All Of The Following Nutrients Are Organic Except

All of the following nutrients are organic except:

minerals.

Carbohydrate and protein each contain _____ calories in a gram.

A certain amount of fiber in foods contributes to the health of the digestive tract, but too much fiber leads to nutrient losses. The characteristic of diet planning illustrated by this statement is called:

moderation.

What type of research studies populations and is often used to search for correlations between dietary habits and disease incidence?

epidemiological study

Phytochemicals found in foods are important because:

they decrease the risk of developing certain diseases when they are eaten.

Three ounces of beef stew offers about the same amount of iron as three ounces of water-packed tuna, but the beef contains over 300 calories while the tuna contains about 100 calories. This is an example of:

nutrient density.

Which of the following is the best definition of essential nutrients?

Nutrients a person must consume in the diet to maintain health

The term "calorie" is used in nutrition to mean the

amount of energy a food item provides when eaten.

Which of the following statements regarding phytochemicals is true?

They are found in plant foods.

Which would be best described as an emotional or psychologically- driven food choice?

Eating chocolate or ice cream after a bad day at work

All of the following are macronutrients except:

vitamins.

The three main functions of nutrients include all of the following EXCEPT:

speeding up our metabolism.

The top three causes of death in the US include stroke, cancer, and heart disease. All of these conditions are thought to be exacerbated by

obesity.

Which of the following represents the correct order of steps of the scientific method?

observation, hypothesis, experiment, theory

Malnutrition includes deficiencies, imbalances, and excesses of nutrients, any of which can be detrimental over time.

True

Fiber

carbohydrate

Cholesterol

lipid

Iron

mineral

Made up of amino acids

protein

All of the following are examples of carbohydrates except:

protein

Which of these foods has the lowest nutrient density?

a pepsi

Water makes up about 60% of an adult's body weight.

True

Which of the following statements about fortified foods is FALSE?

Voluntary fortification of foods is at the discretion of the federal government

A deficient intake of _______ is known to produce osteoporosis.

calcium

A deficient intake of ___________ is known to produce scurvy.

Vitamin C

Ethan achieves his recommended intake of vegetables by eating a large baked potato every day. Which principle is he not achieving?

variety

If a nutrient does not have a Tolerable Upper Intake Level, this means that:

insufficient data exist to establish a value.

The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) are appropriately used for all of the following except:

estimating the nutrient needs of persons with medical problems.

A major guideline for healthy people is to limit calorie intakes and obtain more and varied selections of _____.

all of the above

Exchange systems help primarily with:

calorie control.

Which of the following foods is exempt from listing ingredients on the label?

none of these

George is a 35-year-old athlete using nutrient supplements to give him a competitive advantage. Which of the following nutrient intake recommendations would you suggest that George become familiar with?

Tolerable Upper Intake Levels

Which of the following people would not be covered by the DRI, based on assumptions made by the DRI committee?

Robert, a 20 year old with cystic fibrosis

For what purpose did the USDA develop the MyPyramid as a consumer tool?

to use as an educational tool to help consumers to understand the USDA Food Guide

If vitamin C has been added to cranberry juice, the label must include:

nutrient information and an ingredients list

Comparing nutrition labels on different products is easy because servings sizes and information required in the Nutrition Facts section of a label are standardized

true

According to the AMDR, the majority of calories you eat should come from:

carbohydrates.

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans promote a minimum of _____ minutes of moderate exercise weekly.

150

The Daily Value amounts listed in the Nutrition Facts panel are based on a _____ calorie diet.

2000

Nutrient content and health claims are approved by the:

FDA.

Ingredients on a food label are listed in descending order by weight.

true

Which of the following is NOT required in the Nutrition Facts panel?

Nutrient claim

All of the following are variables that increase the Estimated Energy Requirement except:

getting older.

The energy recommendation that describes the proportions of calories that should come from carbohydrate, fat, and protein are the:

AMDRs.

