Solutions To Environmental Problems ________.

1) Global population is projected to be about ________ in 2050.
A) 10 billion
B) 9 billion
C) 7 billion
D) 8 billion
E) 11 billion

B. 9 billion

2) To determine your total impact on the environment, you can ________.
A) measure the volume and type of all the wastes you contribute to the municipal waste stream
B) measure local air pollution and its impacts on your health
C) calculate your ecological footprint
D) determine your current water pollution impact
E) calculate the biodiversity of your local community

c. calculate your ecological footprint

3) Which of the following terms best describes the practice of environmental science?
A) Highly specialized and focused
B) Theoretical and controversial
C) Integrative and interdisciplinary
D) Elitist and unnecessary
E) Abstract and theoretical

c. integrative and interdisciplinary

4) Solutions to environmental problems ________.
A) must be short term
B) must be designed with sustainable goals
C) must be on a local scale
D) can be implemented only by scientists
E) are best designed and discussed in the political arena

b. must be designed with sustainable goals

5) Nonrenewable natural resources include ________.
A) coal
B) crude oil
C) minerals
D) wind
E) A, B, and C

e. coal, crude oil, wind

6) The study of environmental science is concerned with
A) the interactions among human systems and those found in nature
B) biotic and abiotic interactions with human systems
C) only abiotic factors
D) only biotic factors
E) Both A and B

a. the interactions among human systems and those found in nature

7) By studying ancient civilizations, such as the Greek and Roman empires and the Angkor civilization of Southeast Asia, historians have concluded that these civilizations declined partly because of ________.
A) sustainable practices
B) fires
C) overabundance of resources
D) environmental degradation due to unsustainable use of resources
E) flood

d. environmental degradation due to unsustainable use of resources

8) ________ gives inherent value to certain living things or to the biotic (living) realm of the earth in general; both human and nonhuman lives have ethical standing.
A) Relativism
B) Realism
C) Anthropocentrism
D) Ecocentrism
E) Biocentrism

E. Biocentrism

9) A paradigm ________.
A) is synonymous with the scientific method
B) is a means of evaluating scientific hypotheses
C) is a group of several hypotheses that can be tested together
D) is a dominant world view in science
E) can only come from qualitative data

a. is synonymous with the scientific method

10) Advances in agriculture ________.
A) did not increase the amount of food per person from a global perspective
B) have resulted in a smaller global population
C) have often resulted in alteration and destruction of natural systems
D) are always sustainable, since they are based on natural ecosystems
E) do not rely on ecosystem services

c. have often resulted in alteration and destruction of natural systems

11) The scientific process and knowledge is based on ________.
A) a systematic process of learning about and testing our understanding of the world
B) observation alone
C) quantitative data alone
D) guesses based our personal feelings about the subject under inquiry
E) the fact that all hypotheses can be proven true

a. a systematic process of learning about and testing our understanding of the world

12) Scientific inquiry is based on ________.
A) the production of technological advances
B) an expanding knowledge based on observation, questioning, testing and discovery
C) making huge leaps of knowledge with scientific insights
D) facts that can be proven true without experimental manipulation
E) designing experiments that have never been done before

b. expanding knowledge based on observation, questioning, testing and discovery

13) A hypothesis is ________.
A) an instrument that is used to examine environmental conditions
B) a prediction about something that has not yet been observed
C) the design of an experiment that can be used in scientific inquiry
D) a proven scientific fact
E) a testable proposition that explains an observed phenomenon or answers a question

e. a testable proposition that explains an observed phenomenon or answers a question

14) Which is a correct statement from the point of view of an environmental scientist?
A) Human manipulation of the environment is completely acceptable in any modern society
B) Human manipulation of the environment is outpacing the rate at which natural systems can evolve
C) Natural systems will evolve at an appropriate rate to compensate for human manipulation
D) Natural systems will be undamaged by human interference because engineering discoveries will fix the problems
E) Adaptation and relocation are acceptable and reliable solutions for organisms that are affected by climate change

c. Human manipulation of the environment is outpacing the rate at which natural systems can evolve

15) An experiment ________.
A) does not need to be repeated if well designed
B) involves only collection of quantitative data
C) is designed to generate new scientific hypothesis
D) is an activity designed to test the validity of a hypothesis
E) often involves manipulating as many variables as possible

d. is an activity designed to test the validity of a hypothesis

16) In a manipulative experiment ________.
A) replication of the experiment is not necessary
B) the peer review process is bypassed
C) researchers manipulate the independent variable
D) the motive is economic gain
E) researchers manipulate as many variables as possible

c. researchers manipulate the independent variable

17) A(n) ________ is best defined as one who considers the impacts on the whole ecosystem, both the living and non-living, when considering an action.
A) ecocentrist
B) ethnocentrist
C) biocentrist
D) anthropocentrist
E) relativist

a. ecocentrist

18) John Muir, a great American environmentalist, felt that ________.
A) resources should be exploited wherever they were found to the greatest economic benefit
B) the only true value of wilderness was its ability to provide national economic growth
C) wilderness was essentially worthless and should not be preserved
D) national parks violated the principles of environmental justice
E) pristine wilderness should be preserved because "We need beauty as well as bread"

e. pristine wilderness should be preserved because "We need beauty as well as bread"

