We Are More Likely To Attend To A Model

1. A rule is defined as a:
a. verbal description of a consequence.
b. verbal description of a contingency.
c. form of reinforcement.
d. type of implementation intention.

2. Most people acquire a generalized tendency to follow instructions because:
a. as children, their parents often reinforced such behavior.
b. as children, such behavior enabled them to effectively achieve certain outcomes.
c. Both a and b are correct.
d. None of these are correct.

. Smiles in others can function as CSs for pleasant emotions in ourselves because:
a. smiles are often positively reinforced.
b. smiles are often negatively reinforced.
c. smiles are usually associated with pleasurable events.
d. smiles are usually associated with distressing events.

4. Flavor preferences are related to:
a. the genotype of an organism.
b. social referencing.
c. stimulus enhancement.
d. Both b and c are correct.

5. According to the study conducted by Eron and his colleagues, the amount of violent media viewed in childhood is:
a. weakly correlated with aggressive behavior but uncorrelated with criminal behavior.
b. significantly correlated with aggressive and antisocial behavior, including criminality.
c. unrelated to the levels of aggression in adulthood.
d. only related to variables such as social class and education.

6. Noticing is to _____ as duplication is to _____.
a. stimulus enhancement; true imitation
b. vicarious enhancement; true imitation
c. vicarious imitation; true imitation
d. vicarious enhancement; vicarious imitation

7. Katya tends to follow her older sisters around and imitate their behaviors. She often gets a lot of attention for doing so. Encouraged by this, she tends to imitate any new behavior (like learning dance moves, or playing a new game) that her sisters display, even if nobody notices her. Katya's behavior illustrates _____.
a. shaped imitation
b. mimicry
c. behavioral contagion
d. generalized imitation

8. In the Bobo doll studies, it was observed that children were _____ likely to replicate the behavior of models if they had observed models' aggressive behavior being _____.
a. more; reinforced
b. more; punished
c. less; reinforced
d. Both a and c are correct.

9. Personal process rules are effective in that they:
a. establish a bright boundary as to whether or not rules are being followed.
b. engage the unconscious processes that motivate our behavior of following rules.
c. increase our intrinsic interest in a task.
d. serve to increase the value of an intended reinforcer.

10. We are more likely to attend to a model if:
a. we are reinforced for paying attention.
b. the model's behavior is reinforced.
c. Both a and b are correct.
d. Neither a nor b is correct.

11. We are more likely to attend to a model:
a. whom we admire.
b. who is dissimilar to us.
c. Both a and b are correct.
d. Neither a nor b is correct.

12. Observational learning, or social learning, allows us to acquire new behavior patterns:
a. without direct exposure to the contingencies that control them.
b. through direct exposure to the contingencies that control them.
c. through exposure to positive but not negative consequences.
d. through exposure to negative but not positive consequences.

13. The statement "If you speak clearly, it will be much easier to obtain a job as a receptionist" is an example of a(n) _____.
a. rule
b. instruction
c. say-do correspondence
d. Both a and b are correct.

14. A(n) _____ is a verbal description of a contingency that we present to ourselves to influence our behavior.
a. belief
b. personal rule
c. attitude
d. norm

15. We gradually learn, mostly through _____, the extent to which it is appropriate to perform certain modeled behaviors.
a. intuition
b. reinforcement and punishment
c. classical conditioning
d. behavioral contrast

16. In learning how to play tennis, instructions are quite effective for:
a. learning the rules of the game.
b. acquiring some of the basic actions.
c. modifying your swing to best suit your physical characteristics.
d. Both a and b are correct.

17. We are more likely to attend to a model when the behavior being modeled is:
a. something we are capable of understanding and duplicating.
b. something that is beyond our abilities.
c. elicited rather than operant.
d. adjunctive rather than elicited.

18. The statement "I will go to the library and study Chemistry this evening from 7:00 to 9:00" is best described as an example of a(n) _____.
a. self-reinforcer
b. personal process rule
c. implementation intention
d. Both b and c are correct.

19. I feel good when I see someone smile. This pleasurable feeling is:
a. called a vicarious emotional response.
b. at least partly the result of classical conditioning.
c. Both a and b are correct.
d. Neither a nor b is correct.

