According To Kohlberg Postconventional Morality Involves

According to Kohlberg, postconventional morality involves
a. behavior based on self-interest.
b. affirmation of self-defined ethical principles.
c. strong concern for social approval.
d. unquestioning obedience to authority figures.
e. hypothetical reasoning and problem solving.

Formal operational thought is MOST necessary for the development of ________
morality.
a. preoperational
b. conventional
c. preconventional
d. postconventional
e. operational

Preconventional morality is to postconventional morality as ________ is to ________.
a. caring relationship; ethical principles
b. self-interest; social approval
c. social approval; self-interest
d. self-interest; ethical principles
e. rule-breaking; rule-following

According to Kohlberg, morality based on the avoidance of punishment and the
attainment of concrete rewards represents a(n) ________ morality.
a. egocentric
b. conventional
c. preconventional
d. concrete operational
e. postconventional

For Regis to think it's wrong to drive over the speed limit simply because he might get
punished for doing so is demonstrating Kohlberg's ________ stage of morality.
a. conventional
b. postconventional
c. preconventional
d. preoperational
e. formal operational

Despite huge legal costs and social disapproval, Mr. Nielssen refuses to pay income
taxes because his conscience will not allow him to support a government that spends billions of
dollars on military weapons. Mr. Nielssen's reasoning best illustrates Kohlberg's ________ stage.
a. postconventional
b. concrete operational
c. preconventional
d. egocentric
e. conventional

Avoiding physical punishment is to ________ morality as respecting the laws of
society is to ________ morality.
a. conventional; postconventional
b. preconventional; postconventional
c. postconventional; conventional
d. conventional; preconventional
e. preconventional; conventional

Compared with adults from European and North American cultures that favor
individualism, those from communal societies are less likely to develop ________ morality.
a. preconventional
b. postconventional
c. concrete operational
d. conventional
e. preoperational

A postconventional level of morality is most likely to be found in cultures that value
a. individualism.
b. utilitarianism.
c. communism.
d. social harmony.
e. socialism.

Critics of Kohlberg's theory of moral development have suggested that
postconventional morality is more characteristic of
a. men than women.
b. Democrats than Republicans.
c. socialists than capitalists.
d. African-Americans than White Americans.
e. Catholics than Protestants.

Haidt's social intuitionist account highlights the impact of automatic gut-level feelings
on
a. attachment.
b. habituation.
c. egocentrism.
d. moral judgments.
e. stranger anxiety.

Which theory emphasizes that immediate gut-level feelings often precede and
influence our moral reasoning?
a. Erikson's psychosocial development theory
b. Piaget's cognitive development theory
c. Haidt's social intuitionist theory
d. Kohlberg's moral development theory
e. Harlow's attachment theory

According to Erikson, trust is to ________ as identity is to ________.
a. infancy; childhood
b. childhood; adolescence
c. adulthood; childhood
d. adolescence; adulthood
e. infancy; adolescence

Piaget is to cognitive development as Erikson is to ________ development.
a. moral
b. physical
c. emotional
d. psychosocial
e. attachment

According to Erikson, achieving a sense of identity is the special task of the
a. toddler.
b. preschooler.
c. elementary schoolchild.
d. adolescent.
e. adult.

According to Erikson, infancy is to trust as adolescence is to
a. autonomy.
b. identity.
c. generativity.
d. integrity.
e. competence.

According to Erikson, isolation is to intimacy as role confusion is to
a. mistrust.
b. guilt.
c. competence.
d. inferiority.
e. identity.

According to Erikson, later adulthood is to integrity as young adulthood is to
a. autonomy.
b. initiative.
c. intimacy.
d. identity.
e. generativity.

Sixteen-year-old Chandra questions her parents' values but does not fully accept her
friends' standards either. Her confusion about what she really wants and values in life suggests that
Chandra is struggling with the problem of
a. autonomy.
b. identity.
c. initiative.
d. integrity.
e. competence.

Buster is so apathetic about his occupational future that within two years of his high
school graduation he had already been fired by four different employers. According to Erikson,
Buster best illustrates
a. crystallized intelligence.
b. preconventional morality.
c. role confusion.
d. egocentrism.
e. fluid intelligence.

Fermin has no meaningful occupational goals and has switched college majors several
times. Erikson would have suggested that Fermin lacks
a. identity.
b. initiative.
c. trust.
d. autonomy.
e. competence.

Cecilia vacillates between acting rebellious toward her parents and high school
teachers and behaving with compliance and respect. Erikson would have suggested that Cecilia's
inconsistency illustrates
a. separation anxiety.
b. role confusion.
c. egocentricity.
d. stagnation.
e. inferiority.

Erikson would have suggested that adolescents can most effectively develop a sense
of identity by
a. seeking a lifelong romantic relationship.
b. severing the emotional ties between themselves and their childhood friends.
c. investigating the personal suitability of various occupational and social roles.
d. adopting whatever values and expectations their parents recommend.
e. resolving unconscious fixations developed in infancy.

Erikson suggested that the capacity to form close, loving relationships in young
adulthood depended on
a. demonstrating generativity.
b. developing a sense of integrity.
c. mastering formal operational thinking.
d. achieving a sense of identity.
e. maintaining power of autonomy.

According to Erikson, committing oneself to meaningful social roles would be most
indicative of the achievement of
a. integrity.
b. autonomy.
c. competence.
d. initiative.
e. identity.

Erikson suggested that the adolescent search for identity is followed by a developing
capacity for
a. competence.
b. intimacy.
c. autonomy.
d. trust.
e. schemas.

A baby girl receives a(n)
a. Y chromosome from her father.
b. Y chromosome from her mother.
c. Y chromosome from her father and mother.
d. X chromosome from her father and mother.
e. partial components of both the Y and X chromosomes from both parents.

Individuals who are both with incomplete or unusual combinations of male and
female physical features are referred to as
a. bisexual.
b. transsexual.
c. asexual.
d. intersex.
e. hypersexual.

Simon LeVay discovered that a neural cluster located in the ________ was larger in
heterosexual men than in homosexual men.
a. cerebellum
b. amygdala
c. hypothalamus
d. medulla
e. hippocampus.

A cross-sectional study is one in which
a. the same people are retested over a period of years.
b. different age groups are tested at the same time.
c. different characteristics of a given individual are assessed at the same time.
d. the behavior of a group is assessed by different researchers.
e. variables are manipulated carefully between groups.