19) In general, natural resources ________.
A) are evenly divided among all countries
B) should not be used
C) belong only to those on whose property they exist
D) should be used by everyone equally
E) should be used efficiently and conserved

e. should be used efficiently and conserved

20) Environmental problems whose dimensions include differential exposure to risk from toxic wastes and air pollution or lack of access to the natural beauty of parks based on ethnicity or race are issues of ________.
A) moral relativism
B) paradigm shifts
C) ecocentrism
D) environmental justice
E) anthropocentrism

d. environmental justice

21) If every person on Earth today lived with the average lifestyle of people in the United States, the land of ____ Earths would be required.
A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 8
E) 10

c. 4

22) The process by which several researchers review another researcher's manuscript prior to publication to ensure research quality is referred to as ________.
A) hypothesis testing
B) critical analysis
C) quality control
D) peer review
E) investigative inquiry

d. peer review

23) Geothermal energy, wind and solar radiation are all examples of ________.
A) renewable natural resources
B) non-renewable natural resources
C) biodiversity
D) biodegradable materials
E) biotic environmental factors

a. renewable resources

24) The best description of a sustainable system component is ________.
A) a component that does not need to interact with other components
B) one which can appropriate increasing amounts of energy from other components
C) a component that requires increasing amounts of materials from surrounding components
D) one in which all species have rapidly increasing populations
E) one which is in balance with the system as a whole

e. one which is in balance with the system as a whole

25) Ecosystem services ________.
A) contribute to keeping ecosystems productive
B) are not necessary to sustainable systems
C) are required to rebalance natural systems that we have disturbed
D) are economically valuable services provided by natural systems
E) are valuable to natural systems but not to human-created systems

d. are economically valuable services provided by natural systems

26) Today, in 2015, the human population totals about ________.
A) 9 billion
B) 7 billion
C) 5.5 billion
D)10 billion
E) 2% less that it did in 2010

b. 7 billion

27) You have read about the mistakes made on Easter Island. On Tikopia, another small island, the people acted in other ways. When they realized that the pigs they had imported were damaging the environment, they killed them all. They had to have permission from a chief to fish, which prevented overfishing. They practiced contraception. These all indicate that ________.
A) they were concerned with only one year at a time
B) they felt that everything was a renewable resource
C) they truly practiced sustainability
D) they believed in full resource utilization
E) they felt that everything was a nonrenewable resource

c. they truly practiced sustainability

28) Ethicists who believe that the guidelines for making environmental decisions are context-specific, depending on the cultures, social issues and other factors framing the decision are ________.
A) following Leopold's land ethic
B) conservationists
C) preservationists
D) universalists
E) relativists

e. relativists

29) The Endangered Species Act, passed by Congress nearly four decades ago, has spawned a continuous series of debates between those who feel the ethical necessity to protect species at the brink of extinction and others who feel that if we have to protect every habitat of every species at risk, then there will be a loss of jobs and a blow to an already shaky economy. This boils down to a conflict between ________.
A) universalists and ecofeminists
B) social scientists and conservationists
C) anthropocentrists and ecocentrists
D) economists and environmental scientists
E) relativists and environmental justice advocates

e. relativists and environmental justice advocates

30) Sustainable development ________.
A) is possible given our increased use of fertilizers and technology for agriculture
B) ensures an economy that will decline over time
C) means consuming resources without compromising future availability
D) is impossible to accomplish
E) is beyond our current technology and attitudes

c. means consuming resources without compromising availability

31) Who is credited for articulating the conservation ethic and for founding the U.S. Forest Service?
A) Gifford Pinchot
B) Aldo Leopold
C) Theodore Roosevelt
D) Ralph Waldo Emerson
E) John Muir

b. aldo leopold

32) In a controlled experiment, ________.
A) the experimental organisms have all been used before and given good results
B) the researcher knows the outcome before beginning the experiment
C) the researcher controls for the effects of all variables except one
D) the researcher has several hypotheses, one of which will be proven correct
E) you need only a single experimental organism which is tested again and again

c. the researcher controls for the effects of all variables except one

33) Qualitative data ________.
A) cannot be replicated
B) are data that are expressed as numbers and tested using statistics
C) can be acquired in the detailed examination of personal interviews or observations
D) cannot be used to support or disprove hypotheses
E) have variables that may not have been properly manipulated

b. are data that are expressed as numbers and tested using statistics

34) A pharmaceutical company wishes to study a possible new headache medicine. They are doing human trials with 1000 volunteers and need to ________.
A) divide the groups by level of health
B) have 10 volunteers in the control group
C) give both control and experimental groups the same amount of the new medication
D) control for the type of headache—stress, migraine, or other causes
E) put all women in the control group and all men in the experimental group

d. control for the type of headache- stress, migraine, or other causes

35) A study's results are deemed worthy of acceptance into the body of scientific knowledge if they are published in journals which ________.
A) use the peer review process
B) charge a high fee for acceptance
C) meet guidelines advocated by environmentalists or consumer groups
D) conform to current political and religious views
E) are funded by corporations funding the research

a. use the peer review process

36) A phenomenon that has been rigorously tested and to which there are no known exceptions is called a(n)
A) hypothesis
B) induction
C) deduction
D) theory
E) natural law

e. natural law

37) Environmental justice is
A) the body of law that deals with environmental issues
B) the type of legal system that environmental lawyers use to defend nature
C) a social movement that works toward equal enforcement of environmental laws in poor communities
D) a type of legal punishment for polluters
E) not needed because pollution is equitably distributed around the world

c. a social movement that works toward equal enforcement of environmental laws in poor communities