Which of the following groups of individuals is(are) recommended to consume less than 1500 mg of sodium daily?

All of these individuals are advised to consume less than 1500 mg/daily.

Which of the following is not a component of the DASH diet?

Consuming full-fat dairy products.

Dietary supplements:

include multivitamin pills, herbs, and enzymes.

Which groups of individuals could benefit the most from the consumption of super-fortified foods? Which groups of individuals could be harmed the most? Justify your response.

Solution should state that individuals who are limiting their calories may benefit from fortified foods and those with food intolerances or allergies. For example, obtaining calcium from fortified orange juice is they are lactose intolerant. Individuals who may be harmed could be athletes who may consume sports foods in excess, the very young, the very old, and pregnant and lactating women.

The first principle of diet planning is that the foods we choose must provide energy and the essential nutrients, including:

water

Cells lining the digestive tract replace themselves every:

3 days

Which of the following cells normally replace themselves once every few years?

muscle

The liver converts excess energy-containing nutrients into:

glycogen and fat

The stomach's main function is the digestion of what nutrient?

protein

A person can eat when hunger is absent because:

the conscious mind of the cortex can override body signals

Digestion of macronutrients begins in the mouth with enzyme action on:

starches by designated carbohydrases.

The digestive juices in the digestive tract include:

pancreatic juice, which neutralizes stomach acids reaching the small intestine.

As food moves through the digestive tract it spends the most time in the:

large intestine because of the need to partially digest fiber and absorb water.

If you are taking medications to treat the discomfort caused by heartburn, it is important to know that:

antacids will only temporarily relieve pain by neutralizing stomach acid for a while.

A person in an emergency situation is unable to eat for several weeks. Which of the following would provide the energy that this person would need to survive?

fat

Excess nutrients are stored in various body tissues for future use. An example of this would be:

calcium, which is stored in reserves in the skeletal system.

Body fluids supply the tissues continuously with energy, oxygen, and nutrients, including water.

True

Some vitamins are stored in the body without limit, even if they reach toxic levels.

True

A 56-year-old man has gallstones, which cause pain when his gallbladder contracts. What secretion is stored in the gallbladder? What type of foods should he avoid and why? (Your answer should be in complete sentences and use proper grammar.)

The gallbladder holds bile produced in the liver until it is needed for digesting fatty foods in the duodenum of the small intestine. He should avoid fatty foods the gallbladder contracts to push the digestive enzymes into the intestine. If there are gallstones in the gallbladder they can block the contractions, which can be quite painful. Avoiding certain types of foods can lessen the chance of gallstone complications.

items in order of size from SMALLEST to LARGEST.

Atoms
Molecule
Cell
Tissues
Organ
Organ System
Organism

digestive tract in order

Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestines
Large intestines

The ____ prevents food from entering the passageway to the lungs during swallowing.

epiglottis

Most digestion and absorption occurs in the ______.

small intestine

The rhythmic contractions that propel food through the GI tract are called _______.

peristalsis

Current dietary guidelines for the United States recommend:

increased consumption of fiber-rich, whole food sources of carbohydrate.

Potential harmful effects of too much fiber include:

dehydration and limited absorption of iron

The form of starch that is most easily digested in the body is:

white flour.

Which of the following terms would you look for on a bread label to choose the most nutritious product?

whole grain

Products of the incomplete breakdown of fat that occurs when carbohydrates are not available are called:

ketone bodies.

With two exceptions, the _____ food group provides almost no carbohydrate to the diet

meat, poultry, fish, dry beans, eggs and nuts

One of your friends makes the statement that her diet contains no sucrose because she does not consume table sugar. What would be an appropriate response to this statement?

you're wrong, because sucrose occurs naturally in many fruits and vegetables.

You are teaching a client how to possibly lower blood cholesterol levels by consuming foods high in fiber. Which of the following foods would be least effective for this purpose?

whole-wheat breads

You are trying to decide which type of sugar to use, and want to choose the one that would have the greatest nutritional value. Your best choice would be:

to select any of the sugars because none of them is "more healthy" than another.