20. The statement "If you eat well, you will be healthy" is an example of a(n) _____.
a. instruction
b. rule
c. law
d. standard

21. Duplicating is to true imitation as _____ is to _____.
a. stimulus enhancement; vicarious enhancement
b. noticing; stimulus enhancement
c. imitative enhancement; vicarious enhancement
d. stimulus enhancement; true imitation

22. A modeled behavior is less likely to be performed if:
a. the modeled behavior is punished.
b. an observer is punished for duplicating the modeled behavior.
c. Both a and b are correct.
d. Neither a nor b is correct.

23. The use of self-promises as a commitment response can be facilitated by:
a. never failing to carry out such promises.
b. stating such promises in a distinctive manner.
c. Both a and b are correct.
d. None of these are correct.

24. A(n) _____ is a(n) _____ that includes an indication of what we should do.
a. rule; instruction
b. instruction; command
c. instruction; rule
d. command; rule

25. Byron, who attended a massage workshop, is less skilled at massage than Salima, who has to massage her ill mother daily. This is an instance in which _____ is less efficient than behavior that has been shaped by _____.
a. rule-governed behavior; natural contingencies
b. contingency-shaped behavior; rules
c. positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement
d. negative reinforcement; positive reinforcement

26. The ultimate determinant of whether a modeled behavior will be performed by an observer is:
a. the consequences of the model's behavior.
b. the consequences of the observer's behavior.
c. whether the observer identifies with the model.
d. whether the observer likes the model.

27. Kent makes a promise to himself to go running each morning. His promise would most likely function as a commitment response if he:
a. has low self-esteem.
b. usually displays a strong level of say-do correspondence.
c. fails to make up his mind to go running.
d. finally realizes the importance of exercise.

28. Which of the following self-instructions would be the most effective in achieving the desired behavior?
a. I will go swimming tomorrow evening.
b. I will go swimming tomorrow at 7:00 p.m. at Coronation pool.
c. I will go swimming tomorrow at Coronation pool.
d. I will go swimming tomorrow.

29. An extremely useful way to teach someone what to do on a new job even before he or she starts on the new job is to use _____.
a. shaping
b. negative reinforcement
c. rules
d. Both a and b are correct.

30. Which of the following steps in acquiring a new throw in judo illustrates contingency-shaped behavior?
a. Watching others who are experts at that throw
b. Receiving instructions about the throw
c. Trying to perform the throw and seeing what happens
d. Forming a clear visual image of the throw.

31. Say-do correspondence occurs when there is a close match between what we _____ and what we _____.
a. actually do; later say we are going to do
b. say we are going to do; actually do later
c. actually do; later say that we did
d. say that we did; actually did

32. The tendency to imitate a new modeled behavior when there is no specific reinforcement for doing so is called _____.
a. true imitation
b. generalized imitation
c. shaped imitation
d. stimulus enhancement

33. Which of the following is a conclusion drawn from Bandura's Bobo doll studies?
a. Children who observe an aggressive model are more likely to be generally aggressive.
b. Children who observe an aggressive model tend to replicate the actual behaviors of the model.
c. Children are influenced by the consequences that a model experiences while behaving aggressively.
d. All of these are correct.

34. In the Bobo doll studies, it was observed that children were _____ likely to replicate the behavior of a model if they had observed the model's aggressive behavior being punished. On the other hand, if the children were offered incentives to behave aggressively after witnessing the punishment, then _____.
a. less; the level of aggression displayed by the children went up
b. less; the level of aggression displayed by the children remained low
c. more; the level of aggression displayed by the children remained high
d. more; the level of aggression displayed by the children actually dropped

35. When you tell a sexually suggestive joke that you recently heard to your friends, they laugh heartily. When you tell it to your parents, they frown. As a result of _____, you soon learn to tell such jokes only to your friends.
a. observational learning
b. differential reinforcement
c. differential observation
d. the peak shift effect

36. On FI schedules, human subjects often do not show the same pattern of behavior that is typically shown by nonhuman animals. This probably reflects the influence of _____ on human behavior.
a. culture
b. rules
c. observational learning
d. displacement

37. A rapid way to establish appropriate patterns of behavior is through the use of _____.
a. shaping
b. rules
c. modeling
d. positive reinforcement

38. Martin, a convicted murderer, reforms himself after he reads a religious text. In this scenario, Martin's behavior illustrates _____.
a. rule-governed behavior
b. adjunctive behavior
c. contingency-shaped behavior
d. contingency-deduced behavior

39. In stimulus enhancement, the probability of a behavior is changed because:
a. someone else displays the same behavior.
b. an individual's attention is drawn to an item or location by the behavior of another individual.
c. one individual teaches another individual how to respond.
d. the stimulus is physically altered by a model.