1) ________ is defined as the number of protons plus the number of neutrons.
A) Mass number
B) Ionic number
C) Isotopic number
D) Nuclear number
E) Atomic number

a. mass number

2) ________ are composed of amino acids.
A) Carbohydrates
B) Bases
C) Nucleic acids
D) Lipids
E) Proteins

e. proteins

3) ________ are the primary water-insoluble components of cell membranes.
A) Acids
B) Lipids
C) Nucleic acids
D) Carbohydrates
E) Proteins

b. lipids

4) Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is ________.
A) used to measure the economic value of ecosystem services
B) useful in tracking the movements of individual organisms
C) useful in determining the number of heterotrophs in an ecosystem
D) used to predict rainfall and temperature changes in ecosystems
E) helping conservation biologists study habitats and study biodiversity

e. helping conservation biologists study habitats and study biodiversity

5) An example of a positive feedback loop ________.
A) are birds migrating south in response to colder temperatures
B) are predators eating most of their prey and then declining in numbers
C) is a thermostat turning on the furnace as the temperature drops
D) is a pond becoming more acidic as a result of pollution
E) is melting arctic snow exposing dark surfaces that heat up and cause further melting

d. is melting arctic snow exposing dark surfaces that heat up and cause further melting

6) Which of the following represents an example of aerobic cellular respiration?
A) glucose + oxygen → water + carbon dioxide + energy
B) water + carbon dioxide + energy → glucose + oxygen + water
C) nitrogen + oxygen + glucose → methane + carbon dioxide
D) water + carbon dioxide → glucose + oxygen + water + energy
E) nitrogen + carbon dioxide + energy → methane + oxygen

a. glucose+oxygen--> water + carbon dioxide + energy

7) The greatest source of both nitrogen and phosphorus entering Chesapeake Bay is ________.
A) septic systems
B) agriculture
C) municipal and industrial wastewater
D) urban fertilizer runoff
E) natural sources

b. agriculture

8) Ecological modeling is most useful for studying ________.
A) small isolated microhabitats, where the inputs and outputs are well-studied
B) large complex ecosystems that have many interactions
C) how individual species interact with one another
D) artificial data generated by computers
E) the biodiversity in ecosystems

b. large complex ecosystems that have many interactions

9) In all ecosystems energy is eventually lost to the environment via ________.
A) matter
B) photosynthesis
C) radiation and reflection of light
D) heat resulting from respiration
E) trophic levels

d. heat resulting from respiration

10) Compared to energy-flow in ecosystems, the flow of matter ________.
A) is one-way
B) is always dissipated as heat
C) moves from consumers to producers
D) reflects conservation and recycling
E) does not involve either detritivores or detritus

c. reflects conservation and recycling

11) In the flow of matter in ecosystems, the greatest flow of nutrients is between ________.
A) middle consumers and producers
B) detritus and producers
C) decomposers and top consumers
D) producers and top consumers
E) the sun and producers

b. detritus and producers

12) Of the following, ________ is not a macromolecule.
A) glucose
B) proteins
C) DNA
D) cellulose
E) starch

c. glucose

13) The greatest source of water in the hydrological cycle is ________.
A) soil water
B) the atmosphere
C) groundwater
D) oceans
E) precipitation

d. oceans

14) River water held behind a dam is best described as a form of ________.
A) potential energy
B) entropy
C) thermodynamics
D) chemical energy
E) kinetic energy

a. potential energy

15) During photosynthesis within plants, ________.
A) the high-quality energy of the sun is converted to a lower quality
B) oxygen is consumed
C) entropy increases
D) there is net consumption of water and carbon dioxide
E) entropy stays the same

d. there is net consumption of water and carbon dioxide

16) Cellular respiration ________.
A) represents a decrease in entropy
B) results in a net consumption of energy
C) requires the green pigment chlorophyll
D) liberates carbon dioxide and water
E) involves a net consumption of water

d. liberates carbon dioxide and water

17) During the light reactions of photosynthesis, the solar energy absorbed by chlorophyll is used to ________.
A) split water molecules and release oxygen in the form of O2
B) defend against predators
C) produce small, high-energy molecules that are used in the Calvin cycle to manufacture sugars
D) break down macromolecules such as starch
E) Both A and C

e. both a and c
A) split water molecules and release oxygen in the form of O2
C) produce small, high-energy molecules that are used in the Calvin cycle to manufacture sugars

18) The trophic level of "producers" includes ________.
A) any organism using oxygen for respiration
B) heterotrophs only
C) the sum of both living and dead biomass in an ecosystem
D) any organism producing biomass directly from photosynthesis
E) heterotrophs and autotrophs

d. any organism producing biomass directly from photosynthesis

19) Net primary productivity is ________.
A) the energy used by plants to make biomass after respiration
B) the amount of detritus produced by an ecosystem
C) the amount of energy consumers derive from producers
D) the total biomass of an entire ecosystem
E) the biomass of producers minus that of consumers

a. the energy used by plants to make biomass after respiration

20) Biological nitrogen fixation (nitrogen fixation that is performed by living organisms) is carried out by ________.
A) fungi
B) various species of specialized bacteria
C) slime molds
D) mammals
E) pine trees

b. various species of specialized bacteria

21) The greatest planetary pool of nitrogen is ________.
A) the atmosphere
B) the hydrosphere
C) the biosphere
D) in fossil fuel deposits
E) the lithosphere

a. atmosphere

22) Aquifers are ________.
A) moist areas of soils that permit infiltration of nitrogen and phosphorus
B) porous rock formations located underground that store groundwater
C) a source of water largely untapped by agriculture and urban systems
D) large bodies of surface water such as lakes and oceans
E) areas where the water table is above ground most of the year

b. porous rock formations located underground that store groundwater

23) Consider the following processes: respiration, combustion, polymerization, nitrification, industrial fixation, and photosynthesis. How many of these result in the release of oxygen into the atmosphere?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 4
D) all
E) none

a. 1 (Photosynthesis)