In evaluating the potential link between high-fructose corn syrup (HCFS) and obesity, scientists have found that:

people in the U.S. who consume the most HCFS from sugary beverages weigh more than people who do not consume as many of them.

What is the role of insulin in weight gain?

people with insulin resistance gain more weight, especially with high-carbohydrate diets

The glycemic index and glycemic load of foods may be important to people with diabetes who must strive to regulate blood glucose control.

True

Research has shown that eating too much carbohydrate can cause diabetes.

False

Adam is 19 and plays basketball. Recently, he has been thirsty all the time and he needs to get up several times a night to urinate. He has lost 10 pounds and is so tired that he has been missing basketball practice. What type of diabetes is most likely affecting Adam? How does it need to be managed? Why is it important to keep blood sugar levels within the normal range in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes? (your answer should be in complete sentences and should use proper grammar).

Type 1 diabetes, the most common symptoms for type 1 are fatigue, weight loss, excessive thirst, and frequent urination. People who have type 1 diabetes must take insulin as part of their treatment. Because their bodies can't make insulin anymore, they need to get the right amount to keep their blood sugar levels in a healthy range. Managing your diabetes can help keep you from having other serious health problems, such as heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, nerve damage, poor oral health, and vision loss.

Which of the following category of complex carbohydrates is not digestible because they cannot be broken down by human digestive enzymes?

fiber

Which metabolic pathway yields the greatest amount of ATP via cellular respiration?

aerobic metabolism

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth.

True

The rise in blood glucose levels after eating stimulates the pancreas to secrete the hormone ___, causing blood glucose levels to ____.

insulin, drop

_____ is caused by an autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.

Type 1 diabetes

Weight gain is caused by excess intake of calories, regardless of whether those calories come from carbohydrates, fat, or protein

True

fiber

polysaccharide

glucose

monosaccharide

lactose

disaccharide

The amount of carbohydrate required to meet energy needs, provide adequate glucose, and prevent ketosis is ______ grams per day.

130

About 95% of the lipids in foods and in the human body are:

triglycerides.

Cholesterol is the best known of the:

sterols

Which of the following is not a function of fat in the human body?

carries the water-soluble nutrients

If the fat in a container is solid at room temperature, what type of fat is it?

saturated fat

Approximately what percent calories from fat would be provided by a bowl of soup containing 200 calories and 99 calories from fat?

50%

All of the following statements concerning cholesterol are true except:

It is not found in the cell membranes.

The lipoproteins LDL and HDL are important in heart disease risk because of the following properties and actions:

HDL play an important role in scavenging cholesterol from the tissues for disposal by the liver

All of the following foods are major contributors of healthful fatty acids except:

nondairy creamer, which is high in trans fats.

Jessica is 18, at a healthy weight, and eats a vegetarian diet. Explain how she could still have high blood cholesterol levels. (Your answer must be in complete sentences and use proper grammar.)

Foods rich in saturated fat, trans fat, and cholesterol are able to increase significantly your cholesterol. In the case of trans fat, vegetarians diets use a lot of margarine and shortening which has a high concentration of hydrogenated vegetable which at the same time it is a source of trans fat. An example of this is crackers and French fries. On the other hand, another type of food that vegetarians eat a lot is vegetable oil, whole milk, butter, and cream. These ingredients have a high content of saturated fat and cholesterol. In conclusion, a vegetarian diet does not exempt you to increase your cholesterol What can help you is to control your diet and eat food low in fat

The majority of lipid digestion occurs in the large intestine.

False

Fatty acids that are classified as essential cannot be made by the body; therefore, they must be obtained through the diet.

Paste

Which of these statements regarding the digestion of fat is correct?

Bile emulsifies fat while pancreatic lipase breaks the bond between the glycerol and the fatty acids of fat in the small intestine.