40. Ronaldo always does what he says he is going to do. This implies that he could use his promises:
a. as a form of commitment response.
b. as a type of CS.
c. as a type of US.
d. to induce various types of adjunctive behaviors.

41. After listening to Allison describe how to fix a software glitch, Burton was able to quickly carry it out. Burton's behavior in this instance most likely illustrates _____.
a. adjunctive behavior
b. shaped behavior
c. melioration
d. rule-governed behavior

42. Which of the following statements is true of rules?
a. They are excellent for rapidly establishing a new pattern of behavior.
b. They sometimes act as an impediment to adjusting to changes in the contingencies.
c. Both a and b are correct.
d. None of these are correct.

43. The extent to which we follow instructions depends largely on:
a. the models we have been exposed to for learning instructions.
b. the consequences we have received for following instructions.
c. how verbally oriented we are.
d. our self-esteem.

44. It is difficult to assess evidence of both true imitation and teaching among non-human animals because:
a. it is difficult to determine whether a behavior was modeled or performed with intent.
b. other species have behaviors that are so dramatically different from humans that we cannot compare them.
c. much of the existing evidence is anecdotal and subject to anthropomorphism.
d. Both a and c are correct.

45. The manner in which Gandhi reacted when he perceived that he had violated an oath suggests that _____ may play a strong role in motivating some individuals to keep their verbal commitments.
a. positive reinforcement
b. avoidance of guilty feelings
c. negative reinforcement
d. Both b and c are correct.

46. Which of the following statements describes the influence of sex differences on the effects of media violence?
a. Most of the victims of violence in media are male, therefore females do not attend to them.
b. Most of the perpetrators of violence in media are male, therefore females are less likely to perform violent behaviors.
c. Females are more likely to be victims, rather than perpetrators, in media violence, which may increase the likelihood that females will be victims, rather than perpetrators, of violent acts.
d. Both b and c are correct.

47. Classically conditioned emotional responses that result from seeing those emotional responses exhibited by others are called _____.
a. cathartic responses
b. vicarious emotional responses
c. covert emotional responses
d. reflexive emotions

48. _____ occurs when there is a close match between what we say we are going to do and what we actually do at a later time.
a. Say-do correspondence
b. Do-say correspondence
c. Verbal correspondence
d. Verbal contingency correspondence

49. _____ is a more-or-less instinctive or reflexive behavior triggered by the occurrence of the same behavior in another individual.
a. Copying
b. Imitation
c. Contagious behavior
d. Stimulus enhancement

50. Which of the following behaviors is most likely an example of contagious behavior?
a. An orienting response
b. Complex problem-solving
C. Daydreaming
d. Reciting poetry

51. People who use self-rules to enhance self-control are most likely to:
a. give themselves general rather than specific instructions.
b. have a history of reinforcement for say-do correspondence.
c. Both a and b are correct.
d. Neither a nor be is correct.

52. Rules are extremely useful for:
a. rapidly establishing appropriate patterns of behavior.
b. eliciting a strong conditioned emotional response.
c. creating an adjunctive behavior.
d. autoshaping.

53. Children learn to follow instructions because:
a. parents praise them when they do so.
b. doing so enables them to better accomplish certain tasks.
c. Both a and b are correct.
d. None of these are correct.

54. Which of the following is a valid way by which sex differences influence the effects of media violence?
a. Females are not vulnerable to effects of media violence, but males are.
b. Males are more aggressive than females after exposure to violent media.
c. Females will imitate opposite-sex models but not same-sex models.
d. Males are more likely to inhibit violent behavior if a model's violence was punished.

55. Charlie, a chimp, watches as his fellow chimp, Lulu, opens a door and pulls a rope to obtain some food. A few minutes later, Charlie duplicates the feat. Charlie's behavior could be a consequence of:
a. stimulus enhancement or true imitation.
b. stimulus generalization or discrimination.
c. Both a and b are correct.
d. Neither a nor b is correct.

56. Which of the following steps in learning to play baseball illustrates contingency-shaped behavior?
a. Throwing the ball and practicing intensely
b. Watching videos of excellent pitchers
c. Receiving quality instruction
d. Visualizing oneself as a great pitcher

57. Abigail is a workaholic and often fails to keep the promises she makes to her friends. Her behavior shows that she has a:
a. strong tendency toward stimulus enhancement.
b. weak tendency toward stimulus enhancement.
c. strong tendency toward say-do correspondence.
d. weak tendency toward say-do correspondence.