24) When you burn a log in your fireplace you are converting ________.
A) chemical to nuclear energy
B) electromagnetic to chemical
C) thermal to electromagnetic energy
D) chemical to thermal (heat) energy
E) proteins to amino acids

d. chemical to thermal (heat) energy

25. The greatest human impact on the carbon cycle has been through ________.
A) increased respiration of the exponentially growing human population
B) depletion of aquifers
C) combustion of fossil fuels
D) use of synthetic fertilizers
E) mining of limestone (calcium carbonate)

c. combustion of fossil fuels

26) That all the energy of the universe remains constant, is conserved, neither created nor destroyed, but may change form is a statement of the ________.
A) Law of Entropy
B) Law of Cosmic Inertia
C) Law of Feedback
D) First Law of Thermodynamics
E) Law of Systemic Connection

d. first law of thermodynamics

27) Skin, hair, muscles, and enzymes are all made up of ________.
A) nucleic acids
B) proteins
C) carbohydrates
D) lipids
E) organelles

b. proteins

28) Precipitation ________.
A) has become increasingly more basic in the last 100 years, due to industrial air pollution
B) that is acidic would have a pH higher than 7
C) that is acidic has a low concentration of hydrogen ions
D) that is acidic would have a pH lower than pure water
E) that measures pH = 4 is twice as acidic as precipitation that measures pH = 5

d. that is acidic would have a lower pH than pure water

29) Forming the cell walls of stems, leaves, and roots, what compound is the primary structural constituent of plant tissues?
A) Starch
B) Chlorophyll
C) Protein
D) Enzymes
E) Cellulose

e. cellulose

30) Electrically charged atoms or combinations of atoms are called ________.
A) molecules
B) ions
C) compounds
D) isotopes
E) elements

b. ions

31) How do organic compounds differ from inorganic compounds?
A) Inorganic compounds never contain carbon, whereas organic compounds always contain carbon.
B) Organic compounds consist of carbon atoms joined by covalent bonds and may contain other elements, such as nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus. Inorganic compounds lack carbon-carbon bonds.
C) Organic compounds are always acidic, while inorganic compounds are always basic.
D) Inorganic compounds always only consist of two atoms.
E) A and C are correct

b. Organic compounds consist of carbon atoms joined by covalent bonds and may contain other elements, such as nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus. Inorganic compounds lack carbon-carbon bonds.

32) Some organisms, such as plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, produced their own food by absorbing the sun's radiation. These organisms are referred to as ________.
A) mutualists or consumers
B) heterotrophs or producers
C) heterotrophs or consumers
D) parasites or heterotrophs
E) autotrophs or producers

e. autotrophs or producers

33) All of the following are approaches to reducing eutrophication except ________.
A) using artificial wetlands to filter stormwater and farm runoff
B) reducing fertilizer use on farms and lawns
C) planting and maintaining vegetation buffers around ditches and streams that trap nutrient and sediment runoff
D) applying fertilizers to farmland just before heavy rains are predicted
E) upgrading stormwater systems to capture runoff from roads and parking lots

d. applying fertilizers to farmland just before heavy rains are predicted

34) The total amount of chemical energy produced by autotrophs, such as plants and phytoplankton, is called gross primary production. The energy that remains after plants use some of the gross primary production to fuel their own metabolism is known as ________.
A) net primary production
B) secondary production
C) negative primary production
D) negative secondary production
E) positive primary production

a. net primary production

35) Plants release water vapor through their leaves; this process is called ________.
A) magnification
B) percolation
C) condensation
D) evaporation
E) transpiration

e. transpiration

1) Extinction is ________.
A) the loss of communities from the planet
B) the disappearance of a species from Earth
C) something that occurs only rarely
D) always caused by human disturbance
E) proceeding more slowly now than at any other time

b. the disappearance of a species from Earth

2) Most extinction is ________.
A) the result of slow climate change
B) the result of environmental catastrophe
C) not often a problem for endemics
D) gradual, generally occurring when species cannot adapt genetically to changes in environmental conditions
E) problematic for generalists

d. gradual, generally occurring when species cannot adapt genetically to changes in environmental conditions

3) Which of the following is true?
A) Most organisms present early in Earth's prehistory were more complex than modern organisms.
B) Extinctions of past species have always happened gradually and on a small scale.
C) Species on Earth today are but a fraction of all species that ever lived.
D) Bacteria represent a newer form of life, not present during the early prehistory of Earth.
E) The number of species existing at one time has decreased throughout history.