Bile

Acts as an emulsifier.

In the past 40 years, the percentage of calories from fat in the typical American diet has:

decreased.

Which of the following would NOT lessen the amount if fat consumed?

eating fruit instead of vegetables

Which of the following is NOT an essential fatty acid?

trans fatty acid

Particles formed in the small intestine when the products of fat digestion are surrounded by bile are:

micelles

Since chylomicrons are too large to enter the capillaries in the small intestine, they pass into the:

lymph

High levels of ______ in the blood are associated with a reduction in the risk of heart disease.

HDL

Each gram of fat from the diet contains __ calories.

Adipose tissue is best described as stored:

triglycerides.

Research indicates that the initiation of atherosclerosis may be related to all of the following except:

low blood pressure.

Rancidity is the spoilage of fats and oils.

True

The body normally makes tyrosine from the essential amino acid:

phenylalanine.

The sequences of amino acids that make up a protein molecule are specified by:

heredity.

The role of enzymes in the small intestine in protein digestion is to split proteins into all except:

oligopeptides.

The RDAs for protein intake depends on:

body weight.

Animal products provide all of the following EXCEPT:

fiber

A young man who is a sedentary college student needs how much protein if he weighs 175 pounds?

64 grams/day

Most people in the U.S. would find it next to impossible not to meet their protein requirements.

True

Sound nutrition authorities acknowledge that well-chosen vegetarian diets are consistent with good health and can meet nutrient needs.

True

Aspartame found in diet sodas is a common source of the amino acid

phenylalanine

A _____ bond holds amino acids together to form a protein.

peptide

When salivary amylase enters the stomach, the acid causes the structure of this enzyme to change so that it is no longer able to function. This change in structure is called

denaturation.

Put the steps of protein synthesis in the correct order.

DNA
mRNA
transfer RNA

Chemical digestion of protein begins in the:

stomach.

For some individuals, specific proteins in food can act as allergens triggering an immune response that can cause severe symptoms and even death.

True

Athletes that participate in endurance or muscle building events needs slightly more protein than the average healthy adult.

True

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Kwashiorkor?

The individual appears emaciated.

If the diet is deficient in one or more of the _____amino acids, the body must break down existing proteins to provide the amino acids.

essential

_________ , an enzyme, is produced in the stomach and breaks some of the peptide bonds in polypeptide chains.

pepsin

Amino acids are used to make all of the following EXCEPT

Vitamin D.

As validated by evidence-based research, the major health concern with high-protein diets is

a high intake of saturated fat and cholesterol.

________is an autoimmune disorder that attacks the lining of the small intestine.

Celiac disease

Someone whose nitrogen output is greater than their nitrogen intake is said to be in

negative nitrogen balance.

A ____ excludes all animal flesh except fish.

pescetarian

All of the following are fat-soluble vitamins except:

Much of the vitamin E people consume comes from

vegetable oils and products made from them.

A non-food source from which vitamin K can be obtained is:

intestinal bacteria.

Which of the following should avoid vitamin C supplements?

people with kidney disorders and people with too much iron in their blood

The B vitamins act as part of:

coenzymes.

A girl has stopped growing in height prematurely because her bones are not going through the remodeling process necessary for growth. This is most likely from a deficiency of which vitamin?

vitamin A

You eat frequently at fast-food restaurants. In order to improve the nutritional quality and vitamin A content of a typical fast-food meal you would:

order a salad with cheese and carrots.

A person who lives in a city with high air pollution levels may be exposed to increased oxidative damage in the lungs from breathing the contaminated air. Which antioxidant vitamin is needed to protect the cells from damage?

vitamin E

Which of the following would be most likely to develop pellagra?

a person who does not consume meats and eats corn as the dietary staple

The Intrinsic Factor is necessary for the absorption of which vitamin?

Vitamin B12

The FDA approves the safety and effectiveness of supplements before they are marketed.

False

xeropthalmia

Vitamin A