58. Which of the following statements is true of rule-governed behavior?
a. It is generally more efficient than contingency-shaped behavior.
b. It is generally less efficient than contingency-shaped behavior.
c. It is identical to contingency-shaped behavior.
d. It is less difficult to modify than contingency-shaped behavior.

59. We can acquire new behaviors without direct exposure to contingencies through _____.
a. instructions
b. observational learning
c. latent inhibition
d. Both a and b are correct.

60. Jill directs Jessica to a new website that hosts computer games. Jessica visits the website and eventually finds out how to play the various games available. In this scenario, Jessica's behavior illustrates _____.
a. vicarious imitation
b. stimulus enhancement
c. stimulus sensitization
d. true imitation

61. Rats that are raised with alcohol available, but that do not observe alcohol consumption by adult rats, will:
a. drink a lot of alcohol in their adolescence.
b. drink little alcohol when they are adolescents.
c. completely avoid alcohol.
d. None of these are correct.

62. Personal rules exert their effect as a function of _____.
a. stimulus control
b. acquisition
c. say-do correspondence
d. stimulus enhancement

63. As part of an experiment, James is told that he can earn money by pushing a key on an FI 60-sec schedule of reinforcement. James pushes the response key at a blistering pace throughout the interval between reinforcers. In this scenario, it is likely that James:
a. has realized that this is the only way to attain all the reinforcers.
b. was previously exposed to an FT 60-sec schedule.
c. has assumed that he can attain more reinforcers by emitting more responses than needed.
d. developed the behavior of pushing keys gradually.

64. Joel, a college student, is noncompliant in nature. It is likely that as a child, he:
a. was subjected to errorless discrimination training.
b. was reinforced for violating rules.
c. was punished for violating rules.
d. Neither a nor b is correct.

65. Children who are raised by parents who drink heavily are most likely to:
a. find alcohol aversive, due to poor environmental outcomes.
b. enjoy the smell of alcohol.
c. be vulnerable to genetic predisposition toward alcoholism.
d. be mentally retarded.

66. Which of the following statements is an example of a rule?
a. "Big boys don't cry."
b. "I do not like asparagus."
c. "If you scratch my back, I will scratch yours."
d. "Psychology is the science of behavior."

67. According to the study conducted by Johnson and his colleagues, there is _____ relationship between aggression and exposure to violent media and the effect of violent media on later aggressive behavior is _____.
a. a bidirectional; weak
b. a bidirectional; robust
c. no; sensationalized
d. a correlational; unidirectional and causal

68. In Bandura's Bobo doll studies, children observed:
a. adults being attacked by clowns.
b. adults interacting with toys.
c. other children behaving violently toward one another.
d. other children fighting over toys.

69. Some behaviors in animals that appear to indicate imitation may instead be the result of _____.
a. imprinting
b. cognitive evaluation
c. response duplication
d. stimulus enhancement

70. The statement "Leave me alone!" is an example of an instruction:
a. that is not a rule.
b. in which the consequence is implied.
c. in which the consequence is explicit.
d. that is not connected with any consequence.

71. Which of the following statements is most likely to result in a successful completion of the desired behavior?
a. "I will clean my apartment on Tuesday evening."
b. "I will dust and vacuum my apartment on Tuesday evening at 7:00."
c. "I need to clean my apartment this week."
d. "I will definitely clean my apartment this week."

72. When Bernadette glanced toward a video arcade, she saw a number of kids standing in line for a new game. Later, when the arcade had quieted down a bit, she went in and tried out the game herself. Her behavior is best described as an example of _____.
a. stimulus enhancement
b. vicarious imitation
c. true imitation
d. stimulus sensitization

73. Whenever Prince Pueckler-Muskau gave his "word of honor" to carry out some task, he did so categorically. This means that there was a _____ between such statements and his normal statements of intention.
a. good deal of overlap
b. good deal of cross-transference
c. good deal of similarity
d. bright boundary

74. Which of the following statements represents the basic premise of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)?
a. Human behavior is typically the result of shaping.
b. Human verbal behavior has both advantages and disadvantages.
c. Psychosis is the result of unpredictable schedules of reinforcement.
d. Psychosis has a beneficial effect on sensitivity to reinforcement.