c. species on Earth today are but a fraction of all species that ever lived

4) The two processes that determine the world's current biodiversity are ________.
A) allopatric and sympatric speciation
B) extinction and speciation rates
C) mutation and humidity
D) breeding and ecotourism
E) endemism and climate change

b. extinction and speciation rates

5) The fossil record clearly shows that ________.
A) several different species can hybridize to produce a single new species
B) new species appear suddenly and fully differentiated, without an ancestral species
C) large complex organisms evolved long before simple organisms
D) nearly all species that have existed in the past still exist today
E) all species evolve from pre-existing species

e. all species evolve from pre-existing species

6) A population is a group of ________.
A) individuals of several interacting species that interact in multiple ecosystems
B) all individuals of a species in all locations
C) individuals of several interacting species that live in one area
D) cells that have similar function
E) individuals of a single species that live and interact in one area

e. individuals of a single species that live and interact in one area

7) Endemic species ________.
A) are found only in one place on the planet
B) are generalist organisms
C) have high rates of mutations that lead to large numbers of offspring species
D) are invasive species that cause extinction
E) cause disease

a. are found in only one place on the planet

8) The functional role of a species in its community is its ________.
A) niche
B) habitat
C) place in the food chain
D) distribution
E) selection

a. niche

9) High population density can ________.
A) hinder organisms from finding mates
B) increase the incidence of disease transmission and food scarcity
C) decrease competition
D) decrease the use of resources
E) decrease biodiversity within a species

b. increase the incidence of disease transmission and food scarcity

10) Population distribution describes ________.
A) spatial arrangement of individuals of a single species within a particular area or ecosystem
B) how near or far away individuals in a population are from a resource, such as water
C) placement of a species within a country's boundaries
D) spatial arrangement of multiple species within a particular area
E) placement of a species around the globe

d. spatial arrangement of multiple species within a particular area

11) A population's age structure generally ________.
A) indicates the relative numbers of individuals of different ages within a population
B) is correlated with the different niches the population occupies
C) has no inherent value for predicting growth
D) will represent sizes of individual organisms
E) cannot predict possible species declines in numbers

a. indicates the relative numbers of individuals of different ages within a population

12) Populations lacking any environmental resistance tend to increase by ________.
A) exponential growth
B) pyramidal growth
C) emigration
D) immigration
E) linear growth

a. exponential growth

13) The carrying capacity is the ________.
A) greatest number of different niches possible in a given area
B) limitation on numbers of species in a community
C) maximum sustainable population size that a given environment can support
D) average number of offspring carried to term by a species
E) potential growth in the number of species in a given area

c. the maximum sustainable population size that a given environment can support

14) Density-dependent factors ________.
A) include the effects of a hard freeze on a single species within a community
B) include the effects of disease, predators, and food on a single species within a community
C) cause decreases in the number of species in an ecosystem
D) include the effects of a hard freeze on an entire community
E) include the effects of rainfall on an entire community

b. include the effects of disease, predators, and food on a single species within a community

15) Heavy rains and mudslides cause a river to change course, isolating two groups of lizards of the same species from one another. Over a long period of time ________.
A) one group will probably become an endemic species
B) one or both groups will probably become invasive species
C) both groups will probably become native species
D) the groups will probably diverge genetically, and speciation may occur
E) one or both groups will probably emigrate

d. the groups will probably diverge genetically, and speciation may occur

16) Of the following, ________ would be most vulnerable to extinction.
A) a moth, brought to the United States for silk production, escaping into the wild and becoming established
B) a healthy plant, such as a pine tree, that completely dominates its native environment
C) an orchid endemic to a mountaintop forest where logging is occurring
D) a mold that attacks corn in the field
E) a migratory flock of warblers stopping along its winter route to feed on local resources that are now gone and replaced by a suburb

c. an orchid endemic to a mountaintop forest where logging is occurring

17) Which of the following is accurate?
A) Our understanding of genetics allows us to replace extinct species.
B) Humans can find and make their own resources if they destroy natural ecosystems.
C) Costa Rica has declared national bankruptcy because of its failed ecotourism industry.
D) Ecotourism combines wildlife conservation with economic benefits.
E) Any damaged ecosystem can be completely restored.

d. Ecotourism combines wildlife conservation with economic benefits.

18) One example of artificial selection is ________.
A) the process of allopatric speciation
B) pet dogs that have gone wild, mate with coyotes, and live in packs
C) crossing a lion and a tiger to get a sterile animal called a liger
D) humans placing a gene for human insulin into a flower
E) broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, and brussels sprouts bred from Brassica oleracea

e. broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, and brussels sprouts bred from Brassica oleracea

19) In a population of field mice, an example of an adaptive trait that could help with reproduction and/or survival would be ________.
A) having a bit more fur to withstand cold weather
B) being brightly colored so other mice could see it
C) having shorter legs to be lower to the ground
D) needing to eat more food than other mice its size
E) spending less time searching when food is scarce

a. having a bit more fur to withstand cold weather

20) Of the following, ________ would represent a clumped population dispersion pattern.
A) oaks planted on city streets
B) a pod of 40 migrating gray whales
C) earthworms in the soil of a garden
D) a forest of pine trees
E) eagles nesting in the tallest trees in the Grand Canyon

b. a pod of 40 migrating gray whales

21) Phylogenetic trees ________.
A) are a threatened species in Costa Rica's Monteverde National Park
B) trace the flow of evolutionary change and diversification for a particular group of organisms
C) have branches each of which represents an extinction event
D) predict future evolutionary trends
E) are usually at odds with fossil evidence

b. trace the flow of evolutionary change and diversification for a particular group of organisms

