatic losses in muscle and bone protein, and water and salt retention, leading to hypertension and edema?

-cretinism
-Cushing's syndrome
-Addison's disease
-Graves' disease

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

What hormone is released by the anterior pituitary to target the adrenal cortex when we are under stress?

-corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
-adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
-angiotensin II
-atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

The pancreas releases insulin.

When blood glucose levels are high

-The pancreas releases insulin.
-The liver releases insulin.
-The pancreas releases glucagon.
-The liver releases glucagon.
-The pancreas releases glucose.

Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen.

A liver cell responds to insulin by

-Releasing glucagon.
-Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen.
-Taking in glucose and converting it to glucagon.
-Releasing insulin.
-Breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose.

Liver cells

What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose?

-Muscle cells.
-Intestinal cells.
-Liver cells and cells in the pancreas.
-Cells in the pancreas.
-Liver cells.

Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body.

Body cells that respond to insulin include

-Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body.
-Muscle cells only.
-Intestinal cells only.
-Liver cells only.
-Liver cells and muscle cells only.

The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase.

When blood glucose levels are low

-The pancreas releases insulin, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase.
-The pancreas releases insulin, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to decrease.
-The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to decrease.
-The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase.
-Liver cells convert more glucose to glycogen.

homeostasis

The body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called

-positive feedback.
-homeostasis.
-negative feedback.
-diabetes.
-None of the above.

increased secretion of ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)

One can predict that a person suffering from diabetes mellitus would probably have ______.

-increased secretion of ANP (atrial natiuretic peptide)
-increased secretion of ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)
-decreased secretion of catecholamines
-decreased secretion of PTH (parathyroid hormone/parathormone)

insulin

Which pancreatic hormone functions to lower blood glucose levels?

-somatostatin
-insulin
-glucagon
-gastrin

lungs

Which of the following structures does NOT produce a hormone or hormones?

-lungs
-heart
-adipose tissue
-kidneys

lower blood glucose levels

Which of the following best describes the main effects of insulin?

-lower blood glucose levels
-catabolize glycogen into glucose
-release glucose into the blood by liver cells
-synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and noncarbohydrate molecules

insulin

Which of the following is a hypoglycemic hormone?

-glucagon
-epinephrine
-growth hormone (GH)
-insulin

insulin

Which hormone is involved in diabetes mellitus (DM)?

-antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
-aldosterone
-insulin
-glucagon

a decrease in blood glucose levels.

Which of the following triggers the release of glucagon?

-release of insulin
-hyperglycemia
-somatostatin
-a decrease in blood glucose levels

release of glucagon by the pancreatic islets

Which hormone can indirectly control insulin release?

-rise in blood levels of amino acids and fatty acids
-release of glucagon by the pancreatic islets
-release of acetylcholine by parasympathetic nerve fibers
-increase in blood glucose levels

synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources

Which of the following best describes gluconeogenesis?

-creation of glycogen from glucose
-breakdown of glycogen into glucose
-conversion of glucose to fat
-synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources

True

Hormones are long-distance chemical signals that travel in blood or lymph throughout the body.
-True
-False

Supraoptic nuclei of hypothalamus

Nuclei located in a more inferior location that synthesizes mainly the neurohormone ADH

Tract in infundibulum

Transports neurohormones to termini in posterior pituitary/hypophysis

Axon terminal of posterior pituitary

Stored neurohormones ADH and oxytocin & Site of release of nuerohormones into the blood capillary supplied by the inferior hypophyseal artery

Paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus

nuclei located in a more superior location that synthesizes mainly the neurohormone oxytocin

secondary capillary plexus

________: site that receives the blood and hormones from the primary plexus and into which hormones like GH, TSH, and ACTH are secreted

Hypothalamus neurons

________: location of synthesis of releasing hormones (RH), like GHRH, TRH, CRH, GnRH; or inhibiting hormones (IH) like GHIH, PIH

Superior hypophyseal artery

________: supplies the primary plexus

Hypophyseal portal veins

________: blood vessels of hypophyseal portal system that join two capillary beds

Primary capillary plexus

________: site into which releasing hormones or inhibiting hormones are secreted

type 2

In _____ diabetes, target cells do not respond normally to insulin.

type 1

In _____ diabetes, no insulin is produced.

both type 1 and type 2

In _____ diabetes, glucose levels remain higher than normal.