75. Which of the following trends has been observed in people who were exposed to media violence in childhood?
a. Only males show evidence that they have been affected.
b. Only females show evidence that they have been affected.
c. Males become more violent, but females tolerate more violence.
d. Females become more violent, but males tolerate more violence.

76. Many apparent examples of true imitation in animals are actually examples of _____.
a. reference
b. rule-governed behavior
c. productivity
d. stimulus enhancement

77. We are more likely to attend to models who are:
a. receiving a positive reinforcer.
b. similar to us.
c. famous and admired.
d. All of these are correct.

78. People who use self-rules to enhance self-control are most likely to:
a. give themselves specific rather than general instructions.
b. display a strong say-do correspondence.
c. Both a and b are correct.
d. Neither a nor b is correct.

79. A modeled behavior is more likely to be performed if:
a. the modeled behavior is reinforced.
b. an observer receives reinforcement for duplicating the modeled behavior.
c. Both a and b are correct.
d. Neither a nor b is correct.

80. When we are frightened after observing a look of fear in others, the look of fear in others may be functioning as:
a. a CS or a US.
b. a CR or a UR.
c. Both a and b are correct.
d. Neither a nor b is correct.

81. After vowing that he would never curse, Boris no longer felt any temptation to do so. Boris probably has had an extensive history of:
a. reinforcement for say-do correspondence.
b. punishment for say-do correspondence.
c. reinforcement for do-say correspondence.
d. punishment for do-say correspondence.

82. True imitation can be defined as the:
a. duplication of a common behavior.
b. duplication of a novel behavior.
c. approximation of a common behavior to achieve a goal.
d. approximation of a novel behavior to achieve a goal.

83. The factors that influence whether we will perform a modeled behavior include:
a. the consequences of the modeled behavior.
b. the consequences of our performance of the modeled behavior.
c. our history of reinforcement or punishment for performing modeled behaviors.
d. All of these are correct.

84. Personal process rules are also called _____.
a. implementation intentions
b. innovation intentions
c. intended innovations
d. implementation innovations

85. A reliable person has most likely been trained to exhibit a strong level of:
a. verbal contingency correspondence.
b. intrinsic-extrinsic correspondence.
c. intrinsic motivation.
d. say-do correspondence.

86. Observational learning of a fear response represents a process of _____.
a. higher-order conditioning
b. selective sensitization
c. incubation
d. sensory preconditioning

87. Compared to behavior that has been shaped by contingencies, rule-governed behavior is:
a. more difficult to execute.
b. extremely sensitive to the contingencies.
c. rather insensitive to the contingencies.
d. more time-consuming to establish.

88. Linda has just purchased a new computer game, and asks her friend, Miriam, to show her how to use it. Miriam shows her the precise keystrokes that are required to start the game, which Linda immediately duplicates. In this scenario, Linda's behavior illustrates _____.
a. vicarious imitation
b. stimulus enhancement
c. stimulus sensitization
d. true imitation

89. A personal process rule is a personal rule that indicates:
a. one's personal beliefs.
b. one's personal beliefs about a certain process.
c. the specific process by which one will accomplish a goal.
d. the specific process by which one invents personal rules.

90. Behavior that is generated through exposure to rules is known as _____.
a. criterion-based behavior
b. rule-governed behavior
c. conformity to rules
d. obedience

91. Vicki laughs out loud at a joke she is reading from a magazine. One by one, her friends around her start giggling and chuckling as well, even though they are not sure what Vicki is laughing about. One even says "What's so funny?" even though she is already laughing. This scenario illustrates _____.
a. stimulus enhancement
b. contagious behavior
c. imitation
d. a social norm

92. The correlations between exposure to media violence and aggressive behavior are similar in strength to the correlations between:
a. alcohol consumption and intoxication.
b. smoking and lung cancer.
c. genetic predisposition and Huntington's disease.
d. height and IQ.

93. Desensitization to violence may lead females to _____ violence.
a. endorse
b. become victims of
c. commit
d. avoid

94. Which of the following statements best exemplifies a bright boundary?
a. "I need to call my parents this weekend."
b. "I will definitely call my parents this weekend."
c. "I will call my parents on Sunday afternoon."
d. "I will call my parents on Sunday afternoon at 2:00 p.m."

95. Rats that are raised with an adult rat that consumes alcohol will:
a. avoid alcohol in adolescence.
b. consume twice as much alcohol when they are adolescents.
c. try consuming alcohol and then avoid it.
d. have an increased preference for alcohol, but only if exposure lasts more than two months.