22) An example of a density-independent factor would be ________.
A) a specialist searching for the one species of plant that is its food
B) blight (a mold disease) in a wheat field
C) a plant parasite, such as mistletoe
D) cold weather causing a lake to freeze
E) suitable nest sites for a flock of warblers

d. cold weather causing a lake to freeze

23) A coyote, which can alter its food intake to match seasonal abundance of plants, fruits, or small animals, is considered to be ________.
A) a specialist, which has no niche
B) a generalist, able to be flexible in major dimensions of its niche
C) an endemic, able to be flexible
D) a clumped species
E) density-independent and resource neutral

b. a generalist, able to be flexible in major dimensions of its niche

24) A species has evolved an asexual mode of reproduction by having offspring develop from unfertilized eggs. Which of the following will be true of this species' response to natural selection?
A) The species will increase in numbers because genetic variation is increased.
B) There will be more deaths from natural selection because there is no mutation.
C) The species will compensate for loss of genetic variation by hybridizing with other species.
D) There will be fewer deaths from natural selection because sexual recombination always leads to extinction.
E) There will be less genetic variation from sexual recombination and a risk of not adapting quickly to environmental change.

e. There will be less genetic variation from sexual recombination and a risk of not adapting quickly to environmental change.

25) Of the following, ________ are the major factors that determine a population's growth rate.
A) survivorship, natural selection, mutation, and extinction
B) adaptation, competition, birth rate, and emigration
C) limiting factors, carrying capacity, mutation rate, and inbreeding
D) immigration, climate, emigration, and population distribution
E) birth rate, death rate, emigration, and immigration

e. birth rate, death rate, emigration, and immigration

26) An ecosystem ________.
A) encompasses all the organisms and the physical and chemical environment within an area
B) is a regional grouping of plants, animals and other biotic factors
C) is a collection of interacting species living in a specific area
D) is a grouping of plants and animals that interacts with one another in a way that causes the grouping to die
E) is the total population of a specific kind of plant, animal or microbe and all members of which do or potentially can interbreed and produce young

a. encompasses all the organisms and the physical and chemical environment within an area

27) At Hakalau Forest in ________, ranchland is being restored to forest, invasive plants are being removed, and native ones are being planted, and native birds are being protected while new populations of them are being established.
A) Tuvalu
B) Guam
C) Hawaii
D) Japan
E) the Marshall Islands

c. Hawaii

28) Biodiversity is ________.
A) the variety of life in all its forms and combinations and at all levels of organization
B) the difference in variety and abundance of species from place to place
C) the total number of species in a location
D) the three dimensional distribution of species and biological features
E) the relative abundance of the different species in a community

a. the variety of life in all its forms and combinations and at all levels of organization

29) An S-shaped population growth curve best describes ________.
A) unlimited growth
B) slow and constantly changing growth
C) logistic growth
D) rapid and steady rate growth
E) exponential growth

c. logistic growth

30) In ecology, a ________ is made up of interacting populations of different species that inhabit the same area.
A) ecosystem
B) guild
C) population
D) biome
E) community

e. community

31) The niche of a species is the functional role of that species in the community that it belongs to. Species that have narrow niches (have very specific resource requirements) are said to be ________, while species that have broad niches (able to use a wide array of resources) are known as ________.
A) Type 2 species; Type 3 species
B) widespread; restricted
C) specialists; generalists
D) generalists; specialists
E) r-selected species; K-selected species

c. specialists; generalists

32) When the organisms of a particular population seek habitats or resources that are unevenly spaced, the distribution of the individuals in the population is ________.
A) evenly dispersed
B) uniform
C) clumped
D) binary
E) random

e. random

33) A small group of leaf-feeding beetles locates a field of snap beans, one of the preferred plants for this species. At first, the population grows rapidly in the snap bean field, but as the beetle population grows larger, predators, such as spiders and birds, discover the beetles and start to remove individuals from the population. Competition for mates, food, and oviposition (egg-laying) sites intensifies for the individuals in the beetle population as population density increases. A fungal disease also starts to kill many of the beetles. The population no longer grows rapidly but levels off. How would you describe the factors limiting the beetle population?
A) The factors are density-independent factors.
B) The factors are density-dependent factors.
C) The factors act on the population as the population density increases.
D) Both A and C describe these factors.
E) Both B and C describe these factors.

e. both b and c
B) The factors are density-dependent factors.
C) The factors act on the population as the population density increases.

1) Zebra mussels ________.
A) are native to Canada
B) were introduced into the United States in the early 1900s
C) excrete waste that facilitates algae blooms and subsequent eutrophication of lakes
D) are an invasive exotic species that clogs water intake pipes at factories, power plants, and wastewater treatment facilities
E) are presently restricted to the Great Lakes and Hudson River, but they are expected to spread rapidly in the near future

d. are an invasive exotic species that clogs water intake pipes at factories, power plants, and wastewater treatment facilities

2) Individuals of a single species fighting over access to a limiting resource is one example of ________.
A) interspecific competition
B) symbiosis
C) competitive exclusion
D) resource partitioning
E) intraspecific competition

e. intraspecific competition

3) Zooplankton populations in Lake Erie and the Hudson River have declined by up to 70% since the arrival of zebra mussels because ________.
A) waste from zebra mussels promotes bacterial growth that kills zooplankton
B) zebra mussels block sunlight penetration into lakes and thus prevent zooplankton from photosynthesizing
C) zebra mussels prey exclusively on zooplankton
D) zebra mussels carry a parasite that kills zooplankton
E) zebra mussels feed on phytoplankton, which zooplankton need as a food source

c. zebra mussels prey exclusively on zooplankton

4) By definition, parasites ________ their host.
A) are much smaller than
B) feed on and harm
C) benefit
D) live on the external surface of
E) kill

b. feed on and harm

5) Of the following, ________ is (are) an abiotic factor.
A) temperature
B) snails
C) grasses
D) oak trees
E) butterflies

a. temperature

6) ________ capture solar energy and use photosynthesis to produce sugars.
A) Detritivores
B) Primary consumers
C) Heterotrophs
D) Producers
E) Secondary consumers

d. producers

7) Grazing animals such as deer are ________.
A) decomposers
B) secondary consumers
C) primary consumers or herbivores
D) producers
E) detritivores

c. primary consumers or herbivores

8) Zooplankton-eating fish are ________.
A) producers
B) herbivores
C) primary consumers
D) secondary consumers
E) detritivores

d. secondary consumers

9) Which of the following is true about top predators?
A) They are likely to be keystone species.
B) Their removal increases biodiversity.
C) They are likely to be herbivores.
D) They are likely to be producers.
E) They include bacteria and fungi.

a. thy are likely to be keystone species

10) Secondary succession ________.
A) typically begins with lichen colonizing rock
B) requires primary succession to precede it
C) occurs after a volcano spreads lava across a landscape
D) is predictable because it always ends in the formation of a climax community
E) occurs after a fire or flood

e. occurs after a fire or flood

11) ________ carried out research to determine the impact of zebra mussels on fish communities.
A) Aldo Leopold
B) S.W. Breckle
C) Charles Darwin
D) Native Americans
E) David Strayer

e. david strayer

12) ________ terrestrial biome has the most biodiversity.
A) Prairie
B) Temperate deciduous forest
C) Temperate rainforest
D) Tropical rainforest
E) Boreal forest

d. tropical rainforest

13) Desert and tundra both ________.
A) have wide temperature variations throughout the year
B) lack insects
C) have relatively low precipitation
D) lack shrubs
E) lack keystone species

c. have relatively low precipitation

14) Taiga and tundra both ________.
A) have comparatively low temperatures throughout the year
B) have many burrowing rodents
C) lack many birds
D) are found in the southeastern United States
E) lack trees

a. have comparatively low temperatures throughout the year

15) The statement, "hiking up a mountain in the southwestern United States is like walking from Mexico to Canada," is meant to demonstrate that ________ change(s) rapidly as you change altitude and latitude.
A) carbon dioxide levels
B) human population density
C) biomes
D) levels of industrial air pollutants
E) oxygen levels

a. biomes

16) ________ are typical primary consumers in a temperature deciduous forest.
A) Bison
B) Shelf fungi
C) Deer
D) Wolves
E) Snakes

c. deer

17) A climax community always ________.
A) describes aquatic biomes
B) has the lowest biodiversity of all stages of succession
C) is typical of the first stages of secondary succession
D) remains in place until a disturbance restarts succession
E) describes terrestrial biomes

d. remains in place until a disturbance restarts succession

18) Herbivory is actually a type of ________.
A) coevolution
B) mutualism
C) competition
D) predation
E) primary succession

d. predation

19) Benthic organisms in the Great Lakes ________.
A) live near the water's surface
B) are harmed by the presence of zebra mussels
C) benefit from the presence of zebra mussels
D) include zebra mussels
E) include phytoplankton

c. benefit from the presence of zebra mussels

20) Microbes in our digestive tract that help us digest food demonstrate a ________ association.
A) parasitic
B) symbiotic
C) pathogenic
D) homeopathic
E) benthic

b. symbiotic

21) Of the following, ________ are pioneer species.
A) lichens
B) aspen trees
C) zebra mussels
D) beavers
E) wolves and mountain lions

a. lichens

22) Techniques to eradicate zebra mussels ________.
A) have not yet been attempted
B) include introducing predators and diseases
C) are relatively inexpensive
D) are global and long lived
E) are relatively simple

b. include introducing predators and diseases

23) A community may undergo a regime shift or a phase shift when ________.
A) they suffer a natural fire or flood
B) all invasive and exotic species are removed
C) have too many symbiotic relationships among species
D) lose keystone species or suffer a major climatic change
E) pollutants cause a rapid rise in mutations

d. lose keystone species or suffer a major climatic change

24) Kelp ________.
A) suffers intense herbivory from sea urchins
B) is an invasive exotic species
C) suffers intense herbivory from zebra mussels
D) is pollinated by sea urchins
E) is eaten by sea otters

a. suffers intense herbivory from sea urchins

25) Environmentally and economically acceptable means of controlling introduced invasive species include ________.
A) removal of all the invasive individuals by collecting, baiting, trapping and, for plants, prescribed burning
B) banning of all importation of non-native species with heavy fines for non-compliance
C) application of potent pesticides that kill the introduced species
D) killing off pollinators for invasive plants, food sources for invasive animals
E) public education, introduction of suitable predators, examination of imported goods

e. public education, introduction of suitable predators, examination of imported goods