96. Some researchers have argued that teaching is _____ and that the evidence about animal teaching is _____.
a. common among most species of animals; well-documented
b. uniquely human; often anecdotal and subject to anthropomorphism
c. uniquely human; impossible to document
d. common among all primates; available only from laboratory studies

97. The statement "The meek shall inherit the earth" is an example of a(n) _____.
a. principle
b. standard
c. instruction
d. rule

98. The statement "Don't you dare open the door!" is an example of a(n) _____.
a. standard
b. instruction
c. norm
d. Both a and b are correct.

99. An observer's attention to a model can be facilitated by:
a. reinforcing the model's behavior.
b. reinforcing the observer's behavior of paying attention.
c. enhancing the similarities between the model and the observer.
d. All of these are correct.

100. Billie's cat watches intently as Billie moves toward the television set and turns it on. Later, the cat approaches the television set and turns it on. In this scenario, the cat's behavior could be a result of:
a. true imitation or stimulus enhancement.
b. stimulus sensitization or vicarious conditioning.
c. Both a and b are correct.
d. Neither a nor b is correct.

101. The statement "I should drive slow so that I can clearly see the sights along the highway" is an example of a(n) _____.
a. self-instruction
b. personal rule
c. attitude
d. Both a and b are correct.

102. Compared to contingency-shaped behavior, rule-governed behavior is sometimes:
a. more difficult to acquire.
b. more sensitive to the actual contingencies operating in a particular setting.
c. less sensitive to the actual contingencies operating in a particular setting.
d. more easily extinguished.

103. From a behavioral perspective, a rule is a:
a. statement about what a person should do.
b. contingency.
c. verbal description of a contingency.
d. sign or a gesture.

104. Animals using scent marking at food sites is an example of _____.
a. stimulus discrimination
b. discriminative enhancement
c. focused discrimination
d. stimulus enhancement

105. Romanes (1884), Morgan (1900), and Thorndike (1911) debated whether animals are capable of _____.
a. observational learning
b. vicarious conditioning
c. true imitation
d. making communicative gestures

106. Which of the following behaviors is NOT an example of contagious behavior?
a. Laughing along with someone even when you do not know what he or she is laughing at
b. Yawning when someone else yawns
c. Looking toward the direction in which your teacher is looking
d. Unlocking a door that you saw someone else unlock previously

107. Personal rules are most effective when they establish:
a. a bright boundary between acceptable and unacceptable behaviors.
b. a flexible boundary between acceptable and unacceptable behaviors.
c. a porous boundary between acceptable and unacceptable behaviors.
d. None of these are correct.

108. In _____, information is gained from watching a model, which then allows the person who is watching to modify his or her own behavior.
a. discrimination training
b. sign-tracking
c. imprinting
d. observational learning

109. Patrick's therapist is encouraging him to recognize that he has a lot of anxiety and that he should not try to fight it. Instead, he should just deal with his life as it is and figure out how to live his life regardless of his symptoms. Which of the following therapies does this scenario illustrate?
a. Systematic desensitization
b. Flooding
c. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
d. Differential reinforcement of other behavior

110. Vicarious emotional responses are _____ emotional responses that result from seeing such responses exhibited by others.
a. classically conditioned
b. positively reinforced
c. negatively reinforced
d. Both b and c are correct.

111. The term _____ refers to the duplication of a novel behavior.
a. true imitation
b. vicarious learning
c. vicarious conditioning
d. stimulus enhancement

112. An extremely useful way to rapidly learn basic practices in fishing before actually going fishing is to learn through:
a. exposure to the relevant rules.
b. trial and error.
c. intuition.
d. shaping.

113. Contagious behavior is associated with behaviors such as _____.
a. fear responses
b. yawning
c. orienting responses
d. All of these are correct.

114. According to the text, the person who best exemplifies willpower is the one who can overcome temptation through the use of:
a. visualization.
b. secondary, short-term goals.
c. positive reinforcement.
d. self-promises.

115. Which of the following treatments is based on the premise that feelings are largely uncontrollable but actions are controllable?
a. Systematic desensitization
b. Errorless discrimination training
c. Differential reinforcement of other behavior
d. Morita therapy

116. True imitation is defined as a form of observational learning that involves:
a. the close duplication of a novel behavior.
b. moving to the location where a model is currently situated.
c. replicating a behavior that an observer has previously performed.
d. the reinforcement of gradual approximations toward a novel behavior.