26) Global climate change may produce major shifts in biomes for any given location because ________.
A) many species may become extinct
B) soil chemistry, pH of precipitation and the frequency of invasive species will change
C) food web dynamics will change
D) biodiversity and day length will change
E) mean temperature, precipitation and salinity will change

e. mean temperature, precipitation and salinity will change

27) Detritivores include ________.
A) millipedes, soil insects, many ants
B) wolves, lions, oak trees
C) species that can break down cellulose, bone, and other durable biopolymers
D) bacteria and fungi
E) algae and photosynthetic bacteria

a. millipedes, soil insects, many ants

28) The energy content and biomass of ________ is lowest in any food web.
A) producers
B) decomposers
C) detritivores
D) top carnivores
E) small carnivores such as spiders and lizards

d. top carnivores

29) A trophic cascade is the effect of ________ on ________.
A) top consumers; abundance of lower consumers
B) top consumers; one another
C) producers; first level consumers
D) flooding; terrestrial ecosystems
E) detritivores; decomposers

a. top consumers; abundance of lower consumers

1) A population of birds is found on a remote island. Which of the following information is most important in deciding if the birds all belong to a single species?
A) Whether the matings produce viable eggs or offspring of some matings are sterile.
B) That all the birds appear to eat the same range of food.
C) That they share many physical characteristics.
D) That the males all sing very similar songs.
E) Whether they can breed with one another.

a. whether the matings produce viable eggs or offspring of some matings are sterile

2) ________ classify species using an organism's physical appearance and genetic makeup.
A) Geneticists
B) Environmentalists
C) Ecologists
D) Taxonomists
E) Agronomists

d. taxonomists

3) The greatest diversity (numbers of different species) of organisms can be found in ________.
A) insects
B) flowering plants
C) birds
D) fish
E) mammals

a. insects

4) The extinction of a particular population from a given area (but not the entire species globally) is called ________.
A) extinction
B) emigration
C) adaptation
D) evolution
E) extirpation

e. extirpation

5) The IUCN's Red List is ________.
A) a list of unidentified species
B) an updated list of species facing unusually high risk of extinction
C) a scorecard of international failures at conservation
D) a list of ecologically damaged ecosystems
E) an identification list of known species

b an updated list of species facing unusually high risk of extinction

6) Changes in habitat have tremendous effects on the organisms that depend on them. These effects are ________.
A) generally neutral; the variations within each species allow them to adapt very quickly
B) generally negative; the changes usually cause rapid extinction of most species
C) generally negative; organisms are already adapted to the habitats in which they occur and any change is likely to render the habitat less suitable
D) generally positive; organisms are already adapted to the habitats in which they occur and any change is likely to render the habitat more suitable
E) generally positive; the changes increase the habitat that is available for species to colonize

c. generally negative; organisms are already adapted to the habitats in which they occur and any change is likely to render the habitat less suitable

7) The greatest cause of the worldwide loss of species is ________.
A) water pollution
B) air pollution
C) habitat destruction
D) decreased soil nutrients
E) anthropogenic activities

c. habitat destruction

8) What is the greatest contributing factor in the loss of polar bears in arctic areas?
A) Fires in the taiga and tundra
B) The decline of lemmings; the primary food of the polar bear
C) Decline in sea ice
D) Hunting of the polar bear by the Inuit people
E) The tundra shifting northward

c. decline in sea ice

9) Wildlife in the Serengeti is currently threatened by ________.
A) plans to build a highway that passes through the park
B) an overabundance of elephants
C) pollution from a nearby coal power plant
D) plans to legalize hunting of most of the large animal species in the park
E) an invasive fish that has been introduced into the major river that flows through the park

a. plans to build a highway that passes through a park

10) A species of lizard has gone extinct. This could be due to any of the following reasons except ________.
A) introduction of a species that competed for food resources
B) increased genetic diversity within the species
C) inbreeding
D) climate change
E) habitat destruction by humans

b. increased genetic diversity within the species

11) In general, successfully introduced non-native species experience ________.
A) competitive success against native species
B) increased environmental resistance
C) decreased biotic potential
D) increases in limiting factors
E) increased competition from other organisms

a. competitive success against native species

12) Bullfrog tadpoles are often sold as fish bait, even in areas where they do not occur naturally. When people buy 10 of them and don't use them all, they often dump the remainder into the lake or river. This is an example of ________.
A) extirpation
B) inbreeding
C) introduced species
D) overharvesting of species from the wild
E) habitat destruction

c. introduced species

13) Biodiversity enhances human food security because it ________.
A) increases the number of available pathogens
B) decreases the number of predators
C) reduces the number of pollinators available to any one plant species
D) is a potential source of new food items or new genetic varieties of existing foods
E) means that there is genetic uniformity

d. is a potential source of new food items or new genetic varieties of existing foods

14) Of the following, ________ can change local species diversity but not global species diversity.
A) emigration and extinction
B) extirpation and extinction
C) speciation and immigration
D) immigration and extirpation
E) speciation and extinction

d. immigration and extirpation

15) Of the following, ________ can change global species diversity.
A) extirpation and extinction
B) immigration and extirpation
C) speciation and extinction
D) emigration and extinction
E) speciation and immigration

c. speciation and extinction

16) Removal of ________ will always result in the greatest changes in an ecological system.
A) a keystone species
B) a producer species
C) a decomposer species
D) a carnivore species
E) a competitive species

a. a keystone species